Darwinianadj.n.

Brit.

/dɑːˈwɪnɪən/, U.S.

/dɑrˈwɪniən/

Forms: 1700s– Darwinian, 1800s– Darwinean. Also occasionally with lower-case initial.

Origin: From proper names, combined with an English element. Etymons: proper name Darwin , -ian suffix.

Etymology: < the names of Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), English physician, natural philosopher, and poet, and of his grandson, Charles Robert Darwin (1809–82), naturalist + -ian suffix.With the form Darwinean compare -ean suffix.

A. adj.

1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) and his scientific and philosophical opinions or his poetical style. Now somewhat rare and chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poet > poet by kind of poem > [adjective] > specific poets > specific English, Scottish, or American poets

Chaucerian1660

Miltonian1708

Miltonic1708

Popean1730

Shakespeareana1754

Darwinian1794

Spenseric1795

Wordsworthian1810

Southeyan1817

Spenserian1817

Byronian1822

Byronic1823

Byronish1830

Coleridgian1834

Chattertonian1838

Keatsian1845

Tennysonian1846

Shelleyana1849

Patmorean1855

Rossettian1861

Praedesque1865

Swinburnian1865

Byro nical1871

Browningese1880

Browningesque1880

Patmorial1880

Wordsworthy1880

Browningitec1882

Whitmanesque1882

Thomsonian1890

Burnsian1904

Praedian1905

Blakeian1906

Poundian1917

Thompsonian?1921

Whitmanisha1930

Whitmanian1948

Betjemanic1956

Betjeman1958

Betjemanesque1959

Betjemanish1959

Whitmannica1960

1794 W. B. Stevens Jrnl. 3 June (1965) ii. 161 The lines are truly Darwinian.

1797 W. Scott Lett. (1932) I. 62 I do not for example think quite so severely of the Darwinian style, as to deem it utterly inconsistent with the Ballad.

1804 Edinb. Rev. July 297 One objection..to the Darwinian modulation with which Mr. Sotheby's versification is infected.

1813 J. M. Good et al. Pantologia at Darwinian Theory The excitability of Brown is in the Darwinian dialect denominated sensorial power or spirit of animation.

1821 London Med. Repository 15 151 These proposals of our author for injecting the bladder seem to us to be rather too much in the Darwinean manner.

1842 E. B. Browning Bk. Poets in Wks. (1890) V. 279 A broad gulf between his [sc. Wordsworth's] descriptive poetry and that of the Darwinian painter-poet school.

1893 Edinb. Med. Jrnl. 38 ii. 1143 This number contains a sketch of Darwinian medicine, and of the life, character, and works of Erasmus Darwin.

1950 H. Darbishire Wordsworth i. 17 He is balancing his lines in the Darwinian manner with ornamental epithets.

2005 D. Ogden Lang. of Eyes ii. 75 We read Dorothy's appearance in the poem more broadly, in the context of Wordsworthian, Darwinian, and romantic visuality.

a. Of or relating to Charles Darwin (1809–82) and his scientific observations and theories; esp. designating or relating to the theory of the evolution of living organisms by means of natural selection (see Darwinism n. 2); (in a wider sense) considered from an evolutionary point of view.Cf. neo-Darwinian adj. Darwinian fitness: see fitness n. Additions c(b).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > theories > [adjective] > of genetics or evolution

Lamarckian1846

Darwinian1859

Darwinite1860

polygenistic1860

vestigian1860

Darwinistic1863

monogenistic1865

un-Darwinian1869

pre-Darwinian1870

Darwinic1871

hereditarian1873

monogenetic1873

pangenetic1875

phylogenic1875

evolutionistic1876

Darwinical1881

neo-Lamarckian1884

Darwinizing1886

neo-Darwinian1888

unigenist1896

Haeckelian1897

pangenic1900

Mendelian1902

monogenic1902

pre-Mendelian1902

Weismannian1903

autonomistic1904

adaptionist1915

adaptationist1931

gradualist1931

selectionist1944

Morganist1949

saltationist1954

punctuational1976

punctuationalist1978

punctuationist1979

1859 C. Collingwood in Proc. Lit. & Philos. Soc. Liverpool 13 82 Although by no means able to subscribe to the Darwinian hypothesis, I would not wish (as some appear to do) to condemn the whole theory as visionary and mischievous.

1860 Amer. Theol. Rev. Aug. 537 Prof. Huxley, in reply, alluded to his lordship as an ‘unscientific authority’, and then proceeded to defend the Darwinian theory in an argumentative speech, which was loudly applauded.

1866 K. Stanley Jrnl. 22 Aug. in B. Russell & P. Russell Amberley Papers (1937) I. 525 It was a very fine address, Darwinean in principle.

1881 Knowledge 9 Dec. 128/1 The principles which will guide us in the choice of subjects will be Darwinian—to wit, natural selection and the survival of the fittest.

1884 W. S. Gilbert Princess Ida ii. 26 Darwinian Man... However well-behaved, At best is only a monkey shaved!

1925 Nature 7 Feb. 199 So many new and important discoveries have been made, thus vindicating the Darwinian claim that Africa would prove to be the cradle of mankind.

1964 New Scientist 9 Jan. 90/2 In the aftermath of the Darwinian revolution, biologists began to realise that the insect colony had no raison d'etre except in reproduction and the survival of the species.

1997 P. E. Griffiths What Emotions really Are (1998) v. 115 If Darwinian psychology can retain its evolutionary and phylogenetic perspective on the mind while shedding its adaptationism, then it will truly deserve its name.

2009 Weekend Austral. (Nexis) 19 Sept. (Review section) 6 Richard Dawkins, a British evolutionary biologist and atheist, argues that Darwinian evolution leaves God with nothing to do.

b. In extended use. Relating to or involving intense competition in any sphere (e.g. between individuals, social groups, ideas, commercial businesses and products, etc.), often with the connotation of ruthlessness and amorality. Also: relating to or characterized by progressive development, or by adaptability or diversification as a means to success.Many of the word's connotations derive from the simplification or reinterpretation of concepts from Darwin's theory, such as the conflation of reproductive fitness with physical power, or of development with progress.

ΚΠ

1867 Eclectic Mag. Feb. 158/1 In the prevalent Darwinian ‘struggle for existence’ (that is, for existence as recognized members of the higher ranks), the miserable efforts of one class to push itself away from that next beneath it, and into that next above it, have been the favourite themes of novelists and satirists unnumbered.

1883 Engineering 18 May 467/2 Even now, there is a species of Darwinian survival in the forms of application for election into the Institution [of Civil Engineers].

1928 R. Emerson State & Sovereignty in Mod. Germany vii. 271 Pluralism opens wide the gates to conflict between groups, to a Darwinian struggle of groups; federalism insists that there shall always be a highest power authorized to keep the peace.

1968 S. Thernstrom in B. J. Bernstein Towards New Past 170 The city was a kind of Darwinian jungle in which the fittest survived and the others drifted on to try another place.

1993 N.Y. Times 21 Nov. ix. 5/1 With Darwinian zest, the Eco Pak is spawning variations, like the FXT and the FLP models.

2005 C. Newbrook Ducks in Row 38 Aggressive managers for whom the office is a Darwinian battleground where, in the race to be the fittest, it is the ‘big boys’ who tend to win.

B. n.

†1. A follower or imitator of Erasmus Darwin. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > theoretical scientific philosophy > [noun] > other theories and their adherents

Darwinian1807

panphenomenalism1871

eternalism1951

incorrigibilist1966

1807 Brit. Critic 28 197 With a copious recurrence of Pope's favourite cadence; of which the Darwinians always make more than a legitimate use.

1809 Monthly Pantheon Apr. 262 Hear this, ye..Darwinians.

2. A follower of Charles Darwin; a person who accepts the Darwinian theory.Cf. neo-Darwinian n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > theories > person holding theory > [noun] > of genetics or evolution

transmutationist1844

progressionist1845

developist1846

developmentist1847

monogenist1857

polygenist1857

Darwinian1860

Darwinite1860

developmentarian1860

permutationist1860

developmentalist1862

monogenesist1862

polygenesist1862

Darwinist1864

evolutionist1866

natural selectionist1869

homogenist1874

derivationist1875

transformista1879

hereditarian1881

hereditist1885

derivatist1887

preformationist1888

fortuitist1890

Lamarckite1890

neo-Lamarckian1890

neo-Darwinist1891

vestigian1891

neo-Darwinian1892

selectionist1892

preformist1895

recapitulationist1897

transmissionist1899

Mendelian1903

mutationist1903

Weismannian1903

adaptationist1904

Mendelist1906

Lysenkoist1949

Morganist1950

Lamarckian1953

gradualist1970

macromutationist1975

punctuationalist1978

saltationist1978

punctuationist1980

1860 H. C. Watson Part 1st Suppl. Cybele Britannica 27 In making genera, we combine on less close resemblance, and (Darwinians now excepted) without supposing also a community of descent.

1869 A. R. Wallace Malay Archipel. I. iv. 61 This is..the first instance known of a ‘flying frog’, and it is very interesting to Darwinians.

1871 T. H. Huxley Critiques & Addr. (1873) 251 Mr. Mivart is less of a Darwinian than Mr. Wallace, for he has less faith in the power of natural selection.

1881 Athenæum 29 Oct. 566/1 Mr. Balfour is a practical Darwinian.

1915 A. Huxley Let. Aug. (1969) 76 Laforgue was also a hearty Darwinian and liked the thought of being a developed beast.

1988 Nature 7 Apr. 492/1 Today..it is hard to appreciate that the early mendelians engaged in a bitter debate with the darwinians about the mechanism of evolution.

2009 Guardian (Nexis) 7 Nov. 35 The marine biologist Sir Alister Hardy..was both a Darwinian and a member of the Unitarian church.

Compounds

Darwinian curvature n. [after German Darwin'sche Krümmung ( J. Wiesner Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen (1881) 210, with reference to C. Darwin's Power of Movement in Plants (1880))] Botany (now historical) curvature in the tip of a root, convex on the side to which the stimulus is applied, which is induced by mechanical irritation.

ΚΠ

1883 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 3 872 The hydrotropism of roots is only a special case of the so-called ‘Darwinian curvature’.

1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 60/2 It has been shown that the mere presence of the drop of shellac is sufficient to induce the Darwinian curvature, and microscopical examination has proved that the part touched by the shellac had died away.

1909 J. R. Green Hist. Bot. 1860–1900 xi. 479 In 1880 Darwin observed what Wiesner later called the Darwinian curvature, which is a definite result of stimulation, the tip [of the root] being diverted away from the obstacle touching it by a bending of the axis at a point higher up.

Darwinian tubercle n. (also with lower-case initial) Anatomy = Darwin's tubercle at Darwin n. 1.

ΚΠ

1890 H. H. Ellis in Lancet 25 Jan. 189/2 The most common (so-called) atavistic abnormalities of the ear..are the Darwinian tubercle, absence of one of the branches of the fork, [etc].

1915 W. Healy Individual Delinquent viii. 146 The following are the types of defect given in our records: Ear anomalies were; completely adherent lobule, crumpled helix, excessive Darwinian tubercle, flattened—relatively formless ear, and other marked malformations.

1981 Amer. Jrnl. Otolaryngol. 2 44/2 Less profound abnormalities may coexist, such as a Darwinian tubercle.

2001 U. Vielkind tr. A. Rubach Princ. Ear Acupuncture 68/1 The darwinian tubercle..is usually well visible and palpable.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	darwinian
释义	Darwinianadj.n. Brit. /dɑːˈwɪnɪən/, U.S. /dɑrˈwɪniən/ Forms: 1700s– Darwinian, 1800s– Darwinean. Also occasionally with lower-case initial. Origin: From proper names, combined with an English element. Etymons: proper name Darwin , -ian suffix. Etymology: < the names of Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), English physician, natural philosopher, and poet, and of his grandson, Charles Robert Darwin (1809–82), naturalist + -ian suffix.With the form Darwinean compare -ean suffix. A. adj. 1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) and his scientific and philosophical opinions or his poetical style. Now somewhat rare and chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poet > poet by kind of poem > [adjective] > specific poets > specific English, Scottish, or American poets Chaucerian1660 Miltonian1708 Miltonic1708 Popean1730 Shakespeareana1754 Darwinian1794 Spenseric1795 Wordsworthian1810 Southeyan1817 Spenserian1817 Byronian1822 Byronic1823 Byronish1830 Coleridgian1834 Chattertonian1838 Keatsian1845 Tennysonian1846 Shelleyana1849 Patmorean1855 Rossettian1861 Praedesque1865 Swinburnian1865 Byro nical1871 Browningese1880 Browningesque1880 Patmorial1880 Wordsworthy1880 Browningitec1882 Whitmanesque1882 Thomsonian1890 Burnsian1904 Praedian1905 Blakeian1906 Poundian1917 Thompsonian?1921 Whitmanisha1930 Whitmanian1948 Betjemanic1956 Betjeman1958 Betjemanesque1959 Betjemanish1959 Whitmannica1960 1794 W. B. Stevens Jrnl. 3 June (1965) ii. 161 The lines are truly Darwinian. 1797 W. Scott Lett. (1932) I. 62 I do not for example think quite so severely of the Darwinian style, as to deem it utterly inconsistent with the Ballad. 1804 Edinb. Rev. July 297 One objection..to the Darwinian modulation with which Mr. Sotheby's versification is infected. 1813 J. M. Good et al. Pantologia at Darwinian Theory The excitability of Brown is in the Darwinian dialect denominated sensorial power or spirit of animation. 1821 London Med. Repository 15 151 These proposals of our author for injecting the bladder seem to us to be rather too much in the Darwinean manner. 1842 E. B. Browning Bk. Poets in Wks. (1890) V. 279 A broad gulf between his [sc. Wordsworth's] descriptive poetry and that of the Darwinian painter-poet school. 1893 Edinb. Med. Jrnl. 38 ii. 1143 This number contains a sketch of Darwinian medicine, and of the life, character, and works of Erasmus Darwin. 1950 H. Darbishire Wordsworth i. 17 He is balancing his lines in the Darwinian manner with ornamental epithets. 2005 D. Ogden Lang. of Eyes ii. 75 We read Dorothy's appearance in the poem more broadly, in the context of Wordsworthian, Darwinian, and romantic visuality. 2. a. Of or relating to Charles Darwin (1809–82) and his scientific observations and theories; esp. designating or relating to the theory of the evolution of living organisms by means of natural selection (see Darwinism n. 2); (in a wider sense) considered from an evolutionary point of view.Cf. neo-Darwinian adj. Darwinian fitness: see fitness n. Additions c(b). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > theories > [adjective] > of genetics or evolution Lamarckian1846 Darwinian1859 Darwinite1860 polygenistic1860 vestigian1860 Darwinistic1863 monogenistic1865 un-Darwinian1869 pre-Darwinian1870 Darwinic1871 hereditarian1873 monogenetic1873 pangenetic1875 phylogenic1875 evolutionistic1876 Darwinical1881 neo-Lamarckian1884 Darwinizing1886 neo-Darwinian1888 unigenist1896 Haeckelian1897 pangenic1900 Mendelian1902 monogenic1902 pre-Mendelian1902 Weismannian1903 autonomistic1904 adaptionist1915 adaptationist1931 gradualist1931 selectionist1944 Morganist1949 saltationist1954 punctuational1976 punctuationalist1978 punctuationist1979 1859 C. Collingwood in Proc. Lit. & Philos. Soc. Liverpool 13 82 Although by no means able to subscribe to the Darwinian hypothesis, I would not wish (as some appear to do) to condemn the whole theory as visionary and mischievous. 1860 Amer. Theol. Rev. Aug. 537 Prof. Huxley, in reply, alluded to his lordship as an ‘unscientific authority’, and then proceeded to defend the Darwinian theory in an argumentative speech, which was loudly applauded. 1866 K. Stanley Jrnl. 22 Aug. in B. Russell & P. Russell Amberley Papers (1937) I. 525 It was a very fine address, Darwinean in principle. 1881 Knowledge 9 Dec. 128/1 The principles which will guide us in the choice of subjects will be Darwinian—to wit, natural selection and the survival of the fittest. 1884 W. S. Gilbert Princess Ida ii. 26 Darwinian Man... However well-behaved, At best is only a monkey shaved! 1925 Nature 7 Feb. 199 So many new and important discoveries have been made, thus vindicating the Darwinian claim that Africa would prove to be the cradle of mankind. 1964 New Scientist 9 Jan. 90/2 In the aftermath of the Darwinian revolution, biologists began to realise that the insect colony had no raison d'etre except in reproduction and the survival of the species. 1997 P. E. Griffiths What Emotions really Are (1998) v. 115 If Darwinian psychology can retain its evolutionary and phylogenetic perspective on the mind while shedding its adaptationism, then it will truly deserve its name. 2009 Weekend Austral. (Nexis) 19 Sept. (Review section) 6 Richard Dawkins, a British evolutionary biologist and atheist, argues that Darwinian evolution leaves God with nothing to do. b. In extended use. Relating to or involving intense competition in any sphere (e.g. between individuals, social groups, ideas, commercial businesses and products, etc.), often with the connotation of ruthlessness and amorality. Also: relating to or characterized by progressive development, or by adaptability or diversification as a means to success.Many of the word's connotations derive from the simplification or reinterpretation of concepts from Darwin's theory, such as the conflation of reproductive fitness with physical power, or of development with progress. ΚΠ 1867 Eclectic Mag. Feb. 158/1 In the prevalent Darwinian ‘struggle for existence’ (that is, for existence as recognized members of the higher ranks), the miserable efforts of one class to push itself away from that next beneath it, and into that next above it, have been the favourite themes of novelists and satirists unnumbered. 1883 Engineering 18 May 467/2 Even now, there is a species of Darwinian survival in the forms of application for election into the Institution [of Civil Engineers]. 1928 R. Emerson State & Sovereignty in Mod. Germany vii. 271 Pluralism opens wide the gates to conflict between groups, to a Darwinian struggle of groups; federalism insists that there shall always be a highest power authorized to keep the peace. 1968 S. Thernstrom in B. J. Bernstein Towards New Past 170 The city was a kind of Darwinian jungle in which the fittest survived and the others drifted on to try another place. 1993 N.Y. Times 21 Nov. ix. 5/1 With Darwinian zest, the Eco Pak is spawning variations, like the FXT and the FLP models. 2005 C. Newbrook Ducks in Row 38 Aggressive managers for whom the office is a Darwinian battleground where, in the race to be the fittest, it is the ‘big boys’ who tend to win. B. n. †1. A follower or imitator of Erasmus Darwin. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > theoretical scientific philosophy > [noun] > other theories and their adherents Darwinian1807 panphenomenalism1871 eternalism1951 incorrigibilist1966 1807 Brit. Critic 28 197 With a copious recurrence of Pope's favourite cadence; of which the Darwinians always make more than a legitimate use. 1809 Monthly Pantheon Apr. 262 Hear this, ye..Darwinians. 2. A follower of Charles Darwin; a person who accepts the Darwinian theory.Cf. neo-Darwinian n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > theories > person holding theory > [noun] > of genetics or evolution transmutationist1844 progressionist1845 developist1846 developmentist1847 monogenist1857 polygenist1857 Darwinian1860 Darwinite1860 developmentarian1860 permutationist1860 developmentalist1862 monogenesist1862 polygenesist1862 Darwinist1864 evolutionist1866 natural selectionist1869 homogenist1874 derivationist1875 transformista1879 hereditarian1881 hereditist1885 derivatist1887 preformationist1888 fortuitist1890 Lamarckite1890 neo-Lamarckian1890 neo-Darwinist1891 vestigian1891 neo-Darwinian1892 selectionist1892 preformist1895 recapitulationist1897 transmissionist1899 Mendelian1903 mutationist1903 Weismannian1903 adaptationist1904 Mendelist1906 Lysenkoist1949 Morganist1950 Lamarckian1953 gradualist1970 macromutationist1975 punctuationalist1978 saltationist1978 punctuationist1980 1860 H. C. Watson Part 1st Suppl. Cybele Britannica 27 In making genera, we combine on less close resemblance, and (Darwinians now excepted) without supposing also a community of descent. 1869 A. R. Wallace Malay Archipel. I. iv. 61 This is..the first instance known of a ‘flying frog’, and it is very interesting to Darwinians. 1871 T. H. Huxley Critiques & Addr. (1873) 251 Mr. Mivart is less of a Darwinian than Mr. Wallace, for he has less faith in the power of natural selection. 1881 Athenæum 29 Oct. 566/1 Mr. Balfour is a practical Darwinian. 1915 A. Huxley Let. Aug. (1969) 76 Laforgue was also a hearty Darwinian and liked the thought of being a developed beast. 1988 Nature 7 Apr. 492/1 Today..it is hard to appreciate that the early mendelians engaged in a bitter debate with the darwinians about the mechanism of evolution. 2009 Guardian (Nexis) 7 Nov. 35 The marine biologist Sir Alister Hardy..was both a Darwinian and a member of the Unitarian church. Compounds Darwinian curvature n. [after German Darwin'sche Krümmung ( J. Wiesner Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen (1881) 210, with reference to C. Darwin's Power of Movement in Plants (1880))] Botany (now historical) curvature in the tip of a root, convex on the side to which the stimulus is applied, which is induced by mechanical irritation. ΚΠ 1883 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 3 872 The hydrotropism of roots is only a special case of the so-called ‘Darwinian curvature’. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 60/2 It has been shown that the mere presence of the drop of shellac is sufficient to induce the Darwinian curvature, and microscopical examination has proved that the part touched by the shellac had died away. 1909 J. R. Green Hist. Bot. 1860–1900 xi. 479 In 1880 Darwin observed what Wiesner later called the Darwinian curvature, which is a definite result of stimulation, the tip [of the root] being diverted away from the obstacle touching it by a bending of the axis at a point higher up. Darwinian tubercle n. (also with lower-case initial) Anatomy = Darwin's tubercle at Darwin n. 1. ΚΠ 1890 H. H. Ellis in Lancet 25 Jan. 189/2 The most common (so-called) atavistic abnormalities of the ear..are the Darwinian tubercle, absence of one of the branches of the fork, [etc]. 1915 W. Healy Individual Delinquent viii. 146 The following are the types of defect given in our records: Ear anomalies were; completely adherent lobule, crumpled helix, excessive Darwinian tubercle, flattened—relatively formless ear, and other marked malformations. 1981 Amer. Jrnl. Otolaryngol. 2 44/2 Less profound abnormalities may coexist, such as a Darwinian tubercle. 2001 U. Vielkind tr. A. Rubach Princ. Ear Acupuncture 68/1 The darwinian tubercle..is usually well visible and palpable. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1794
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