-philecomb. form

Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly; see e.g. videophile n. and adj.

Forms: 1600s– -phile, 1700s -phyle (irregular), 1800s– -phil Brit.

/fɪl/, U.S.

/fɪl/.

Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek ϕίλος.

Etymology: < ancient Greek ϕίλος loving, dear (see philo- comb. form).Compare ancient Greek -ϕιλος , combining form (rare), in e.g. πονηρόϕιλος fond of worthless men, χρηστόϕιλος fond of good men, and in certain personal names, where it means ‘dear, beloved’, as Δίϕιλος (dear to Zeus), Hellenistic Greek Θεόϕιλος (dear to God). In post-classical Latin and scientific Latin often used as a second element in form -philus , -phila , with sense ‘lover, loving’ (e.g. botanophilus (Linnaeus) lover of plants, amateur botanist, Ammophila , generic name). Hence in French words -phile . Earliest in infrequent formations with first elements of ancient Greek origin, e.g. theophile n. at theo- comb. form (17th cent.), astrophile n. (18th cent.). Common from the 19th cent. onwards with first elements of both ancient Greek and native origin, partly under the influence of French and German formations, e.g. negrophile n., halophile n. and adj. (early 19th cent.). Formations with first elements referring to nationality occur from the mid-19th cent. onwards, e.g. Indophile n., Anglophile n. and adj., for which forms with the prefix philo- (see philo- comb. form) conform more closely to the ancient Greek pattern of formation. Scientific formations become common in the late 19th cent. The spelling -phile is original, but the early pronunciation was with a short i . The spelling -phil became common around 1880, probably to match the pronunciation, but never displaced -phile . Around 1900, the pronunciation with a long i became increasingly usual, halting the tendency to drop the -e . Relatively few words are spelt solely or predominantly with -phil ; a notable exception is a group of scientific terms relating to the susceptibility of cells to staining, e.g. neutrophil adj. and n., which have changed from earlier -phile to later -phil. A number of words more usually spelt -phile have occasional variants in -phil; the latter were mostly common in the first half of the 20th cent. The majority of formations, including most of those coined since the first quarter of the 20th cent., are found only with -phile.

1. Forming nouns and adjectives with the sense ‘(a person) loving the person or thing denoted by the first element’.

Categories »

2. Biology, Chemistry, etc. Forming nouns and adjectives with the sense ‘(a thing) having an affinity for a certain substance or class of substances, a particular kind of environment, etc., denoted by the first element’.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	-phile
释义	-philecomb. form Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly; see e.g. videophile n. and adj. Forms: 1600s– -phile, 1700s -phyle (irregular), 1800s– -phil Brit. /fɪl/, U.S. /fɪl/. Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek ϕίλος. Etymology: < ancient Greek ϕίλος loving, dear (see philo- comb. form).Compare ancient Greek -ϕιλος , combining form (rare), in e.g. πονηρόϕιλος fond of worthless men, χρηστόϕιλος fond of good men, and in certain personal names, where it means ‘dear, beloved’, as Δίϕιλος (dear to Zeus), Hellenistic Greek Θεόϕιλος (dear to God). In post-classical Latin and scientific Latin often used as a second element in form -philus , -phila , with sense ‘lover, loving’ (e.g. botanophilus (Linnaeus) lover of plants, amateur botanist, Ammophila , generic name). Hence in French words -phile . Earliest in infrequent formations with first elements of ancient Greek origin, e.g. theophile n. at theo- comb. form (17th cent.), astrophile n. (18th cent.). Common from the 19th cent. onwards with first elements of both ancient Greek and native origin, partly under the influence of French and German formations, e.g. negrophile n., halophile n. and adj. (early 19th cent.). Formations with first elements referring to nationality occur from the mid-19th cent. onwards, e.g. Indophile n., Anglophile n. and adj., for which forms with the prefix philo- (see philo- comb. form) conform more closely to the ancient Greek pattern of formation. Scientific formations become common in the late 19th cent. The spelling -phile is original, but the early pronunciation was with a short i . The spelling -phil became common around 1880, probably to match the pronunciation, but never displaced -phile . Around 1900, the pronunciation with a long i became increasingly usual, halting the tendency to drop the -e . Relatively few words are spelt solely or predominantly with -phil ; a notable exception is a group of scientific terms relating to the susceptibility of cells to staining, e.g. neutrophil adj. and n., which have changed from earlier -phile to later -phil. A number of words more usually spelt -phile have occasional variants in -phil; the latter were mostly common in the first half of the 20th cent. The majority of formations, including most of those coined since the first quarter of the 20th cent., are found only with -phile. 1. Forming nouns and adjectives with the sense ‘(a person) loving the person or thing denoted by the first element’. Categories » 2. Biology, Chemistry, etc. Forming nouns and adjectives with the sense ‘(a thing) having an affinity for a certain substance or class of substances, a particular kind of environment, etc., denoted by the first element’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < comb. form
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