anthraxn.

Brit.

/ˈanθraks/, U.S.

/ˈænˌθræks/

Inflections: Plural anthraces.

Forms:

α. Middle English–1500s antrax, 1500s– anthrax, 1900s– anthrash (U.S. regional (Louisiana)).

β. Middle English antracas (plural), Middle English antrace.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Partly also a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin anthrax; French antrace, antrax.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin anthrax carbuncle, pustule (from 5th cent. in medical writers; frequently from 10th cent. in British sources) < ancient Greek ἄνθραξ charcoal, dark red precious stone, carbuncle, pustule, in Hellenistic Greek also coal, of uncertain origin. Compare Anglo-Norman and Middle French antrax , Middle French, French anthrax (c1240), Old Occitan antrac , andrac (c1300), Catalan àntrax (1490), Spanish ántrax (end of the 15th cent.; c1420 in sense ‘dark red precious stone’), Portuguese antraz (1562; 1536 as †entras ), Italian antrace (13th or 14th cent.), all in sense ‘carbuncle, pustule‘. In β. forms partly via Anglo-Norman antrace (13th cent. or earlier; compare Middle French andrac , endrac , entrac (all 15th cent.), antrac (1531)), variant of antrax, and partly after post-classical Latin anthrac-, oblique stem of anthrax . In sense 2 after French anthrax (1782 or earlier in this sense); compare French charbon (1782 or earlier in the veterinary sense, 1568 in Middle French in sense ‘carbuncle, pustule‘), lit. ‘coal’, extended use of charbon coal (see charbon n.).Ancient Greek ἄνθραξ denoted burning charcoal, hence the use of the word for things red in colour (e.g. precious stone, carbuncle) as well as for things black in colour (e.g. coal).

1. Originally: an inflamed or purulent lesion of the skin, esp. a boil or carbuncle. In later use often: spec. a skin lesion caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis, typically consisting of a vesicle filled with dark fluid and having a black base ; = malignant pustule n. at malignant adj. and n. Compounds. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > boil

boila1000

kyle1340

botcha1387

anthraxa1398

bealc1400

carbuncle?a1425

froncle1543

knub1563

anthracosis?1587

nail1600

big1601

ouche1612

bubuklea1616

bolwaie1628

coal1665

furuncle1676

Natal sore1851

gurry sore1897

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vii. lix. 418 Hit fareþ in a posteme þat hatte antrax, þat Constantyne calliþ carbunculus, for it brenneþ as cole. And hit comeþ of ful wood matiere and venemous.

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 27 (MED) Signez of antrace after Henric be signez of þe carbuncle augmented..with castyng dovne of þe appetite and nausea, i. wamelyng or brakyng [?c1425 Paris spowynge].

c1450 Practica Phisicalia John of Burgundy in H. Schöffler Mittelengl. Medizinlit. (1919) 250 For to lede antrax, felun, and charbuncle from on place to a nothyr: Take an herbe þat ys callyd oculus Christi.

1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. i. ii. f. 28^v/1 Anthrax is a malygne pustle, hauyng about it certayne lytle yelowe veynes of the coloure of the rayne bowe.

1562 W. Bullein Bk. Simples f. 16^v, in Bulwarke of Defence [It] healeth Antrax, called the Carbuncle.

1605 J. Mosan tr. C. Wirsung Gen. Pract. Physick v. i. 564 Anthrax is an hot impostume, by which the place where it appeareth is inflamed, burneth the grosse blood, and causeth a black cole or core with an intolerable paine.

1665 G. Harvey Disc. Plague 11 Note, that most exitial feavers, although not concomitated with the Tokens, (Exanthemata,) Anthraces, or Carbuncles, are to be censure pestilential, and contagious.

1721 P. Rose Theorico-Pract. Treat. Plague 28 The Anthrax was of a livid Colour, Honey-comb like, and..seemed to have a tendency to separate from the ambient Parts.

1776 J. Mills Treat. Cattle 432 Men who had not so much as a scratch on their hands have been seized with a true anthrax by opening the bodies of cattle dead of a contagious distemper.

1800 W. Nicolson tr. J.-A.-C. Chaptal Elements Chem. (ed. 3) III. 402 Van Helmont asserts that a woman contracted an anthrax at the extremity of her fingers, in consequence of having touched papers impregnated with pestilential virus.

1830 Lancet 20 Mar. 884/1 A succession of painful boils formed, to the number of forty or fifty, many of which deserved the name of anthrax.

1866 C. H. Fagge tr. F. Hebra On Dis. Skin I. 349 These forms of phlegmonous inflammation of the skin, known as furunculi and anthraces, may be either sporadic or endemic, or even..epidemic.

1907 Canada Lancet 40 795 He never incises boils, and rarely an anthrax.

1945 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 13 Jan. 70/1 ‘He has an anthrax on the back of his neck’ was a usual expression [in Ireland] when speaking of a sufferer from carbuncle.

1995 W. Weaver tr. U. Eco Island of Day Before 246 That swelling became in the officer's eyes a carbunculus, an anthrax, a nigricant pimple—in short, a bubo.

2. Originally: an acute, usually fatal disease of livestock characterized by high fever, laboured breathing, staggering or convulsions, and collapse, with oozing of bloody fluid from the body orifices and enlargement of the spleen (now recognized to be caused by infection with the bacterium Bacillus anthracis). In later use also: infection of other mammals, including humans, with Bacillus anthracis.In humans, anthrax is primarily an occupational disease, affecting people working with farm animals or their products, esp. wool, hides, and bone meal. The initial site of infection is usually the skin (cutaneous anthrax) or the lungs (pulmonary anthrax); in either case the disease often spreads to the bloodstream, resulting in septicaemia.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > eruptive diseases > [noun] > anthrax

anthrax1789

malignant pustule1850

splenic fever1867

wool-sorters' disease1880

joint-ill1893

the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle, horse, or sheep > [noun] > disorders of cattle or sheep > anthrax

anthrax1789

miltsiekte1835

charbon1869

1789 Analyt. Rev. Apr. 506 One paper shows the dangerous effects of the flesh of animals, dying of the anthrax.

1840 Lancet 27 June 476/1 Blood of a horse, labouring under malignant anthrax, produced the same disease in another horse.

1880 19th Cent. Nov. 858 Sheep of the very breed most liable to anthrax.

1882 Standard 29 Dec. 2/2 The third case was one of external anthrax in..a..wool-comber.

1906 W. H. Hall Official Year Bk. New S. Wales 1904–5 282 The chief diseases of sheep recorded during the last ten years are anthrax, foot-rot, fluke, worms, and the black disease.

1936 A. Christie Cards on Table ix. 92 He died of anthrax, you know, an infected shaving brush.

1968 Farmer's Weekly 3 Jan. 85 Recently immunised against heartwater, red water, gallsickness, anthrax, sponsiekte, botulism.

1974 J. Brennan Parker Ranch of Hawaii (1979) xi. 157 That vicious cattle disease, anthrax, hit with a vengeance.

2015 Guardian 22 Aug. 38/1 An extensive vaccine programme which defied established protocols and used experimental vaccines (for anthrax and plague).

3. Material capable of transmitting anthrax; anthrax bacilli; esp. anthrax spores. In later use often: spec. such material produced or used as a weapon of biological warfare or terrorism.

ΚΠ

1892 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 6 Feb. (Epitome Current Med. Lit.) 24/3 If the anthrax was feeble, the rabbits developed tuberculosis limited to the lymphatic glands corresponding to the point of inoculation.

1905 Ann. Rep. Chief Inspector Factories & Workshops 1904 i. 328 Of eight cases of China mane hair four contained anthrax.

1918 Cornell Veterinarian 8 215 Because of the spores, land that has become contaminated with anthrax is liable to remain infectious for years.

1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxxix. 1108 Other bacteria which may occasionally be met with are the members of the typhoid group, Pfeiffer's bacillus, anthrax, and Friedländer's pneumo-bacillus.

1967 Science 20 Jan. 299/2 During World War II the British conducted BW [= biological warfare] experiments with anthrax..on the small island of Gruinard.

1997 Time 24 Nov. 50/3 Saddam has produced anthrax in large amounts, along with botulinum, a poison that kills by paralyzing the victim, and aflatoxin, a carcinogen.

2015 Times 10 June 18/7 The US military inadvertently sent potentially live anthrax to a laboratory in the UK.

Compounds

anthrax bacillus n. a large, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, Bacillus anthracis (family Bacillaceae), which is the causative agent of anthrax.

ΚΠ

1875 tr. O. Bollinger in tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. III. 389 (note) Cohn has not personally studied the anthrax bacilli.

1921 Pract. Med. Series 3 348 Experiments with the anthrax bacillus showed that the bacillus penetrates through the cryptal and not the surface epithelium.

1992 J. Mann Murder, Magic, & Med. iii. 124 He demonstrated that anthrax bacilli isolated from dead sheep could be transmitted to healthy animals.

2001 R. A. Hersack Anthrax Vaccine Deb. 6 The anthrax bacillus produces three toxins, called protective antigen, edema factor, and lethal factor.

anthrax spore n. an endospore produced by the anthrax bacillus, noted for its ability to survive for long periods in the environment and its resistance to disinfection, and sometimes used as a biological weapon.

ΚΠ

1878 Vet. Jrnl. 6 425 The inhalation of matters charged with the Anthrax spores rarely produces Anthrax.

1955 Farmers' Bull. (U.S. Dept. Agric.) No. 1736. 4/1 Anthrax spores from the soil lodge in wounds and abrasions.

2005 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 17 Mar. a30/1 The small Virginia company finally reported that it had identified anthrax spores in its Thursday swabbings.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	anthrax
释义	anthraxn. Brit. /ˈanθraks/, U.S. /ˈænˌθræks/ Inflections: Plural anthraces. Forms: α. Middle English–1500s antrax, 1500s– anthrax, 1900s– anthrash (U.S. regional (Louisiana)). β. Middle English antracas (plural), Middle English antrace. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Partly also a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin anthrax; French antrace, antrax. Etymology: < post-classical Latin anthrax carbuncle, pustule (from 5th cent. in medical writers; frequently from 10th cent. in British sources) < ancient Greek ἄνθραξ charcoal, dark red precious stone, carbuncle, pustule, in Hellenistic Greek also coal, of uncertain origin. Compare Anglo-Norman and Middle French antrax , Middle French, French anthrax (c1240), Old Occitan antrac , andrac (c1300), Catalan àntrax (1490), Spanish ántrax (end of the 15th cent.; c1420 in sense ‘dark red precious stone’), Portuguese antraz (1562; 1536 as †entras ), Italian antrace (13th or 14th cent.), all in sense ‘carbuncle, pustule‘. In β. forms partly via Anglo-Norman antrace (13th cent. or earlier; compare Middle French andrac , endrac , entrac (all 15th cent.), antrac (1531)), variant of antrax, and partly after post-classical Latin anthrac-, oblique stem of anthrax . In sense 2 after French anthrax (1782 or earlier in this sense); compare French charbon (1782 or earlier in the veterinary sense, 1568 in Middle French in sense ‘carbuncle, pustule‘), lit. ‘coal’, extended use of charbon coal (see charbon n.).Ancient Greek ἄνθραξ denoted burning charcoal, hence the use of the word for things red in colour (e.g. precious stone, carbuncle) as well as for things black in colour (e.g. coal). 1. Originally: an inflamed or purulent lesion of the skin, esp. a boil or carbuncle. In later use often: spec. a skin lesion caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis, typically consisting of a vesicle filled with dark fluid and having a black base ; = malignant pustule n. at malignant adj. and n. Compounds. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > boil boila1000 kyle1340 botcha1387 anthraxa1398 bealc1400 carbuncle?a1425 froncle1543 knub1563 anthracosis?1587 nail1600 big1601 ouche1612 bubuklea1616 bolwaie1628 coal1665 furuncle1676 Natal sore1851 gurry sore1897 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vii. lix. 418 Hit fareþ in a posteme þat hatte antrax, þat Constantyne calliþ carbunculus, for it brenneþ as cole. And hit comeþ of ful wood matiere and venemous. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 27 (MED) Signez of antrace after Henric be signez of þe carbuncle augmented..with castyng dovne of þe appetite and nausea, i. wamelyng or brakyng [?c1425 Paris spowynge]. c1450 Practica Phisicalia John of Burgundy in H. Schöffler Mittelengl. Medizinlit. (1919) 250 For to lede antrax, felun, and charbuncle from on place to a nothyr: Take an herbe þat ys callyd oculus Christi. 1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. i. ii. f. 28^v/1 Anthrax is a malygne pustle, hauyng about it certayne lytle yelowe veynes of the coloure of the rayne bowe. 1562 W. Bullein Bk. Simples f. 16^v, in Bulwarke of Defence [It] healeth Antrax, called the Carbuncle. 1605 J. Mosan tr. C. Wirsung Gen. Pract. Physick v. i. 564 Anthrax is an hot impostume, by which the place where it appeareth is inflamed, burneth the grosse blood, and causeth a black cole or core with an intolerable paine. 1665 G. Harvey Disc. Plague 11 Note, that most exitial feavers, although not concomitated with the Tokens, (Exanthemata,) Anthraces, or Carbuncles, are to be censure pestilential, and contagious. 1721 P. Rose Theorico-Pract. Treat. Plague 28 The Anthrax was of a livid Colour, Honey-comb like, and..seemed to have a tendency to separate from the ambient Parts. 1776 J. Mills Treat. Cattle 432 Men who had not so much as a scratch on their hands have been seized with a true anthrax by opening the bodies of cattle dead of a contagious distemper. 1800 W. Nicolson tr. J.-A.-C. Chaptal Elements Chem. (ed. 3) III. 402 Van Helmont asserts that a woman contracted an anthrax at the extremity of her fingers, in consequence of having touched papers impregnated with pestilential virus. 1830 Lancet 20 Mar. 884/1 A succession of painful boils formed, to the number of forty or fifty, many of which deserved the name of anthrax. 1866 C. H. Fagge tr. F. Hebra On Dis. Skin I. 349 These forms of phlegmonous inflammation of the skin, known as furunculi and anthraces, may be either sporadic or endemic, or even..epidemic. 1907 Canada Lancet 40 795 He never incises boils, and rarely an anthrax. 1945 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 13 Jan. 70/1 ‘He has an anthrax on the back of his neck’ was a usual expression [in Ireland] when speaking of a sufferer from carbuncle. 1995 W. Weaver tr. U. Eco Island of Day Before 246 That swelling became in the officer's eyes a carbunculus, an anthrax, a nigricant pimple—in short, a bubo. 2. Originally: an acute, usually fatal disease of livestock characterized by high fever, laboured breathing, staggering or convulsions, and collapse, with oozing of bloody fluid from the body orifices and enlargement of the spleen (now recognized to be caused by infection with the bacterium Bacillus anthracis). In later use also: infection of other mammals, including humans, with Bacillus anthracis.In humans, anthrax is primarily an occupational disease, affecting people working with farm animals or their products, esp. wool, hides, and bone meal. The initial site of infection is usually the skin (cutaneous anthrax) or the lungs (pulmonary anthrax); in either case the disease often spreads to the bloodstream, resulting in septicaemia. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > eruptive diseases > [noun] > anthrax anthrax1789 malignant pustule1850 splenic fever1867 wool-sorters' disease1880 joint-ill1893 the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle, horse, or sheep > [noun] > disorders of cattle or sheep > anthrax anthrax1789 miltsiekte1835 charbon1869 1789 Analyt. Rev. Apr. 506 One paper shows the dangerous effects of the flesh of animals, dying of the anthrax. 1840 Lancet 27 June 476/1 Blood of a horse, labouring under malignant anthrax, produced the same disease in another horse. 1880 19th Cent. Nov. 858 Sheep of the very breed most liable to anthrax. 1882 Standard 29 Dec. 2/2 The third case was one of external anthrax in..a..wool-comber. 1906 W. H. Hall Official Year Bk. New S. Wales 1904–5 282 The chief diseases of sheep recorded during the last ten years are anthrax, foot-rot, fluke, worms, and the black disease. 1936 A. Christie Cards on Table ix. 92 He died of anthrax, you know, an infected shaving brush. 1968 Farmer's Weekly 3 Jan. 85 Recently immunised against heartwater, red water, gallsickness, anthrax, sponsiekte, botulism. 1974 J. Brennan Parker Ranch of Hawaii (1979) xi. 157 That vicious cattle disease, anthrax, hit with a vengeance. 2015 Guardian 22 Aug. 38/1 An extensive vaccine programme which defied established protocols and used experimental vaccines (for anthrax and plague). 3. Material capable of transmitting anthrax; anthrax bacilli; esp. anthrax spores. In later use often: spec. such material produced or used as a weapon of biological warfare or terrorism. ΚΠ 1892 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 6 Feb. (Epitome Current Med. Lit.) 24/3 If the anthrax was feeble, the rabbits developed tuberculosis limited to the lymphatic glands corresponding to the point of inoculation. 1905 Ann. Rep. Chief Inspector Factories & Workshops 1904 i. 328 Of eight cases of China mane hair four contained anthrax. 1918 Cornell Veterinarian 8 215 Because of the spores, land that has become contaminated with anthrax is liable to remain infectious for years. 1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxxix. 1108 Other bacteria which may occasionally be met with are the members of the typhoid group, Pfeiffer's bacillus, anthrax, and Friedländer's pneumo-bacillus. 1967 Science 20 Jan. 299/2 During World War II the British conducted BW [= biological warfare] experiments with anthrax..on the small island of Gruinard. 1997 Time 24 Nov. 50/3 Saddam has produced anthrax in large amounts, along with botulinum, a poison that kills by paralyzing the victim, and aflatoxin, a carcinogen. 2015 Times 10 June 18/7 The US military inadvertently sent potentially live anthrax to a laboratory in the UK. Compounds anthrax bacillus n. a large, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, Bacillus anthracis (family Bacillaceae), which is the causative agent of anthrax. ΚΠ 1875 tr. O. Bollinger in tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. III. 389 (note) Cohn has not personally studied the anthrax bacilli. 1921 Pract. Med. Series 3 348 Experiments with the anthrax bacillus showed that the bacillus penetrates through the cryptal and not the surface epithelium. 1992 J. Mann Murder, Magic, & Med. iii. 124 He demonstrated that anthrax bacilli isolated from dead sheep could be transmitted to healthy animals. 2001 R. A. Hersack Anthrax Vaccine Deb. 6 The anthrax bacillus produces three toxins, called protective antigen, edema factor, and lethal factor. anthrax spore n. an endospore produced by the anthrax bacillus, noted for its ability to survive for long periods in the environment and its resistance to disinfection, and sometimes used as a biological weapon. ΚΠ 1878 Vet. Jrnl. 6 425 The inhalation of matters charged with the Anthrax spores rarely produces Anthrax. 1955 Farmers' Bull. (U.S. Dept. Agric.) No. 1736. 4/1 Anthrax spores from the soil lodge in wounds and abrasions. 2005 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 17 Mar. a30/1 The small Virginia company finally reported that it had identified anthrax spores in its Thursday swabbings. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.a1398
随便看	weft-hook weft-mixing weft-way weftage weftages wefted weftfeeler weftfinger wefthook wefting weftmixing wefts weftway wefty wegener wegener's granulomatosis wegenerian weggebobble wegotism wehee wehmut wehrlite wehrmacht wehrwirtschaft wei