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单词 consonant
释义

consonantn.

Brit. /ˈkɒnsənənt/, /ˈkɒnsn̩ənt/, U.S. /ˈkɑnsənənt/
Etymology: < 13–14th cent. French consonant (plural -ans ), < Latin consonānt-em , noun use (sc. consonans littera ) of present participle: see consonant adj. Latin had also in same sense consona (sc. littera), whence modern French consonne.
1. An alphabetic or phonetic element other than a vowel; an elementary sound of speech which in the formation of a syllable is combined with a vowel. Applied both to the sounds and to the letters (the latter being the historically prior use).While a vowel sound is formed in the larynx, and only receives its special quality by the conformation of the oral cavity through which it is sounded, a consonant sound is wholly or mainly produced in the mouth, or the mouth and nose. Vowels thus consist of pure voice or musical sound; consonants are either simple noises or noises combined in various degrees with voice. But a noise may itself be of a continuous and rhythmical character, as a friction, trill, hiss, or buzz, and those consonants in which this is markedly the case approach closely to vowels, and may perform the function of a vowel in a syllable. Hence ‘the boundary between vowel and consonant, like that between the different kingdoms of nature, cannot be drawn with absolute definiteness, and there are sounds which may belong to either’ ( Sweet Handbk. Phonetics §164). And there is in the consonants a regular gradation from those which come nearest to vowels and may function as vowels, to those which are most remote, and never so function. From this point of view, elementary sounds have been classed as (1) vowels, (2) semi-vowels (English /j/ and /w/), (3) liquids ( /l/, /ɬ/, /r/), (4) nasals ( /m/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/), (5) fricatives or spirants, voice ( /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/, /ɣ/), and breath ( /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /x/), (6) mutes or stops, voice ( /b/, /d/, /ɡ/), and breath ( /p/, /t/, /k/). Class 2 are more strictly the vowels i, u, functioning as consonants, and classed as consonants; classes 3, 4, 5, are capable, in a decreasing measure, of functioning as vowels; only class 6 have the consonantal function exclusively, p, t, k, being the most typical consonants. The use of the liquids and nasals as vowels or sonants is a prominent feature in Indogermanic Phonology. (See vowel n.) Consonants may also be classed, according to the part of the mouth where they are formed, into labials (p, b, f, v, m, w), dentals, palatals, gutturals, and other minor groups. (See these terms.) In the Roman alphabet (with its Greek accessions), the historical vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y; down to the 16–17th centuries, i and u were used both as vowels and consonants, a double function served by y and w in various modern languages.
a. Applied to the letters (solely or chiefly).
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > writing > written character > [noun] > letter > representing type of sound
consonantc1308
vowelc1308
c1308 Sat. People Kildare 18 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 153 Þis uers is imakid wel Of consonans and wowel.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 20 Consonantes written for kepying of trewe orthographie, and levyng of them unsounded in pronunciation.
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie ii. xii. 88 To prolong the sillable which is written with double consonants.
c1620 A. Hume Of Orthogr. Britan Tongue (1870) i. iv. §1 A consonant is a letter symbolizing a sound articulat that is broaken with the tuiches of the mouth.
1727 W. Mather Young Man's Compan. (ed. 13) 10 The two Consonants that may begin Words, are Thirty in Number..As in Bl, Br, Ch..Gn, Gr, Kn..Th, Tw, Wh, Wr.
1823 B. Brodie Crystallogr. 103 The vowels A E I O, are used to designate the solid angles; some of the consonants, B C D F G H, to designate the primary edges.
1869 A. J. Ellis On Early Eng. Pronunc. I. i. iii. 184 According to the present usages of English speech Y and W are consonants when preceding a vowel as in ye, woe.
1871 I. Pitman Man. Phonogr. (ed. 12) 46 The consonants of a word must be written [in shorthand] without lifting the pen.
b. Applied to the sounds.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > consonant > [noun]
consonant1603
mutable1767
articulation1849
supradental1881
contoid1943
non-vocoid1943
1603 H. Crosse Vertues Common-wealth sig. A2v I haue scattered here and there some iarring notes and harsh consonants, vntunable to a modest eare.
1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 88. ⁋5 The difference of harmony arising principally from the collocation of vowels and consonants.
1871 H. J. Roby Gram. Latin Lang. I. §1 Interruption [of the breath] by complete contact, or compression by approximation of certain parts of the organs, or vibration of the tongue or uvula, produces consonants.
1877 H. Sweet Handbk. Phonetics §99 A consonant is the result of audible friction, squeezing or stopping of the breath in some part of the mouth (or occasionally of the throat)..Consonants can..be breathed as well as voiced, the mouth configuration alone being enough to produce a distinct sound without the help of voice.
c. humorously, with allusion to the etymological sense ‘sounding together’. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1607 T. Walkington Optick Glasse Pref. Like the foole, a Consonant when hee should be a Mute.
2. Agreement, accordance; = consonance n. 5.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [noun]
accordmentc1330
accorda1398
consonancya1398
unitya1398
accordancea1400
commoningc1400
convenience1413
correspondence1413
answeringc1425
conformityc1430
consonance1430
congruity1447
concordancec1450
consonantc1475
agreement1495
monochordc1500
conveniencya1513
agreeance1525
agreeableness1531
concinnity1531
congruence1533
harmony?1533
concent1563
tunableness1569
agreeing1575
answerableness1577
concert1578
consent1578
sympathy1578
concord1579
symphonia1579
correspondency1589
atone1595
coherence1597
respondence1598
symphony1598
sortance1600
coherency1603
respondency1603
symbolizing1605
coaptation1614
compositiona1616
sympathizing1632
comportance1648
compliance1649
syntax1649
concinneness1655
symmetry1655
homology1656
consistency1659
consentaneousness1660
consistence1670
comportment1675
harmoniousness1679
symbolism1722
congruousness1727
accordancy1790
sameness1790
consentaneity1798
consilience1840
chime1847
consensus1854
solidarity1874
synchromesh1966
concordancing1976
c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 9 Þis consonaunt is vnknowen to þe japer.
1618 M. Baret Hipponomie i. 18 Ioyne two parrallel lines together, they make a true consonant.
3.
a. Musical harmony or agreement of sounds.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > [noun] > agreement of sounds or harmony
cordc1300
accordmentc1330
concorda1340
accorda1387
consonancya1387
accordancea1400
cordinga1400
symphonyc1440
proportiona1450
chord?c1475
uthec1478
attemperance1481
consonant1483
monochordc1500
concordancea1513
concent1538
consort1587
harmoge1601
minstrelsy1605
dissonancy1626
harmoniousness1679
harmonicalness1693
concentus1769
attune1850
1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 38/4 Iubal..was the fynder of musyke that is to saye of consonantes of acorde.
b. Music. = consonance n. 3b. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > chord > [noun] > concord or perfect chord
concord1590
chord1597
perfect chord1597
equison1609
consonance1624
consonant1694
perfect triad1878
1694 W. Holder Treat. Harmony vi. 148 As we Naturally by the Judgment of our Ear, own, and rest in the Octave, as the chief Consonant.
1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 334. ⁋4 Those Numbers which produc'd Sounds that were Consonants.

Compounds

C1. General attributive (in sense 1).
consonant-cluster n.
ΚΠ
1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xxi. 370 A phonetic change which consisted of shortening long vowels before certain consonant-clusters.
1953 C. E. Bazell Ling. Form 48 When initial and final consonant-clusters show more limitations in common than either with medial clusters, the relation of juncture may be described as dominant.
consonant diphthong n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > speech sound by manner > [noun] > obstruent > spirant or continuant > affricate
consonantal diphthong1862
consonant diphthong1862
affricate1876
affricative1879
1862 M. Hopkins Hawaii 65 The Hawaiian alphabet..is so destitute of consonant diphthongs that the natives cannot pronounce two consonants together.
1889 I. Pitman Man. Phonogr. §64 The simple articulations p, b, t, d, etc., are often closely united with the liquids l and r, forming a kind of consonant diphthong.
consonant-dropping n.
ΚΠ
1888 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds (new ed.) 27 Many..consonant-droppings are no doubt due to the..principle of economy in distinction.
consonant-group n.
ΚΠ
1888 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds (new ed.) 169 Long vowels are regularly shortened in ME before two conss., except..before those cons.-groups which lengthen short vowels.
1924 A. Mawer Chief Elem. Eng. Place-names 6 Blæc, OE, ‘black’, are often very difficult to distinguish owing to the shortening of vowel which the former may undergo in a compound before a consonant-group.
1965 W. S. Allen Vox Latina iii. 68 Complex consonant groups.
consonant-smoothing n.
ΚΠ
1888 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds (new ed.) 27 Consonant-smoothing is analogous to that of vowels.
C2.
consonant shift n. Philology a change in consonantal sounds, spec. that which took place (1) in the development of the Germanic languages, as set forth in the formula known as Grimm's Law, (2) in the later development of High German from Common West Germanic.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [noun] > consonant shift
consonant shift1888
1888 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds (new ed.) 93 The second, or High German, consonant-shift.
1905 O. Jespersen Growth & Struct. Eng. Lang. 23 The consonant-shift is important to the modern philologist.
1934 S. Robertson Devel. Mod. Eng. (1936) ii. 31 Later philologists than Grimm found it necessary to qualify and modify his statement of the consonant-shift.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

consonantadj.

Brit. /ˈkɒnsənənt/, /ˈkɒnsn̩ənt/, U.S. /ˈkɑnsənənt/
Forms: Also 1600s–1700s -ent.
Etymology: < 14th cent. French consonant (now consonnant , after sonner), < Latin consonānt-em , present participle (also used as adjective) of consonāre to sound together, be harmonious, < con- together + sonāre to sound v.1
1.
a. In agreement, accordance, or harmony; agreeable, accordant (to); agreeing, consistent (with).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [adjective]
samtalec1175
samentalea1300
accordingc1300
accordantc1350
covenablec1384
concordable1393
accorda1413
suant1418
consonant1489
convenablea1500
concordant1512
semblable1513
convenient1526
modulatec1530
harmonical1531
harmoniacal1536
agreeable1540
concurrent1542
suitable1568
concinne1569
harmonial1569
sympathical1570
tunable1573
coherenta1575
conspiring1576
well-consenting1579
well-consorted1583
congruous1599
high-tuned1603
symbolizing1611
unjarring1620
concording1627
congruenta1637
harmonious1638
friendlya1641
unclashing1642
complying1646
symphoniacal1650
consistent1651
consentaneous1652
consentivea1657
symbolical1667
concordiousa1670
sympathetic1673
congenerous1677
symbolizant1685
congenial1693
symphonious1743
harmonic1756
concentual1782
undiscordant1819
concordial1822
attuned1833
connate1836
sympathetical1848
concentuous1850
consenting1858
consilient1867
tuned in1958
1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes iv. xi. 260 Thy raysons ben consonaunte.
?1550 J. Bale Apol. agaynste Papyst 55 (R.) A confourme and consonant ordre.
1563 2nd Tome Homelyes Rebellion i, in J. Griffiths Two Bks. Homilies (1859) ii. 561 With one consonant heart and voice.
1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. vi. x. 208/2 His life and death nothing at all consonant or agreeable.
b. Const. to, unto (an accepted standard).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [adjective] > specific with or to something
accordable1386
convenientc1400
agreeablea1450
to be standing withc1487
consonanta1492
consowningc1503
correspondenta1533
quadrant1536
constant1574
suitablea1586
uniforma1586
congruous1599
responsible1600
consentaneous1621
sympathizinga1627
consistible1642
consistent1646
consentany1648
consonate1649
quadratea1657
consonous1660
consentient1661
of a piece with1665
symmetrious1667
unison1675
consisting1700
one with ——a1848
congruent1875
a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) i. lxi. f. cxiii/2 The deuyll seenge that his contrycyon was not consonaunt to his wordes.
1535 Act 27 Hen. VIII c. 26 §1 A speche nothing like ne consonant to the natural mother tonge vsed within this realme.
1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. Pref. The opinion is consonant to law.
1664 H. More Apol. in Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 500 Divine Truth will be found every-where consonant to itself.
1709 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1886) II. 327 The Doctrine of them is certainly consonant to our articles and Homilies.
1865 G. Grote Plato I. iv. 146 This seems more consonant to the language of Diogenes Laertius.
c. Const. with.
ΚΠ
a1575 N. Harpsfield Treat. Divorce Henry VIII (1878) (modernized text) 236 If the marriage..were not consonant with the laws.
1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxvii. 180 That wherewith the writings of all antiquitie are consonant.
1678 A. Marvell Acct. Growth Popery in Wks. I. 574 Like the harmony of the spheres, so consonant with themselves, although we cannot hear the musick.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones I. i. viii. 45 She..first sounded their Inclinations, with which her Sentiments were always strictly consonant . View more context for this quotation
1857 W. E. Gladstone in Q. Rev. July 268 It is entirely consonant with the doctrine of St. Paul.
1861 J. Tulloch Eng. Puritanism iii. 377 It will be more..consonant with our aim to endeavour to characterise, etc.
d. adv. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [adverb] > so as to agree with another thing
accordinglyc1449
according1480
consonant1483
agreeing1526
consonantly1532
agreeably1534
suitably1548
agreeable1549
correspondently?a1560
sortly1566
agreeingly to1612
consentaneously1660
consistently1708
consistent1732
correspondingly1835
1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 180/3 The chylde..gaue his cryes consonaunte unto his moder.
1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 251 Full of yeares..according to the Etymology of Festus, and consonant unto the History. View more context for this quotation
1744 J. Harris Three Treat. iii. ii. 197 Hear him, consonant to this, in another Place asserting, that a Rational Adversity was better than an Irrational Prosperity.
2. ? Agreeable to reason or circumstances; suitable. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1491 Act 7 Hen. VII c. 12 Preamb. His Highnes semeth most convenient and consonaunt to preserve the possessions of the Crown..without any severaunce.
1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Consonant, agreeable, likely.
3. In agreement with itself, consistent. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [adjective] > having the parts in agreement
consonant1551
correspondent1555
consistent1651
self-consistent1651
consisting1700
congruous1753
1551 T. Cranmer Answer S. Gardiner 14 She sheweth her selfe alway uniforme and consonaunt.
a1600 R. Hooker Answere Supplic. W. Travers (1612) 30 The true consonant meaning of sentences not vnderstoode is brought to light.
a1639 D. Digges Compl. Ambassador (1655) 392 It might have pleased her Majestie to have kept a consonant course there.
1744 J. Harris Three Treat. iii. ii. 201 To live consistently, said he, is the same to me, as To live agreeably to some one single and consonant Scheme or Purpose.
4.
a. Of sounds or music: Harmonious.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > pleasantness of sound > [adjective] > musical or harmonious
musica1382
cordant1382
melodiousa1425
musicala1449
consonant?1521
warbling1549
harmoniousc1550
tunable1579
symphonical1589
symphoniacal1650
symphonious1652
consonous1654
harmonic1667
symphonous1814
symphonic1864
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > [adjective] > melodious or harmonious
sweetc900
merryOE
softc1230
accordanta1325
well-soundingc1350
cordant1382
sootc1385
songfula1400
melodiousa1425
sugaredc1430
well-toneda1500
tunable1504
dulcea1513
equivalenta1513
consonant?1521
harmonicala1527
harmoniousc1550
consorteda1586
Orphean1593
concentful1595
melodical1596
sweet-recording1598
tuneful1598
sirenical1599
high-tuned1603
nightingale-like1611
soundful?1615
according1626
modulaminous1637
undiscording1645
canorous1646
symphonious1652
concinnous1654
consonous1654
harmonic1667
sirenica1704
symphonial1773
concentual1782
chantant1785
Memnonian1800
melodized1807
Orphic1817
undiscordant1819
concentuous1850
fluting1852
melodic1871
well-orchestrated1872
jarless1876
tuny1885
tunesome1890
?1521 A. Barclay Bk. Codrus & Mynalcas sig. Avjv It..is to one plesant To here good reason, and balade consonant.
a1806 H. K. White Remains (1807) II. 246 An euphonious melody, and consonant cadence.
1871 A. C. Swinburne To W. Whitman in Songs before Sunrise 19 With consonant ardors of chords That pierce men's souls as with swords.
b. Music. Concordant; constituting a concord or consonance.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > chord > [adjective] > concord
concordant1551
consonant1609
unison1675
1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus 78 Out of the mean inequalitie..doe proceed consonant Sounds.
1761 F. H. E. Stiles in Philos. Trans. 1760 (Royal Soc.) 51 705 A consonant system..whose extreme or comprehending sounds were consonant.
1860 J. Goss Harmony iv. 9 A Chord..is named a Concord when all the notes form consonant intervals to each other.
1860 J. Goss Harmony iv. 9 The consonant intervals, or Consonances, are the major and minor 3d, perfect 4th and 5th, major and minor 6th, perfect 8ve, and unison.
1884 Bosanquet in Encycl. Brit. XVII. 106/1 [article Music] Other consonant intervals.
5. Of words, etc.: Agreeing or alike in sound.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > similar in sound
homophone1623
consonant1645
unison1675
homotonous1775
symphonious1786
idem sonans1822
homophonous1826
paronymous1835
antiphonetic1840
co-sonant1856
monophonous1869
symphonic1880
homophonic1942
1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ i. xxxix. 78 Our bards..hold agnominations, and enforcing of consonant words or syllables, one upon the other, to be the greatest elegance.
1882 Palgrave in Spenser's Wks. IV. p. lvii Spenser manages the four consonant rhymes required in each stanza with wonderful ease.
6. Of the nature of a consonant. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > consonant > [adjective]
consonant1751
consonantal1795
consonantic1863
contoid1943
1751 J. Harris Hermes iii. ii. 323 The Articulations so produced are called Consonants, because they sound not of themselves..but at all times in company with some auxiliary Vowel.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.c1308adj.1483
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