-ationsuffix

Primary stress is attracted to the first syllable of this suffix and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Forms: Middle English -acionne, Middle English -acioun, Middle English -acioune, Middle English -aciown, Middle English -aciowun, Middle English -aciun, Middle English -aciyun, Middle English -acyonne, Middle English -acyoun, Middle English -acyown, Middle English -acyun, Middle English -asioun, Middle English -asiowne, Middle English -asyone, Middle English -asyoun, Middle English -atiun, Middle English–1500s -acione, Middle English–1500s -acyone, Middle English–1500s -asion, Middle English–1500s -asyon, Middle English–1500s -atione, Middle English–1500s -atioun, Middle English–1600s -acyon, Middle English–1700s -acion, Middle English– -ation, 1500s -acyowne, 1500s -ashyon, 1500s -assion, 1500s -assyon, 1500s -atiown, 1500s -atiowne, 1500s–1600s -atyon, 1600s -acjoun, 1600s -atian, 1600s -atione; Scottish pre-1700 -acion, pre-1700 -acione, pre-1700 -acionn, pre-1700 -acionne, pre-1700 -acioun, pre-1700 -acioune, pre-1700 -aciown, pre-1700 -acyon, pre-1700 -acyovne, pre-1700 -asion, pre-1700 -asyoun, pre-1700 -asyovn, pre-1700 -asyown, pre-1700 -atione, pre-1700 -ationne, pre-1700 -atioun, pre-1700 -atioune, pre-1700 -atiounn, pre-1700 -atiovn, pre-1700 -atiowne, pre-1700 -atyon, pre-1700 -atyoune, pre-1700 -atyown, pre-1700 -atyowne, pre-1700 1700s– -ation.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French -ation; Latin -ātiōn-, -ātiō.

Etymology: < (i) French -ation and its etymon (ii) classical Latin -ātiōn-, -ātiō < -āt- , past participial stem of verbs in -āre -ate suffix³ + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare -tion suffix.Historical note from N.E.D. (1885): As mentioned under -tion suffix, the living form of classical Latin -ātiōn- , -ātiō in Old French was -aisun , -eisun , whence Middle English -aisun , -eisun , -esun , modern -eason , -ison ; compare classical Latin ratiōn- , ratiō , Old French reisun , reason n.¹; classical Latin ōrātiōn- , ōrātiō , Old French ureisun , orison n. All French words in -ation (Old French -aciun , Middle English -aciun , -acioun , -acyon ) were of later and literary introduction from Latin, though many of them already existed before the earliest introduction of French words into English, where, in theological writings, passion occurs already in Old English (see passion n.), and saluaciun c1225 (see salvation n.). In French, verbs in -er < classical Latin -āre , far outnumber all others; they also constitute the type on which all recent verbs are formed; hence, nouns in -ation exceed in number not only the early words in -sun , -çun , -ssun , but all the other forms of -tion . In English, they number more than 1500 in modern use; the obsolete examples amount to several hundred more: see, within a fairly narrow alphabetical range, apostrophation n., apparation n., appendication n., apprecation n., appunctuation n., aquation n., argutation n., ariolation n., artation n., asperation n., aspernation n., assectation n., assecuration n., assedation n., assemblation n. A few have no accompanying verb in English use, e.g. constellation n., duration n., lunation n., negation n., oration n., ovation n.¹; the great majority have a verb in -ate suffix³, e.g. create v., creation n., moderate v., moderation n., saturate v., saturation n.; some are formed on Greek verbs in -ize suffix (of which the corresponding form in classical Latin was, or would be, -īzāre , French -iser ), or their imitations, e.g. organize v., organization n., civilize v., civilization n.: the remainder have a verb without suffix, derived through French, either with or without modification; e.g. modify v., modification n., apply v., application n., publish v., publication n., prove v., probation n.; alteration n., causation n., citation n., commendation n., consultation n., embarkation n., fixation n., formation n., notation n., plantation n., quotation n., taxation n., temptation n., vexation n., visitation n. From the perspecive of a native English speaker the latter may seem to have been formed immediately on the English verbs alter v., cause v.¹, embark v., fix v., plant v., tax v., vex v., visit v., etc.; and -ation thus takes on the character of a living English suffix. Hence, it comes to be applied to verbs not of French origin, as in starvation n., flirtation n., botheration n., backwardation n.

The particular form of the compound suffix -t-ion (-s-ion, -x-ion), which forms nouns of action from Latin participles in -āt-us of verbs in -āre, French verbs in -er, and their English representatives. For the meaning, see -tion suffix; words in which -ation is, or seems to be, merely added to the verb, are synonymous with the verbal substantive in -ing; already in 17th cent. the use of vexation, visitation, etc., instead of vexing, visiting, etc. (flirtation, starvation had not yet been heard of) was ridiculed thus:

ΚΠ

a1635 T. Randolph Amyntas i. iii. 9 in Poems (1638) The. But what languages Doe they speake, servant? Mop. Severall languages, As Cawation, Chirpation, Hootation. Whistleation, Crowation, Cackleation, Shreekation, Hissation. The. And Fooleation.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	-ation
释义	-ationsuffix Primary stress is attracted to the first syllable of this suffix and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Forms: Middle English -acionne, Middle English -acioun, Middle English -acioune, Middle English -aciown, Middle English -aciowun, Middle English -aciun, Middle English -aciyun, Middle English -acyonne, Middle English -acyoun, Middle English -acyown, Middle English -acyun, Middle English -asioun, Middle English -asiowne, Middle English -asyone, Middle English -asyoun, Middle English -atiun, Middle English–1500s -acione, Middle English–1500s -acyone, Middle English–1500s -asion, Middle English–1500s -asyon, Middle English–1500s -atione, Middle English–1500s -atioun, Middle English–1600s -acyon, Middle English–1700s -acion, Middle English– -ation, 1500s -acyowne, 1500s -ashyon, 1500s -assion, 1500s -assyon, 1500s -atiown, 1500s -atiowne, 1500s–1600s -atyon, 1600s -acjoun, 1600s -atian, 1600s -atione; Scottish pre-1700 -acion, pre-1700 -acione, pre-1700 -acionn, pre-1700 -acionne, pre-1700 -acioun, pre-1700 -acioune, pre-1700 -aciown, pre-1700 -acyon, pre-1700 -acyovne, pre-1700 -asion, pre-1700 -asyoun, pre-1700 -asyovn, pre-1700 -asyown, pre-1700 -atione, pre-1700 -ationne, pre-1700 -atioun, pre-1700 -atioune, pre-1700 -atiounn, pre-1700 -atiovn, pre-1700 -atiowne, pre-1700 -atyon, pre-1700 -atyoune, pre-1700 -atyown, pre-1700 -atyowne, pre-1700 1700s– -ation. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French -ation; Latin -ātiōn-, -ātiō. Etymology: < (i) French -ation and its etymon (ii) classical Latin -ātiōn-, -ātiō < -āt- , past participial stem of verbs in -āre -ate suffix³ + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare -tion suffix.Historical note from N.E.D. (1885): As mentioned under -tion suffix, the living form of classical Latin -ātiōn- , -ātiō in Old French was -aisun , -eisun , whence Middle English -aisun , -eisun , -esun , modern -eason , -ison ; compare classical Latin ratiōn- , ratiō , Old French reisun , reason n.¹; classical Latin ōrātiōn- , ōrātiō , Old French ureisun , orison n. All French words in -ation (Old French -aciun , Middle English -aciun , -acioun , -acyon ) were of later and literary introduction from Latin, though many of them already existed before the earliest introduction of French words into English, where, in theological writings, passion occurs already in Old English (see passion n.), and saluaciun c1225 (see salvation n.). In French, verbs in -er < classical Latin -āre , far outnumber all others; they also constitute the type on which all recent verbs are formed; hence, nouns in -ation exceed in number not only the early words in -sun , -çun , -ssun , but all the other forms of -tion . In English, they number more than 1500 in modern use; the obsolete examples amount to several hundred more: see, within a fairly narrow alphabetical range, apostrophation n., apparation n., appendication n., apprecation n., appunctuation n., aquation n., argutation n., ariolation n., artation n., asperation n., aspernation n., assectation n., assecuration n., assedation n., assemblation n. A few have no accompanying verb in English use, e.g. constellation n., duration n., lunation n., negation n., oration n., ovation n.¹; the great majority have a verb in -ate suffix³, e.g. create v., creation n., moderate v., moderation n., saturate v., saturation n.; some are formed on Greek verbs in -ize suffix (of which the corresponding form in classical Latin was, or would be, -īzāre , French -iser ), or their imitations, e.g. organize v., organization n., civilize v., civilization n.: the remainder have a verb without suffix, derived through French, either with or without modification; e.g. modify v., modification n., apply v., application n., publish v., publication n., prove v., probation n.; alteration n., causation n., citation n., commendation n., consultation n., embarkation n., fixation n., formation n., notation n., plantation n., quotation n., taxation n., temptation n., vexation n., visitation n. From the perspecive of a native English speaker the latter may seem to have been formed immediately on the English verbs alter v., cause v.¹, embark v., fix v., plant v., tax v., vex v., visit v., etc.; and -ation thus takes on the character of a living English suffix. Hence, it comes to be applied to verbs not of French origin, as in starvation n., flirtation n., botheration n., backwardation n. The particular form of the compound suffix -t-ion (-s-ion, -x-ion), which forms nouns of action from Latin participles in -āt-us of verbs in -āre, French verbs in -er, and their English representatives. For the meaning, see -tion suffix; words in which -ation is, or seems to be, merely added to the verb, are synonymous with the verbal substantive in -ing; already in 17th cent. the use of vexation, visitation, etc., instead of vexing, visiting, etc. (flirtation, starvation had not yet been heard of) was ridiculed thus: ΚΠ a1635 T. Randolph Amyntas i. iii. 9 in Poems (1638) The. But what languages Doe they speake, servant? Mop. Severall languages, As Cawation, Chirpation, Hootation. Whistleation, Crowation, Cackleation, Shreekation, Hissation. The. And Fooleation. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < suffixa1635
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