-oussuffix

Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Forms: Middle English -ose, Middle English 1600s -ows, Middle English–1500s -is, Middle English–1500s -owse, Middle English–1500s -ys, Middle English–1600s -es, Middle English–1600s -ouse, Middle English–1600s (1800s U.S. regional) -us, Middle English– -ous; also Scottish pre-1700 -es, pre-1700 -is, pre-1700 -ois, pre-1700 -os, pre-1700 -ys.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin -ōsus.

Etymology: < classical Latin -ōsus (-a , -um ), forming adjectives, with the sense of ‘abounding in, full of, characterized by, of the nature of’, e.g. cōpiōsus copious adj., dolōrōsus dolorous adj., fāmōsus famous adj., generōsus generous adj. and n., glōriōsus glorious adj., spīnōsus spinous adj., viscōsus viscous adj., etc.Classical Latin stressed long ō /oː/ passed, via close /o/, into a diphthong /ou/ in early Old French, which was variously written o or u , less commonly ou ; hence Latin adjectives in -ōsus , which either came down in popular use, or were adopted at an early date, had in Old French forms in -os , or -us (-ous ), e.g. coveitos , coveitus , doleros , dolerus , envios , envius , glorios , glorius , religios , religius . In the 12th cent. the vowel-sound changed in Central French (via 11th-cent. /eu/ and later /øu/) to /ø/, written eu , so that the suffix had now the form -eus (covoiteus , dolereus , envieus , glorieus , etc.); and this still later was written in the masculine -eux (convoiteux , envieux , glorieux , with feminine however in -euse ), as still in modern French. In Anglo-Norman the forms were the same as in early Old French (coveitos , coveitus , envios , envius , glorios , glorius ), but in English the vowel was soon identified with Old English and Middle English long ū , and like it written ou (covetous , envious , glorious ), the spelling ever since retained, though the sound has passed through /uːs/, /us/, /ʊs/ to /ʌs/, /əs/ (there is some evidence from early modern English orthoepists that where secondary stress fell on the suffix, Middle English long ū was sometimes retained as the diphthong /ʌu/, and that under low stress the final -s could be voiced to /z/: see E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §281, §363). This -ous , having thus become the form of the suffix in all words from Norman French, became the established type for all those of later introduction, whether adaptations of French adjectives in -eus , -eux , or Latin adjectives in -ōsus (but see -ose suffix¹), or new formations on the analogy of these, from French, Latin, or other elements. These new formations are numerous in the Romance languages. In French they have been formed freely, not only from Latin nouns which had no such derivative in classical Latin, but also from French words themselves of Latin origin, and from medieval and modern words from various sources. Many of these new formations have, especially in the 14th and 15th centuries, passed (with change of -eux , etc., to -ous ) from French into English. Such is the history, for example, of dangerous adj., orgulous adj., (13th cent.), adventurous adj., courageous adj., grievous adj. hideous adj. and adv., joyous adj., riotous adj., (14th cent.), melodious adj., pompous adj., rageous adj. (15th cent.), advantageous adj. (16th cent.), gelatinous adj. (18th cent.). This process has been continued in English itself, where new adjectives in -ous have been formed both on Latin, Greek, and Romance bases, and on native English words and on some of obscure origin, e.g. guilous adj., noyous adj. (14th cent.), beauteous adj. and n., slumberous adj., timeous adj. and adv., tyrannous adj. (15th cent.), blusterous adj., burdenous adj., murderous adj., poisonous adj., thunderous adj. (16th cent.), adiaphorous adj., leguminous adj. (17th cent.), delirious adj., felicitous adj. (18th cent.), complicitous adj., glamorous adj. (19th cent.), pulchritudinous adj., serendipitous adj. (20th cent.). Direct borrowings of classical Latin and post-classical Latin adjectives in -ōsus (i.e. probably not mediated through French) are also not uncommon, e.g. fumous adj., noxious adj., numerous adj., oblivious adj., obsequious adj. (15th cent.), mucous adj., ominous adj., pediculous adj. (16th cent.), nauseous adj., vertiginous adj. (17th cent.). In some words in classical Latin and post-classical Latin the ending -ōsus was added to an adjective or at least a form in -ōsus is found beside the simple adjective, e.g. classical Latin decōrus , post-classical Latin decorosus decorous adj., classical Latin dubius , dubiōsus dubious adj. (compare Italian decoro , decoroso , dubbio , dubbioso ). In the Romance languages a few new forms of this kind appear; e.g. Latin pius , French pieux (as if from *piōsus ). But in English, this addition of the suffix has been greatly developed, and has become the ordinary mode of anglicizing Latin adjectives of many kinds, especially those in -eus , -ius , -uus , -er , -ris , -āx (-āci ), -ōx (-ōci ), -endus , -ulus , -vorus , -ōrus , e.g. mellifluous adj., notorious adj.¹, odoriferous adj. (15th cent.), conscious adj. and n., illustrious adj., obvious adj., various adj. (16th cent.), alacrious adj., capacious adj., exiguous adj., extraneous adj., ferocious adj., garrulous adj., herbaceous adj., igneous adj., omnivorous adj., sonorous adj., stupendous adj. (17th cent.), arduous adj., armigerous adj., auriferous adj. (18th cent.), hilarious adj. (19th cent.). This tendency to represent a Latin adjective by an English form in -ous may have been strengthened by the fact that the canonical form of the Latin adjective entered in dictionaries is the nominative singular masculine, and that this in the majority of adjectives ends in -us , the English pronunciation of which is the same as that of the English word in -ous , so that the latter to the cursory observer appears to be merely an English spelling of the Latin. It is evident however that igneous , for example, answers not only to Latin igneus , but to ignea , igneum , etc., and that the -ous is an additional element. And in comparing alacrious with alacer , hilarious with hilaris , capacious with capax , capāci- , the suffixal nature of the -ous is manifest. In relatively rare cases, formations are found on English adjectives, e.g. mighteous adj. (15th cent.), hugeous adj., jolious adj. (16th cent.), sombrous adj. (18th cent.). Nouns of quality from adjectives in -ous (however derived), are regularly formed in -ousness , as covetousness , consciousness , gorgeousness , righteousness ; a considerable number of those from Latin -ōsus have forms in -osity , as curiosity , generosity , porosity , viscosity (this termination also accompanies adjectives in -ose suffix¹): see -osity suffix. In use in chemistry after French -eux in A-L. Lavoisier Traité élémentaire de chimie (1789):1790 R. Kerr tr. A. Lavoisier Elements Chem. i. xi. 120 We have only ventured to make a few slight modifications of these names, by changing the termination into ous, when we have reason to suppose the base to be in excess, and into ic, when we suspect the oxygen predominates. Compare also -eous suffix, -ious suffix, -uous suffix.

Categories »

Forming adjectives with the sense ‘abounding in, full of, characterized by, of the nature of (what is denoted by the first element of the compound)’; (spec. in Chemistry) suffixed to the names of elements to form adjectives indicating acids and other compounds containing the element in question in a lower state of oxidation, or with a lower valency, than those expressed by an adjective in -ic (see -ic suffix 1b), e.g. chlorous adj., cuprous adj., ferrous adj., nitrous adj., sulphurous adj.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2004; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	-ous
释义	-oussuffix Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Forms: Middle English -ose, Middle English 1600s -ows, Middle English–1500s -is, Middle English–1500s -owse, Middle English–1500s -ys, Middle English–1600s -es, Middle English–1600s -ouse, Middle English–1600s (1800s U.S. regional) -us, Middle English– -ous; also Scottish pre-1700 -es, pre-1700 -is, pre-1700 -ois, pre-1700 -os, pre-1700 -ys. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin -ōsus. Etymology: < classical Latin -ōsus (-a , -um ), forming adjectives, with the sense of ‘abounding in, full of, characterized by, of the nature of’, e.g. cōpiōsus copious adj., dolōrōsus dolorous adj., fāmōsus famous adj., generōsus generous adj. and n., glōriōsus glorious adj., spīnōsus spinous adj., viscōsus viscous adj., etc.Classical Latin stressed long ō /oː/ passed, via close /o/, into a diphthong /ou/ in early Old French, which was variously written o or u , less commonly ou ; hence Latin adjectives in -ōsus , which either came down in popular use, or were adopted at an early date, had in Old French forms in -os , or -us (-ous ), e.g. coveitos , coveitus , doleros , dolerus , envios , envius , glorios , glorius , religios , religius . In the 12th cent. the vowel-sound changed in Central French (via 11th-cent. /eu/ and later /øu/) to /ø/, written eu , so that the suffix had now the form -eus (covoiteus , dolereus , envieus , glorieus , etc.); and this still later was written in the masculine -eux (convoiteux , envieux , glorieux , with feminine however in -euse ), as still in modern French. In Anglo-Norman the forms were the same as in early Old French (coveitos , coveitus , envios , envius , glorios , glorius ), but in English the vowel was soon identified with Old English and Middle English long ū , and like it written ou (covetous , envious , glorious ), the spelling ever since retained, though the sound has passed through /uːs/, /us/, /ʊs/ to /ʌs/, /əs/ (there is some evidence from early modern English orthoepists that where secondary stress fell on the suffix, Middle English long ū was sometimes retained as the diphthong /ʌu/, and that under low stress the final -s could be voiced to /z/: see E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §281, §363). This -ous , having thus become the form of the suffix in all words from Norman French, became the established type for all those of later introduction, whether adaptations of French adjectives in -eus , -eux , or Latin adjectives in -ōsus (but see -ose suffix¹), or new formations on the analogy of these, from French, Latin, or other elements. These new formations are numerous in the Romance languages. In French they have been formed freely, not only from Latin nouns which had no such derivative in classical Latin, but also from French words themselves of Latin origin, and from medieval and modern words from various sources. Many of these new formations have, especially in the 14th and 15th centuries, passed (with change of -eux , etc., to -ous ) from French into English. Such is the history, for example, of dangerous adj., orgulous adj., (13th cent.), adventurous adj., courageous adj., grievous adj. hideous adj. and adv., joyous adj., riotous adj., (14th cent.), melodious adj., pompous adj., rageous adj. (15th cent.), advantageous adj. (16th cent.), gelatinous adj. (18th cent.). This process has been continued in English itself, where new adjectives in -ous have been formed both on Latin, Greek, and Romance bases, and on native English words and on some of obscure origin, e.g. guilous adj., noyous adj. (14th cent.), beauteous adj. and n., slumberous adj., timeous adj. and adv., tyrannous adj. (15th cent.), blusterous adj., burdenous adj., murderous adj., poisonous adj., thunderous adj. (16th cent.), adiaphorous adj., leguminous adj. (17th cent.), delirious adj., felicitous adj. (18th cent.), complicitous adj., glamorous adj. (19th cent.), pulchritudinous adj., serendipitous adj. (20th cent.). Direct borrowings of classical Latin and post-classical Latin adjectives in -ōsus (i.e. probably not mediated through French) are also not uncommon, e.g. fumous adj., noxious adj., numerous adj., oblivious adj., obsequious adj. (15th cent.), mucous adj., ominous adj., pediculous adj. (16th cent.), nauseous adj., vertiginous adj. (17th cent.). In some words in classical Latin and post-classical Latin the ending -ōsus was added to an adjective or at least a form in -ōsus is found beside the simple adjective, e.g. classical Latin decōrus , post-classical Latin decorosus decorous adj., classical Latin dubius , dubiōsus dubious adj. (compare Italian decoro , decoroso , dubbio , dubbioso ). In the Romance languages a few new forms of this kind appear; e.g. Latin pius , French pieux (as if from piōsus ). But in English, this addition of the suffix has been greatly developed, and has become the ordinary mode of anglicizing Latin adjectives of many kinds, especially those in -eus* , -ius , -uus , -er , -ris , -āx (-āci ), -ōx (-ōci ), -endus , -ulus , -vorus , -ōrus , e.g. mellifluous adj., notorious adj.¹, odoriferous adj. (15th cent.), conscious adj. and n., illustrious adj., obvious adj., various adj. (16th cent.), alacrious adj., capacious adj., exiguous adj., extraneous adj., ferocious adj., garrulous adj., herbaceous adj., igneous adj., omnivorous adj., sonorous adj., stupendous adj. (17th cent.), arduous adj., armigerous adj., auriferous adj. (18th cent.), hilarious adj. (19th cent.). This tendency to represent a Latin adjective by an English form in -ous may have been strengthened by the fact that the canonical form of the Latin adjective entered in dictionaries is the nominative singular masculine, and that this in the majority of adjectives ends in -us , the English pronunciation of which is the same as that of the English word in -ous , so that the latter to the cursory observer appears to be merely an English spelling of the Latin. It is evident however that igneous , for example, answers not only to Latin igneus , but to ignea , igneum , etc., and that the -ous is an additional element. And in comparing alacrious with alacer , hilarious with hilaris , capacious with capax , capāci- , the suffixal nature of the -ous is manifest. In relatively rare cases, formations are found on English adjectives, e.g. mighteous adj. (15th cent.), hugeous adj., jolious adj. (16th cent.), sombrous adj. (18th cent.). Nouns of quality from adjectives in -ous (however derived), are regularly formed in -ousness , as covetousness , consciousness , gorgeousness , righteousness ; a considerable number of those from Latin -ōsus have forms in -osity , as curiosity , generosity , porosity , viscosity (this termination also accompanies adjectives in -ose suffix¹): see -osity suffix. In use in chemistry after French -eux in A-L. Lavoisier Traité élémentaire de chimie (1789):1790 R. Kerr tr. A. Lavoisier Elements Chem. i. xi. 120 We have only ventured to make a few slight modifications of these names, by changing the termination into ous, when we have reason to suppose the base to be in excess, and into ic, when we suspect the oxygen predominates. Compare also -eous suffix, -ious suffix, -uous suffix. Categories » Forming adjectives with the sense ‘abounding in, full of, characterized by, of the nature of (what is denoted by the first element of the compound)’; (spec. in Chemistry) suffixed to the names of elements to form adjectives indicating acids and other compounds containing the element in question in a lower state of oxidation, or with a lower valency, than those expressed by an adjective in -ic (see -ic suffix 1b), e.g. chlorous adj., cuprous adj., ferrous adj., nitrous adj., sulphurous adj. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2004; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < suffix
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