constrainv.

Brit.

/kənˈstreɪn/, U.S.

/kənˈstreɪn/

Forms: Middle English constrane, Middle English constreign(e, constraygne, Middle English–1500s constreyn(e, constrayn(e, Middle English–1600s constrein(e, (Middle English constryne), Middle English–1500s northern constrene, 1500s Scottish constranȝe, Middle English–1600s constraine, 1500s– constrain. past participle Middle English constreint, Middle English–1500s constraynte, 1500s Scottish constrane.

Etymology: < Old French constreindre, -aindre, participial stem constreign-, -aign- (in modern French contraindre, Italian costrignere, constringere) < Latin constringĕre to tie tightly together, compress by tying, < con- together + stringĕre to draw tight.

1. transitive. To force, compel, oblige:

a. a person to do anything. (The usual const.)

ΚΠ

c1386 G. Chaucer Melibeus ⁋914 It constreigneth me to do yow grace and mercy.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 990/391* (MED) Bot þai constroyned him to dwelle, þat he no farrer might.

c1430 Life St. Kath. (1884) 11 Þese iiij notable þynges moste nedes constreyne ȝow to enclyne to oure ententes.

a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 82 Constreynyd to lerne the latyn tong.

1606 G. W. tr. Justinus Hist. 67 a Power..to constraine them delyuer that by force.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) v. iii. 101 Since that thy sight, which should Make our eies flow with ioy..Constraines them weepe.

1758 S. Hayward Seventeen Serm. xvi. 479 He never constrained them to walk in the paths of iniquity.

1805 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. V. 90 A writ issues to the sheriff..to constrain the party to appear.

b. a person to (into) a course of action, state, place, etc.

ΚΠ

c1386 G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale 471 Though I do thing to which I am constreynit.

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. vi. 54 Men sholde constreyne no clerke to knauene werkes.

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 652 Suppois natuir constranȝe him thairto.

1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. ii. xiii. §3. 419 [They] fled into the woods, fearing to be constrained to the Plough.

1790 W. Cowper On Receipt Mother's Picture 86 I should ill requite thee, to constrain Thy unbound spirit into bonds again.

1840 E. B. Browning Drama of Exile And the elements shall boldly All your dust to dust constrain.

c. with simple object.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)] > to do something

holdc1275

piltc1275

constraina1340

strength1340

distrainc1374

compelc1380

makec1395

distressa1400

stressa1400

art?1406

putc1450

coerce1475

cohert1475

enforce1509

perforce1509

forcec1540

violent?1551

press1600

necessitate1601

rack1602

restrain1621

reduce1622

oblige1632

necessiate1709

a1340 R. Rolle Psalter xxvii. 10 With þaire fre wil, noght constraynd.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 61 Wommen of kynde desiren libertee And nat to been constreyned as a thral.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Kings ii. 17 Neuertheles they constrayned him, tyll he was ashamed, and sayde: Let them go.

1611 Bible (King James) 2 Cor. v. 14 For the loue of Christ constreineth vs.

d. absol. (without direct object.)

ΚΠ

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 1496 Ȝe ar stif in-noghe to constrayne wyth strenkþe, ȝif yow lykeȝ.

1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health ccxi. 187 Sometimes if hunger constreyned, they would double their commons.

1716 A. Pope Epist. Jervas in J. Dryden tr. C. A. du Fresnoy Art of Painting (ed. 2) sig. A8 Led by some Rule, that guides, but not constrains.

1873 J. R. Lowell Among my Bks. 2nd Ser. 279 The necessities of metre would naturally constrain to such forms.

e. Dynamics. To restrict the motion of (a body or particle) to a certain course, e.g. along a fixed curve.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > kinematics > [verb (transitive)] > restrict motion

constrain1834

1834 Whewell (title) On the Motion of Points constrained and resisted.

1856 Tait & Steele Dynamics of Particle (1871) 181 A particle is constrained to move on a given smooth plane curve, under the action of given forces in the plane of the curve.

1856 Tait & Steele Dynamics of Particle (1871) 193 If the particle be constrained by a circular tube.

1856 Tait & Steele Dynamics of Particle (1871) Contents 15 String constrained by pulley.

2. To compel or enforce (an action, etc.); to bring about by compulsion or of necessity.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)] > produce or obtain by compulsion or force

enforce1531

constrain?c1583

efforce1590

violent1650

compel1673

coercea1850

?c1583 B. Rich Philotus & Emelia in Philotus (1835) App. 10 It is vnpossible that loue should be constrained, where affection breedes not likyng.

1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge v. vi. sig. K3^v Other vowes constraine another course.

1637 W. Alexander Doomes-day (new ed.) viii. xii. 168 in Recreations with Muses O! what strange things..Could this man tell, amazement to constraine?

1668 Earl of Orrery Henry V i. 8 'Twas a crime To punish what you did constrain from him.

1725 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey I. i. 21 Calypso in her caves constrain'd his stay.

1741 I. Watts Improvem. Mind (1801) 227 Where there is not sufficient testimony to constrain our assent.

1800 A. Addison Rep. Cases Pennsylvania 2 The..constrained presumption, that the child whose death was concealed, was killed by the mother.

†3.

a. To force out; to produce by effort, ‘to produce in opposition to nature’ (Johnson). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > produce or bring forth > produce with effort or difficulty

laboura1393

force1551

constrain1607

screw1630

toil1671

to work up1675

scratch1922

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 231 They rub their vdders with Nettles vntil they constrain blood.

1645 E. Waller Wks. 53 In this Northerne tract our hoarser throats Utter unripe and ill constrained notes.

†b. To force, assume or produce by straining (any behaviour or expression of feeling). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)] > produce or obtain by compulsion or force > behaviour or expression

constrainc1400

c1400 Rom. Rose 5316 Which desire is so constreyned That it is but wille feyned.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear vii. 93 This is a fellow who..doth affect a sawcy ruffines, And constraines the garb quite from his nature.

1702 R. Steele Funeral i. 3 Could all those Shreiks, those Swoonings, that Rising falling Bosome be constrain'd?

1725 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey I. i. 490 [He] Constrain'd a smile, and thus ambiguous spoke.

†4. reflexive. To exert or strain oneself. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself [verb (reflexive)]

afforcec1300

enforcec1386

virtuea1393

endeavourc1400

naitc1400

envirtue1477

exploit1490

to put it forthc1500

constrainc1510

efforce1512

lay1535

evirtuate1642

to exert oneself1736

hump1835

spread1843

to put about1983

c1510 Gesta Romanorum 430 Whiche this yonge damosell seynge, constreyned herselfe, and ranne so fast, tyll at the last she had hym at a vauntage agayne.

†5.

a. To take by force, force to surrender. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > victory > make victorious [verb (transitive)] > capture or acquire by conquest

i-wina1000

wina1122

fang?c1200

catchc1275

conquer1297

geta1400

stealc1400

conquer1475

conquest1485

conques1488

evict1560

carry1579

intake1646

constrain1700

capture1796

1700 J. Dryden To my Kinsman J. Driden in Fables 99 Namur Subdu'd, is England's Palm alone; The Rest Besieg'd; but we Constrain'd the Town.

†b. To violate, force. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > loss of chastity > deprive of chastity [verb (transitive)] > rape

to do (a) shamec1275

afforcec1330

beforcec1375

misusea1382

oppressa1382

enforcec1386

ravisha1387

forcea1400

betravaila1425

trespass1427

supprisea1450

violatec1450

viole?c1450

stuprate?1526

devour1530

stupre1548

constuprate1550

rape1574

suppress1590

harry1591

constrain1594

abripe1623

obstuprate1658

spoil1678

to rip off1967

1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus v. ii. 176 Her spotlesse chastitie, Inhumane traitors you constraind and forst.

†6. To press hard upon, straiten, reduce to straits; to oppress, afflict, distress. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict

overharryeOE

aileOE

swencheOE

besetOE

traya1000

teenOE

to work (also do) (a person) woeOE

derve?c1225

grieve1297

harrya1300

noyc1300

travailc1300

to work (also do) annoyc1300

wrath14..

aggrievea1325

annoya1325

tribula1325

to hold wakenc1330

anguish1340

distrainc1374

wrap1380

strain1382

ermec1386

afflicta1393

cumbera1400

assayc1400

distressc1400

temptc1400

encumber1413

labour1437

infortune?a1439

stressa1450

trouble1489

arraya1500

constraina1500

attempt1525

misease1530

exercise1531

to hold or keep waking1533

try1539

to wring to the worse1542

pinch1548

affligec1550

trounce1551

oppress1555

inflict1566

overharl1570

strait1579

to make a martyr of1599

straiten1611

tribulatea1637

to put through the hoop(s)1919

snooter1923

the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > cause mental pain or suffering to [verb (transitive)]

heavyc897

pineeOE

aileOE

sorryeOE

traya1000

sorrowOE

to work (also do) (a person) woeOE

angerc1175

smarta1200

to work, bake, brew balec1200

derve?c1225

grieve?c1225

sitc1225

sweam?c1225

gnawc1230

sughc1230

troublec1230

aggrievea1325

to think sweama1325

unframea1325

anguish1340

teen1340

sowa1352

distrainc1374

to-troublea1382

strain1382

unglad1390

afflicta1393

paina1393

distressa1400

hita1400

sorea1400

assayc1400

remordc1400

temptc1400

to sit (or set) one sorec1420

overthrow?a1425

visit1424

labour1437

passionc1470

arraya1500

constraina1500

misgrievea1500

attempt1525

exagitate1532

to wring to the worse1542

toil1549

lament1580

adolorate1598

rankle1659

try1702

to pass over ——1790

upset1805

to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823

to put (a person) through it1855

bludgeon1888

to get to ——1904

to put through the hoop(s)1919

the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict > oppress or afflict

heavyc897

narroweOE

overlayOE

overseamOE

twingea1300

to weigh downa1340

grieve1340

besit1377

oppressc1384

foila1400

thringa1400

empressc1400

enpressc1400

aska1425

press?a1425

peisea1450

straita1464

constraina1500

overhale1531

to grate on or upon1532

wrack1562

surcharge1592

to lie heavy uponc1595

to weigh back, on one side, to the earth1595

to sit on ——1607

to sit upon ——1607

gall1614

bear1645

weight1647

obsess1648

aggrieve1670

swinge1681

lean1736

gravitate1754

weigh1794

a1500 (?c1450) Merlin iv. 65 The grete peyne that he was inne for the love of Ygerne, that so hym constrayned that he myght nother ete, ne slepe, ne go.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxxiv. 328 He had dayly great complayntes made to hym..wherwith his hart was sore constrayned for displeasure.

?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Ji ^v To constrayne, opprimer.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 27 That necessitie constrayne thame nocht quha ar within..this Ile hes a pasture..that may feid sum wethiris.

1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 38 But since our fortune slipt from sun to shade,..cruel need Constrain'd us, but a better time has come.

†7. To compress into small compass; to contract. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > extension in space > reduction in size or extent > reduce in size or extent [verb (transitive)] > compress or constrict

thrumc1275

constrainc1374

nip1381

rinea1398

compress1398

withstrainc1400

coarctc1420

pincha1425

strain1426

nipe1440

thrumble1513

comprime?1541

astrict1548

sneap1598

cling1601

wring1603

constringe1609

coarctate1620

compinge1621

choke1635

compel1657

cramp1673

hunch1738

constrict1759

tighten1853

scrunch1861

throttle1863

c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. i. i. 5 Þe stature of hir was of a doutous iugement, for sumtyme sche constreyned and schronk hir seluen lyche to þe comune mesure of men.

a. To confine forcibly, keep in bonds, imprison.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)]

at-hold?c1225

to hold inc1300

withholda1325

distrainc1340

restrain1397

stressa1425

detain1485

to lay fast1560

constrain1590

enstraiten1619

embinda1628

pin1738

coerce1780

deport1909

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Ezek. xxxi. 15 Y..forbedde the floodis of hym, and constreinede many watris.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. iv. sig. P7^v With hundred yron chaines he did him bind, And hundred knots that did him sore constraine.

1612 J. Selden in M. Drayton Poly-olbion ix. Illustr. 145 The South-West wind constrained betweene two hils on both sides of the Lake.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 141 He binds in Chains The drowzy Prophet, and his Limbs constrains .

1714 J. Gay Fan i. 12 How the strait Stays the slender Waste constrain.

1821 P. B. Shelley Epipsychidion 23 The walls are high, the gates are strong,..—but true love never yet Was thus constrained.

1879 S. H. Butcher & A. Lang tr. Homer Odyssey 7 And hard men constrain him, wild folk that hold him..sore against his will.

†b. To check, stop, staunch. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > liquid > fact of being still or not flowing > cause to be or become still or without flow [verb (transitive)] > staunch

stint1398

constrainc1400

stanch1481

constaunch1485

stem1488

to take up1889

c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. A) 66 If þe blood come fro grete veynes he mai nouȝt so sumtyme be constreyned.

c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. A) 68 If..þou maist not sowde þe arterie ne þe veyne ne þou maist not constreyne þe blood.

c. To press or clasp tightly in one's arms. poetic.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > love > embrace > [verb (transitive)] > embrace tightly

strainc1374

gripec1400

hug1567

locka1593

constrain1697

creem1746

to strain (a person) to one's bosom1789

squdge1870

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 230 When..The Tyrian hugs and fonds thee on her breast, And with sweet kisses in her arms constrains.

1861 ‘N. Temple’ & ‘E. Trevor’ Tannhäuser 27 And all for joy constrain'd him to his breast.

d. figurative. To restrain within bounds, to limit.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restriction or limitation > restrict or limit [verb (transitive)]

thringc1250

restrain1384

bound1393

abounda1398

limita1398

pincha1450

pin?a1475

prescribec1485

define1513

coarcta1529

circumscribe1529

restrict1535

conclude1548

limitate1563

stint1567

chamber1568

contract1570

crampern1577

contain1578

finish1587

pound1589

confine1597

terminate1602

noosec1604

border1608

constrain1614

coarctate1624

butta1631

to fasten down1694

crimp1747

bourn1807

to box in1845

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > quality of being restricted or limited > restrict or limit [verb (transitive)]

thringc1250

circumscrivec1374

arta1382

bound1393

limita1398

restrainc1405

pincha1450

restringe1525

coarcta1529

circumscribe1529

restrict1535

conclude1548

narrow?1548

limitate1563

stint1567

chamber1568

contract1570

crampern1577

contain1578

finish1587

conscribe1588

pound1589

confine1597

border1608

circumcise1613

constrain1614

coarctate1624

butta1631

prescribe1688

pin1738

1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. i. ix. §1. 179 The soft weapons of paternall perswasions..became in all ouer-weake, either to resist the first inclination of euill, or after (when it became habituall) to constraine it.

1708 N. Rowe Royal Convert iii. (1766) 44 Constrain your temper, Sir; be false and meet her With her own sex's arts.

1878 J. Morley Condorcet 36 It was impossible..to constrain within prescribed limits the activity.

†9. = constringe v., constrict v. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > of tissue: become diseased [verb (transitive)] > alter tissue > contract

constrain1398

constringe1604

constrict1732

the world > space > extension in space > reduction in size or extent > reduce in size or extent [verb (transitive)] > contract or shrink

inknitc1374

drawc1390

shrinka1398

strain1398

to shorten up1530

contrahe1540

to gather up1553

to draw in1572

contract1604

constringe1652

purse1668

constrain1697

undistend1868

collapse1908

1398 [implied in: J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) vii. lxix. 289 The leche vsith constraynynge and dryenge medycynes. (at constraining adj. 2)].

c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. A) 77 Olde woundis þat ben maad..of to greet cold constreynynge.

c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. A) 105.

c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. A) 263 If þe spasme come..þat wole constryne þe tunge inward.

1555 R. Eden Two Viages into Guinea in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 359 ^v Vehement heate resolueth the radicall moisture of mens bodies, as could constreyneth and preserueth the same.

1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health cxiv. 102 Seruices..are..to be eaten after meate, to constraine and close vp the stomacke.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 84 When Winter Frosts constrain the Field with Cold.

10. To subject to restraint of behaviour. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restrain [verb (transitive)] > subject to restraints of behaviour

constrain1745

1745 J. Swift Direct. to Servants 50 Leave the Company to converse more freely, without being constrained by your Presence.

1850 R. W. Emerson Montaigne in Representative Men iv. 166 I..think..old friends who do not constrain me..the most suitable.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	constrain
释义	constrainv. Brit. /kənˈstreɪn/, U.S. /kənˈstreɪn/ Forms: Middle English constrane, Middle English constreign(e, constraygne, Middle English–1500s constreyn(e, constrayn(e, Middle English–1600s constrein(e, (Middle English constryne), Middle English–1500s northern constrene, 1500s Scottish constranȝe, Middle English–1600s constraine, 1500s– constrain. past participle Middle English constreint, Middle English–1500s constraynte, 1500s Scottish constrane. Etymology: < Old French constreindre, -aindre, participial stem constreign-, -aign- (in modern French contraindre, Italian costrignere, constringere) < Latin constringĕre to tie tightly together, compress by tying, < con- together + stringĕre to draw tight. 1. transitive. To force, compel, oblige: a. a person to do anything. (The usual const.) ΚΠ c1386 G. Chaucer Melibeus ⁋914 It constreigneth me to do yow grace and mercy. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 990/391* (MED) Bot þai constroyned him to dwelle, þat he no farrer might. c1430 Life St. Kath. (1884) 11 Þese iiij notable þynges moste nedes constreyne ȝow to enclyne to oure ententes. a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 82 Constreynyd to lerne the latyn tong. 1606 G. W. tr. Justinus Hist. 67 a Power..to constraine them delyuer that by force. a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) v. iii. 101 Since that thy sight, which should Make our eies flow with ioy..Constraines them weepe. View more context for this quotation 1758 S. Hayward Seventeen Serm. xvi. 479 He never constrained them to walk in the paths of iniquity. 1805 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. V. 90 A writ issues to the sheriff..to constrain the party to appear. b. a person to (into) a course of action, state, place, etc. ΚΠ c1386 G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale 471 Though I do thing to which I am constreynit. 1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. vi. 54 Men sholde constreyne no clerke to knauene werkes. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 652 Suppois natuir constranȝe him thairto. 1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. ii. xiii. §3. 419 [They] fled into the woods, fearing to be constrained to the Plough. 1790 W. Cowper On Receipt Mother's Picture 86 I should ill requite thee, to constrain Thy unbound spirit into bonds again. 1840 E. B. Browning Drama of Exile And the elements shall boldly All your dust to dust constrain. c. with simple object. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)] > to do something holdc1275 piltc1275 constraina1340 strength1340 distrainc1374 compelc1380 makec1395 distressa1400 stressa1400 art?1406 putc1450 coerce1475 cohert1475 enforce1509 perforce1509 forcec1540 violent?1551 press1600 necessitate1601 rack1602 restrain1621 reduce1622 oblige1632 necessiate1709 a1340 R. Rolle Psalter xxvii. 10 With þaire fre wil, noght constraynd. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 61 Wommen of kynde desiren libertee And nat to been constreyned as a thral. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Kings ii. 17 Neuertheles they constrayned him, tyll he was ashamed, and sayde: Let them go. 1611 Bible (King James) 2 Cor. v. 14 For the loue of Christ constreineth vs. View more context for this quotation d. absol. (without direct object.) ΚΠ c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 1496 Ȝe ar stif in-noghe to constrayne wyth strenkþe, ȝif yow lykeȝ. 1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health ccxi. 187 Sometimes if hunger constreyned, they would double their commons. 1716 A. Pope Epist. Jervas in J. Dryden tr. C. A. du Fresnoy Art of Painting (ed. 2) sig. A8 Led by some Rule, that guides, but not constrains. 1873 J. R. Lowell Among my Bks. 2nd Ser. 279 The necessities of metre would naturally constrain to such forms. e. Dynamics. To restrict the motion of (a body or particle) to a certain course, e.g. along a fixed curve. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > kinematics > [verb (transitive)] > restrict motion constrain1834 1834 Whewell (title) On the Motion of Points constrained and resisted. 1856 Tait & Steele Dynamics of Particle (1871) 181 A particle is constrained to move on a given smooth plane curve, under the action of given forces in the plane of the curve. 1856 Tait & Steele Dynamics of Particle (1871) 193 If the particle be constrained by a circular tube. 1856 Tait & Steele Dynamics of Particle (1871) Contents 15 String constrained by pulley. 2. To compel or enforce (an action, etc.); to bring about by compulsion or of necessity. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)] > produce or obtain by compulsion or force enforce1531 constrain?c1583 efforce1590 violent1650 compel1673 coercea1850 ?c1583 B. Rich Philotus & Emelia in Philotus (1835) App. 10 It is vnpossible that loue should be constrained, where affection breedes not likyng. 1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge v. vi. sig. K3^v Other vowes constraine another course. 1637 W. Alexander Doomes-day (new ed.) viii. xii. 168 in Recreations with Muses O! what strange things..Could this man tell, amazement to constraine? 1668 Earl of Orrery Henry V i. 8 'Twas a crime To punish what you did constrain from him. 1725 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey I. i. 21 Calypso in her caves constrain'd his stay. 1741 I. Watts Improvem. Mind (1801) 227 Where there is not sufficient testimony to constrain our assent. 1800 A. Addison Rep. Cases Pennsylvania 2 The..constrained presumption, that the child whose death was concealed, was killed by the mother. †3. a. To force out; to produce by effort, ‘to produce in opposition to nature’ (Johnson). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > produce or bring forth > produce with effort or difficulty laboura1393 force1551 constrain1607 screw1630 toil1671 to work up1675 scratch1922 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 231 They rub their vdders with Nettles vntil they constrain blood. 1645 E. Waller Wks. 53 In this Northerne tract our hoarser throats Utter unripe and ill constrained notes. †b. To force, assume or produce by straining (any behaviour or expression of feeling). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)] > produce or obtain by compulsion or force > behaviour or expression constrainc1400 c1400 Rom. Rose 5316 Which desire is so constreyned That it is but wille feyned. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear vii. 93 This is a fellow who..doth affect a sawcy ruffines, And constraines the garb quite from his nature. View more context for this quotation 1702 R. Steele Funeral i. 3 Could all those Shreiks, those Swoonings, that Rising falling Bosome be constrain'd? 1725 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey I. i. 490 [He] Constrain'd a smile, and thus ambiguous spoke. †4. reflexive. To exert or strain oneself. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself [verb (reflexive)] afforcec1300 enforcec1386 virtuea1393 endeavourc1400 naitc1400 envirtue1477 exploit1490 to put it forthc1500 constrainc1510 efforce1512 lay1535 evirtuate1642 to exert oneself1736 hump1835 spread1843 to put about1983 c1510 Gesta Romanorum 430 Whiche this yonge damosell seynge, constreyned herselfe, and ranne so fast, tyll at the last she had hym at a vauntage agayne. †5. a. To take by force, force to surrender. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > victory > make victorious [verb (transitive)] > capture or acquire by conquest i-wina1000 wina1122 fang?c1200 catchc1275 conquer1297 geta1400 stealc1400 conquer1475 conquest1485 conques1488 evict1560 carry1579 intake1646 constrain1700 capture1796 1700 J. Dryden To my Kinsman J. Driden in Fables 99 Namur Subdu'd, is England's Palm alone; The Rest Besieg'd; but we Constrain'd the Town. †b. To violate, force. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > loss of chastity > deprive of chastity [verb (transitive)] > rape to do (a) shamec1275 afforcec1330 beforcec1375 misusea1382 oppressa1382 enforcec1386 ravisha1387 forcea1400 betravaila1425 trespass1427 supprisea1450 violatec1450 viole?c1450 stuprate?1526 devour1530 stupre1548 constuprate1550 rape1574 suppress1590 harry1591 constrain1594 abripe1623 obstuprate1658 spoil1678 to rip off1967 1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus v. ii. 176 Her spotlesse chastitie, Inhumane traitors you constraind and forst. †6. To press hard upon, straiten, reduce to straits; to oppress, afflict, distress. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict overharryeOE aileOE swencheOE besetOE traya1000 teenOE to work (also do) (a person) woeOE derve?c1225 grieve1297 harrya1300 noyc1300 travailc1300 to work (also do) annoyc1300 wrath14.. aggrievea1325 annoya1325 tribula1325 to hold wakenc1330 anguish1340 distrainc1374 wrap1380 strain1382 ermec1386 afflicta1393 cumbera1400 assayc1400 distressc1400 temptc1400 encumber1413 labour1437 infortune?a1439 stressa1450 trouble1489 arraya1500 constraina1500 attempt1525 misease1530 exercise1531 to hold or keep waking1533 try1539 to wring to the worse1542 pinch1548 affligec1550 trounce1551 oppress1555 inflict1566 overharl1570 strait1579 to make a martyr of1599 straiten1611 tribulatea1637 to put through the hoop(s)1919 snooter1923 the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > cause mental pain or suffering to [verb (transitive)] heavyc897 pineeOE aileOE sorryeOE traya1000 sorrowOE to work (also do) (a person) woeOE angerc1175 smarta1200 to work, bake, brew balec1200 derve?c1225 grieve?c1225 sitc1225 sweam?c1225 gnawc1230 sughc1230 troublec1230 aggrievea1325 to think sweama1325 unframea1325 anguish1340 teen1340 sowa1352 distrainc1374 to-troublea1382 strain1382 unglad1390 afflicta1393 paina1393 distressa1400 hita1400 sorea1400 assayc1400 remordc1400 temptc1400 to sit (or set) one sorec1420 overthrow?a1425 visit1424 labour1437 passionc1470 arraya1500 constraina1500 misgrievea1500 attempt1525 exagitate1532 to wring to the worse1542 toil1549 lament1580 adolorate1598 rankle1659 try1702 to pass over ——1790 upset1805 to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823 to put (a person) through it1855 bludgeon1888 to get to ——1904 to put through the hoop(s)1919 the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict > oppress or afflict heavyc897 narroweOE overlayOE overseamOE twingea1300 to weigh downa1340 grieve1340 besit1377 oppressc1384 foila1400 thringa1400 empressc1400 enpressc1400 aska1425 press?a1425 peisea1450 straita1464 constraina1500 overhale1531 to grate on or upon1532 wrack1562 surcharge1592 to lie heavy uponc1595 to weigh back, on one side, to the earth1595 to sit on ——1607 to sit upon ——1607 gall1614 bear1645 weight1647 obsess1648 aggrieve1670 swinge1681 lean1736 gravitate1754 weigh1794 a1500 (?c1450) Merlin iv. 65 The grete peyne that he was inne for the love of Ygerne, that so hym constrayned that he myght nother ete, ne slepe, ne go. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxxiv. 328 He had dayly great complayntes made to hym..wherwith his hart was sore constrayned for displeasure. ?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Ji ^v To constrayne, opprimer. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 27 That necessitie constrayne thame nocht quha ar within..this Ile hes a pasture..that may feid sum wethiris. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 38 But since our fortune slipt from sun to shade,..cruel need Constrain'd us, but a better time has come. †7. To compress into small compass; to contract. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > extension in space > reduction in size or extent > reduce in size or extent [verb (transitive)] > compress or constrict thrumc1275 constrainc1374 nip1381 rinea1398 compress1398 withstrainc1400 coarctc1420 pincha1425 strain1426 nipe1440 thrumble1513 comprime?1541 astrict1548 sneap1598 cling1601 wring1603 constringe1609 coarctate1620 compinge1621 choke1635 compel1657 cramp1673 hunch1738 constrict1759 tighten1853 scrunch1861 throttle1863 c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. i. i. 5 Þe stature of hir was of a doutous iugement, for sumtyme sche constreyned and schronk hir seluen lyche to þe comune mesure of men. 8. a. To confine forcibly, keep in bonds, imprison. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)] at-hold?c1225 to hold inc1300 withholda1325 distrainc1340 restrain1397 stressa1425 detain1485 to lay fast1560 constrain1590 enstraiten1619 embinda1628 pin1738 coerce1780 deport1909 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Ezek. xxxi. 15 Y..forbedde the floodis of hym, and constreinede many watris. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. iv. sig. P7^v With hundred yron chaines he did him bind, And hundred knots that did him sore constraine. 1612 J. Selden in M. Drayton Poly-olbion ix. Illustr. 145 The South-West wind constrained betweene two hils on both sides of the Lake. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 141 He binds in Chains The drowzy Prophet, and his Limbs constrains . View more context for this quotation 1714 J. Gay Fan i. 12 How the strait Stays the slender Waste constrain. 1821 P. B. Shelley Epipsychidion 23 The walls are high, the gates are strong,..—but true love never yet Was thus constrained. 1879 S. H. Butcher & A. Lang tr. Homer Odyssey 7 And hard men constrain him, wild folk that hold him..sore against his will. †b. To check, stop, staunch. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > liquid > fact of being still or not flowing > cause to be or become still or without flow [verb (transitive)] > staunch stint1398 constrainc1400 stanch1481 constaunch1485 stem1488 to take up1889 c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. A) 66 If þe blood come fro grete veynes he mai nouȝt so sumtyme be constreyned. c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. A) 68 If..þou maist not sowde þe arterie ne þe veyne ne þou maist not constreyne þe blood. c. To press or clasp tightly in one's arms. poetic. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > love > embrace > [verb (transitive)] > embrace tightly strainc1374 gripec1400 hug1567 locka1593 constrain1697 creem1746 to strain (a person) to one's bosom1789 squdge1870 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 230 When..The Tyrian hugs and fonds thee on her breast, And with sweet kisses in her arms constrains. 1861 ‘N. Temple’ & ‘E. Trevor’ Tannhäuser 27 And all for joy constrain'd him to his breast. d. figurative. To restrain within bounds, to limit. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restriction or limitation > restrict or limit [verb (transitive)] thringc1250 restrain1384 bound1393 abounda1398 limita1398 pincha1450 pin?a1475 prescribec1485 define1513 coarcta1529 circumscribe1529 restrict1535 conclude1548 limitate1563 stint1567 chamber1568 contract1570 crampern1577 contain1578 finish1587 pound1589 confine1597 terminate1602 noosec1604 border1608 constrain1614 coarctate1624 butta1631 to fasten down1694 crimp1747 bourn1807 to box in1845 the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > quality of being restricted or limited > restrict or limit [verb (transitive)] thringc1250 circumscrivec1374 arta1382 bound1393 limita1398 restrainc1405 pincha1450 restringe1525 coarcta1529 circumscribe1529 restrict1535 conclude1548 narrow?1548 limitate1563 stint1567 chamber1568 contract1570 crampern1577 contain1578 finish1587 conscribe1588 pound1589 confine1597 border1608 circumcise1613 constrain1614 coarctate1624 butta1631 prescribe1688 pin1738 1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. i. ix. §1. 179 The soft weapons of paternall perswasions..became in all ouer-weake, either to resist the first inclination of euill, or after (when it became habituall) to constraine it. 1708 N. Rowe Royal Convert iii. (1766) 44 Constrain your temper, Sir; be false and meet her With her own sex's arts. 1878 J. Morley Condorcet 36 It was impossible..to constrain within prescribed limits the activity. †9. = constringe v., constrict v. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > of tissue: become diseased [verb (transitive)] > alter tissue > contract constrain1398 constringe1604 constrict1732 the world > space > extension in space > reduction in size or extent > reduce in size or extent [verb (transitive)] > contract or shrink inknitc1374 drawc1390 shrinka1398 strain1398 to shorten up1530 contrahe1540 to gather up1553 to draw in1572 contract1604 constringe1652 purse1668 constrain1697 undistend1868 collapse1908 1398 [implied in: J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) vii. lxix. 289 The leche vsith constraynynge and dryenge medycynes. (at constraining adj. 2)]. c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. A) 77 Olde woundis þat ben maad..of to greet cold constreynynge. c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. A) 105. c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. A) 263 If þe spasme come..þat wole constryne þe tunge inward. 1555 R. Eden Two Viages into Guinea in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 359 ^v Vehement heate resolueth the radicall moisture of mens bodies, as could constreyneth and preserueth the same. 1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health cxiv. 102 Seruices..are..to be eaten after meate, to constraine and close vp the stomacke. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 84 When Winter Frosts constrain the Field with Cold. View more context for this quotation 10. To subject to restraint of behaviour. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restrain [verb (transitive)] > subject to restraints of behaviour constrain1745 1745 J. Swift Direct. to Servants 50 Leave the Company to converse more freely, without being constrained by your Presence. 1850 R. W. Emerson Montaigne in Representative Men iv. 166 I..think..old friends who do not constrain me..the most suitable. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < v.a1340
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