单词 | consonant |
释义 | consonantn. 1. An alphabetic or phonetic element other than a vowel; an elementary sound of speech which in the formation of a syllable is combined with a vowel. Applied both to the sounds and to the letters (the latter being the historically prior use).While a vowel sound is formed in the larynx, and only receives its special quality by the conformation of the oral cavity through which it is sounded, a consonant sound is wholly or mainly produced in the mouth, or the mouth and nose. Vowels thus consist of pure voice or musical sound; consonants are either simple noises or noises combined in various degrees with voice. But a noise may itself be of a continuous and rhythmical character, as a friction, trill, hiss, or buzz, and those consonants in which this is markedly the case approach closely to vowels, and may perform the function of a vowel in a syllable. Hence ‘the boundary between vowel and consonant, like that between the different kingdoms of nature, cannot be drawn with absolute definiteness, and there are sounds which may belong to either’ ( Sweet Handbk. Phonetics §164). And there is in the consonants a regular gradation from those which come nearest to vowels and may function as vowels, to those which are most remote, and never so function. From this point of view, elementary sounds have been classed as (1) vowels, (2) semi-vowels (English /j/ and /w/), (3) liquids ( /l/, /ɬ/, /r/), (4) nasals ( /m/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/), (5) fricatives or spirants, voice ( /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/, /ɣ/), and breath ( /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /x/), (6) mutes or stops, voice ( /b/, /d/, /ɡ/), and breath ( /p/, /t/, /k/). Class 2 are more strictly the vowels i, u, functioning as consonants, and classed as consonants; classes 3, 4, 5, are capable, in a decreasing measure, of functioning as vowels; only class 6 have the consonantal function exclusively, p, t, k, being the most typical consonants. The use of the liquids and nasals as vowels or sonants is a prominent feature in Indogermanic Phonology. (See vowel n.) Consonants may also be classed, according to the part of the mouth where they are formed, into labials (p, b, f, v, m, w), dentals, palatals, gutturals, and other minor groups. (See these terms.) In the Roman alphabet (with its Greek accessions), the historical vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y; down to the 16–17th centuries, i and u were used both as vowels and consonants, a double function served by y and w in various modern languages. a. Applied to the letters (solely or chiefly). ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written character > [noun] > letter > representing type of sound consonantc1308 vowelc1308 c1308 Sat. People Kildare 18 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 153 Þis uers is imakid wel Of consonans and wowel. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 20 Consonantes written for kepying of trewe orthographie, and levyng of them unsounded in pronunciation. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie ii. xii. 88 To prolong the sillable which is written with double consonants. c1620 A. Hume Of Orthogr. Britan Tongue (1870) i. iv. §1 A consonant is a letter symbolizing a sound articulat that is broaken with the tuiches of the mouth. 1727 W. Mather Young Man's Compan. (ed. 13) 10 The two Consonants that may begin Words, are Thirty in Number..As in Bl, Br, Ch..Gn, Gr, Kn..Th, Tw, Wh, Wr. 1823 B. Brodie Crystallogr. 103 The vowels A E I O, are used to designate the solid angles; some of the consonants, B C D F G H, to designate the primary edges. 1869 A. J. Ellis On Early Eng. Pronunc. I. i. iii. 184 According to the present usages of English speech Y and W are consonants when preceding a vowel as in ye, woe. 1871 I. Pitman Man. Phonogr. (ed. 12) 46 The consonants of a word must be written [in shorthand] without lifting the pen. b. Applied to the sounds. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > consonant > [noun] consonant1603 mutable1767 articulation1849 supradental1881 contoid1943 non-vocoid1943 1603 H. Crosse Vertues Common-wealth sig. A2v I haue scattered here and there some iarring notes and harsh consonants, vntunable to a modest eare. 1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 88. ⁋5 The difference of harmony arising principally from the collocation of vowels and consonants. 1871 H. J. Roby Gram. Latin Lang. I. §1 Interruption [of the breath] by complete contact, or compression by approximation of certain parts of the organs, or vibration of the tongue or uvula, produces consonants. 1877 H. Sweet Handbk. Phonetics §99 A consonant is the result of audible friction, squeezing or stopping of the breath in some part of the mouth (or occasionally of the throat)..Consonants can..be breathed as well as voiced, the mouth configuration alone being enough to produce a distinct sound without the help of voice. ΚΠ 1607 T. Walkington Optick Glasse Pref. Like the foole, a Consonant when hee should be a Mute. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [noun] accordmentc1330 accorda1398 consonancya1398 unitya1398 accordancea1400 commoningc1400 convenience1413 correspondence1413 answeringc1425 conformityc1430 consonance1430 congruity1447 concordancec1450 consonantc1475 agreement1495 monochordc1500 conveniencya1513 agreeance1525 agreeableness1531 concinnity1531 congruence1533 harmony?1533 concent1563 tunableness1569 agreeing1575 answerableness1577 concert1578 consent1578 sympathy1578 concord1579 symphonia1579 correspondency1589 atone1595 coherence1597 respondence1598 symphony1598 sortance1600 coherency1603 respondency1603 symbolizing1605 coaptation1614 compositiona1616 sympathizing1632 comportance1648 compliance1649 syntax1649 concinneness1655 symmetry1655 homology1656 consistency1659 consentaneousness1660 consistence1670 comportment1675 harmoniousness1679 symbolism1722 congruousness1727 accordancy1790 sameness1790 consentaneity1798 consilience1840 chime1847 consensus1854 solidarity1874 synchromesh1966 concordancing1976 c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 9 Þis consonaunt is vnknowen to þe japer. 1618 M. Baret Hipponomie i. 18 Ioyne two parrallel lines together, they make a true consonant. a. Musical harmony or agreement of sounds. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > [noun] > agreement of sounds or harmony cordc1300 accordmentc1330 concorda1340 accorda1387 consonancya1387 accordancea1400 cordinga1400 symphonyc1440 proportiona1450 chord?c1475 uthec1478 attemperance1481 consonant1483 monochordc1500 concordancea1513 concent1538 consort1587 harmoge1601 minstrelsy1605 dissonancy1626 harmoniousness1679 harmonicalness1693 concentus1769 attune1850 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 38/4 Iubal..was the fynder of musyke that is to saye of consonantes of acorde. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > chord > [noun] > concord or perfect chord concord1590 chord1597 perfect chord1597 equison1609 consonance1624 consonant1694 perfect triad1878 1694 W. Holder Treat. Harmony vi. 148 As we Naturally by the Judgment of our Ear, own, and rest in the Octave, as the chief Consonant. 1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 334. ⁋4 Those Numbers which produc'd Sounds that were Consonants. Compounds C1. General attributive (in sense 1). consonant-cluster n. ΚΠ 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xxi. 370 A phonetic change which consisted of shortening long vowels before certain consonant-clusters. 1953 C. E. Bazell Ling. Form 48 When initial and final consonant-clusters show more limitations in common than either with medial clusters, the relation of juncture may be described as dominant. consonant diphthong n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > speech sound by manner > [noun] > obstruent > spirant or continuant > affricate consonantal diphthong1862 consonant diphthong1862 affricate1876 affricative1879 1862 M. Hopkins Hawaii 65 The Hawaiian alphabet..is so destitute of consonant diphthongs that the natives cannot pronounce two consonants together. 1889 I. Pitman Man. Phonogr. §64 The simple articulations p, b, t, d, etc., are often closely united with the liquids l and r, forming a kind of consonant diphthong. consonant-dropping n. ΚΠ 1888 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds (new ed.) 27 Many..consonant-droppings are no doubt due to the..principle of economy in distinction. consonant-group n. ΚΠ 1888 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds (new ed.) 169 Long vowels are regularly shortened in ME before two conss., except..before those cons.-groups which lengthen short vowels. 1924 A. Mawer Chief Elem. Eng. Place-names 6 Blæc, OE, ‘black’, are often very difficult to distinguish owing to the shortening of vowel which the former may undergo in a compound before a consonant-group. 1965 W. S. Allen Vox Latina iii. 68 Complex consonant groups. consonant-smoothing n. ΚΠ 1888 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds (new ed.) 27 Consonant-smoothing is analogous to that of vowels. C2. consonant shift n. Philology a change in consonantal sounds, spec. that which took place (1) in the development of the Germanic languages, as set forth in the formula known as Grimm's Law, (2) in the later development of High German from Common West Germanic. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [noun] > consonant shift consonant shift1888 1888 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds (new ed.) 93 The second, or High German, consonant-shift. 1905 O. Jespersen Growth & Struct. Eng. Lang. 23 The consonant-shift is important to the modern philologist. 1934 S. Robertson Devel. Mod. Eng. (1936) ii. 31 Later philologists than Grimm found it necessary to qualify and modify his statement of the consonant-shift. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online June 2022). consonantadj. 1. a. In agreement, accordance, or harmony; agreeable, accordant (to); agreeing, consistent (with). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [adjective] samtalec1175 samentalea1300 accordingc1300 accordantc1350 covenablec1384 concordable1393 accorda1413 suant1418 consonant1489 convenablea1500 concordant1512 semblable1513 convenient1526 modulatec1530 harmonical1531 harmoniacal1536 agreeable1540 concurrent1542 suitable1568 concinne1569 harmonial1569 sympathical1570 tunable1573 coherenta1575 conspiring1576 well-consenting1579 well-consorted1583 congruous1599 high-tuned1603 symbolizing1611 unjarring1620 concording1627 congruenta1637 harmonious1638 friendlya1641 unclashing1642 complying1646 symphoniacal1650 consistent1651 consentaneous1652 consentivea1657 symbolical1667 concordiousa1670 sympathetic1673 congenerous1677 symbolizant1685 congenial1693 symphonious1743 harmonic1756 concentual1782 undiscordant1819 concordial1822 attuned1833 connate1836 sympathetical1848 concentuous1850 consenting1858 consilient1867 tuned in1958 1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes iv. xi. 260 Thy raysons ben consonaunte. ?1550 J. Bale Apol. agaynste Papyst 55 (R.) A confourme and consonant ordre. 1563 2nd Tome Homelyes Rebellion i, in J. Griffiths Two Bks. Homilies (1859) ii. 561 With one consonant heart and voice. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. vi. x. 208/2 His life and death nothing at all consonant or agreeable. b. Const. to, unto (an accepted standard). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [adjective] > specific with or to something accordable1386 convenientc1400 agreeablea1450 to be standing withc1487 consonanta1492 consowningc1503 correspondenta1533 quadrant1536 constant1574 suitablea1586 uniforma1586 congruous1599 responsible1600 consentaneous1621 sympathizinga1627 consistible1642 consistent1646 consentany1648 consonate1649 quadratea1657 consonous1660 consentient1661 of a piece with1665 symmetrious1667 unison1675 consisting1700 one with ——a1848 congruent1875 a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) i. lxi. f. cxiii/2 The deuyll seenge that his contrycyon was not consonaunt to his wordes. 1535 Act 27 Hen. VIII c. 26 §1 A speche nothing like ne consonant to the natural mother tonge vsed within this realme. 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. Pref. The opinion is consonant to law. 1664 H. More Apol. in Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 500 Divine Truth will be found every-where consonant to itself. 1709 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1886) II. 327 The Doctrine of them is certainly consonant to our articles and Homilies. 1865 G. Grote Plato I. iv. 146 This seems more consonant to the language of Diogenes Laertius. c. Const. with. ΚΠ a1575 N. Harpsfield Treat. Divorce Henry VIII (1878) (modernized text) 236 If the marriage..were not consonant with the laws. 1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxvii. 180 That wherewith the writings of all antiquitie are consonant. 1678 A. Marvell Acct. Growth Popery in Wks. I. 574 Like the harmony of the spheres, so consonant with themselves, although we cannot hear the musick. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones I. i. viii. 45 She..first sounded their Inclinations, with which her Sentiments were always strictly consonant . View more context for this quotation 1857 W. E. Gladstone in Q. Rev. July 268 It is entirely consonant with the doctrine of St. Paul. 1861 J. Tulloch Eng. Puritanism iii. 377 It will be more..consonant with our aim to endeavour to characterise, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [adverb] > so as to agree with another thing accordinglyc1449 according1480 consonant1483 agreeing1526 consonantly1532 agreeably1534 suitably1548 agreeable1549 correspondently?a1560 sortly1566 agreeingly to1612 consentaneously1660 consistently1708 consistent1732 correspondingly1835 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 180/3 The chylde..gaue his cryes consonaunte unto his moder. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 251 Full of yeares..according to the Etymology of Festus, and consonant unto the History. View more context for this quotation 1744 J. Harris Three Treat. iii. ii. 197 Hear him, consonant to this, in another Place asserting, that a Rational Adversity was better than an Irrational Prosperity. ΚΠ 1491 Act 7 Hen. VII c. 12 Preamb. His Highnes semeth most convenient and consonaunt to preserve the possessions of the Crown..without any severaunce. 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Consonant, agreeable, likely. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [adjective] > having the parts in agreement consonant1551 correspondent1555 consistent1651 self-consistent1651 consisting1700 congruous1753 1551 T. Cranmer Answer S. Gardiner 14 She sheweth her selfe alway uniforme and consonaunt. a1600 R. Hooker Answere Supplic. W. Travers (1612) 30 The true consonant meaning of sentences not vnderstoode is brought to light. a1639 D. Digges Compl. Ambassador (1655) 392 It might have pleased her Majestie to have kept a consonant course there. 1744 J. Harris Three Treat. iii. ii. 201 To live consistently, said he, is the same to me, as To live agreeably to some one single and consonant Scheme or Purpose. 4. a. Of sounds or music: Harmonious. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > pleasantness of sound > [adjective] > musical or harmonious musica1382 cordant1382 melodiousa1425 musicala1449 consonant?1521 warbling1549 harmoniousc1550 tunable1579 symphonical1589 symphoniacal1650 symphonious1652 consonous1654 harmonic1667 symphonous1814 symphonic1864 society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > [adjective] > melodious or harmonious sweetc900 merryOE softc1230 accordanta1325 well-soundingc1350 cordant1382 sootc1385 songfula1400 melodiousa1425 sugaredc1430 well-toneda1500 tunable1504 dulcea1513 equivalenta1513 consonant?1521 harmonicala1527 harmoniousc1550 consorteda1586 Orphean1593 concentful1595 melodical1596 sweet-recording1598 tuneful1598 sirenical1599 high-tuned1603 nightingale-like1611 soundful?1615 according1626 modulaminous1637 undiscording1645 canorous1646 symphonious1652 concinnous1654 consonous1654 harmonic1667 sirenica1704 symphonial1773 concentual1782 chantant1785 Memnonian1800 melodized1807 Orphic1817 undiscordant1819 concentuous1850 fluting1852 melodic1871 well-orchestrated1872 jarless1876 tuny1885 tunesome1890 ?1521 A. Barclay Bk. Codrus & Mynalcas sig. Avjv It..is to one plesant To here good reason, and balade consonant. a1806 H. K. White Remains (1807) II. 246 An euphonious melody, and consonant cadence. 1871 A. C. Swinburne To W. Whitman in Songs before Sunrise 19 With consonant ardors of chords That pierce men's souls as with swords. b. Music. Concordant; constituting a concord or consonance. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > chord > [adjective] > concord concordant1551 consonant1609 unison1675 1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus 78 Out of the mean inequalitie..doe proceed consonant Sounds. 1761 F. H. E. Stiles in Philos. Trans. 1760 (Royal Soc.) 51 705 A consonant system..whose extreme or comprehending sounds were consonant. 1860 J. Goss Harmony iv. 9 A Chord..is named a Concord when all the notes form consonant intervals to each other. 1860 J. Goss Harmony iv. 9 The consonant intervals, or Consonances, are the major and minor 3d, perfect 4th and 5th, major and minor 6th, perfect 8ve, and unison. 1884 Bosanquet in Encycl. Brit. XVII. 106/1 [article Music] Other consonant intervals. 5. Of words, etc.: Agreeing or alike in sound. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > similar in sound homophone1623 consonant1645 unison1675 homotonous1775 symphonious1786 idem sonans1822 homophonous1826 paronymous1835 antiphonetic1840 co-sonant1856 monophonous1869 symphonic1880 homophonic1942 1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ i. xxxix. 78 Our bards..hold agnominations, and enforcing of consonant words or syllables, one upon the other, to be the greatest elegance. 1882 Palgrave in Spenser's Wks. IV. p. lvii Spenser manages the four consonant rhymes required in each stanza with wonderful ease. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > consonant > [adjective] consonant1751 consonantal1795 consonantic1863 contoid1943 1751 J. Harris Hermes iii. ii. 323 The Articulations so produced are called Consonants, because they sound not of themselves..but at all times in company with some auxiliary Vowel. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1308adj.1483 |
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