Darwinismn.

Brit.

/ˈdɑːwᵻnɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈdɑrwənˌɪzəm/

Origin: From proper names, combined with an English element. Etymons: proper name Darwin , -ism suffix.

Etymology: < the names of Erasmus Darwin and Charles Darwin (see Darwinian adj.) + -ism suffix. With sense 1 compare earlier Darwinianism n. 1.

1. The poetic style or natural philosophical doctrine of Erasmus Darwin. Now historical.Erasmus Darwin's scientific speculations included the idea, presented in his Zoonomia (1794–6), that all living organisms developed by diversification from simpler forms (cf. quot. 1856).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > [noun] > style of an author, period, or work > style of specific author

Darwinianism1804

Johnsonianism1807

Johnsonism1807

Ossianesque1821

Johnsonese1831

Darwinism1840

Carlylese1858

Macaulayese1859

Ruskinese1863

Ruskinesque1873

Hegelese1886

Kiplingese1899

Borrovian1900

Runyonese1937

1840 Brit. & Foreign Rev. 10 105 The blank verse of Queen Mab differs little from that measure as it appears in the poems of Akenside, who exercised considerable influence over such poets as escaped from the popular vortex of Darwinism.

1856 B. W. Richardson Life T. Sopwith (1891) 256 Mr. Sopwith described the hypothesis of the development of living things from a primordial centre. That, said Reade, is rank Darwinism. It was the first time I had heard that word used..it had reference to Erasmus Darwin.

1922 T. Stenhouse Lives Enshrined in Lang. 3 Darwinism is applied to literary form and expression after the poetic style of Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) as well as the speculations of his more famous grandson Charles (1799–1882).

2003 Notes & Rec. Royal Soc. 57 346/2 For a few decades in the early nineteenth century, the term ‘Darwinism’ in fact referred to him, not to his subsequently more famous grandson, Charles Darwin.

a. The theory of Charles Darwin concerning the evolution of living organisms over long periods of time principally by the action of natural selection on heritable variations arising by chance among a population (see natural selection n.); the modern biological theory of evolution developed from this by the incorporation of discoveries in genetics (also distinguished as neo-Darwinism). Also (in wider sense): acceptance of the occurrence of evolutionary change during the history of life (also called evolutionism).Earlier biologists, including Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, had accepted in principle the transmutation of species, but Charles Darwin's theory was the first to offer a plausible (though incomplete) mechanism. It was presented (with a paper on the same topic by Alfred Russell Wallace) at the Linnean Society of London in July 1858, and elaborated in Darwin's most influential books: On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life (1859) and The Descent of Man and Selection in relation to Sex (1871). The theory was controversial both for its eschewal of teleological explanation (involving either divine or natural purpose) for the diversity of life and for its unequivocal placing of the origin of human beings within the animal kingdom.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > theories > [noun] > of genetics or evolution

theory of preformation1756

Darwinizing1807

development hypothesis1845

generationism1847

theory of evolution1858

Darwinism1860

Darwinianism1861

monogenesis1864

monogenism1865

monogeny1865

pangenesis1868

evolutionism1869

phylogeny1869

polygenism1871

derivation1874

phylogenesis1875

transformism1878

biogenetic law1879

gastraea theory1879

fortuitism1881

organicism1883

hereditism1884

kinetogenesis1884

Lamarckianism1884

Lamarckism1884

neo-Lamarckianism1884

monogenesy1885

neo-Lamarckism1887

preformationism1890

neo-Darwinism1891

blastogenesis1893

Haeckel-ismus1894

Weismannism1894

preformism1895

Haeckelism1899

mutation theory1902

directivity1903

Mendelianism1903

Mendelism1903

hereditarianism1906

mutationism1912

selectionism1912

hologenesis1931

parsimony1931

Morganism1934

Lysenkoism1948

neutralism1972

punctuated equilibrium1972

saltationism1975

punctuationism1977

punctuationalism1978

adaptationism1980

geneticism1984

adaptationalism1985

1860 T. H. Huxley in Westm. Rev. Apr. 310/2 The planetary orbits turned out to be not quite circular after all, and grand as was the service Copernicus rendered to science, Kepler and Newton had to come after him. What if the orbit of Darwinism should be a little too circular?

1871 Athenæum 15 July 84 It is impossible to reconcile the Doctors of the Church with the Doctors of Darwinism.

1876 E. R. Lankester tr. E. Haeckel Hist. Creation I. i. 1 The scientific theory..commonly called..Darwinism, is only a small fragment of a far more comprehensive doctrine.

1889 A. R. Wallace Darwinism xiv. 426 If..both fit and unfit are produced, and natural selection decides between them, that is pure Darwinism, and Mr. Cope's theories have added nothing to it.

1909 T. H. Morgan in Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 373 I have laid emphasis on the relation of Lamarckism to Darwinism in order to draw attention to the problem of adaptation.

1925 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 10 July 21/4 The idea of prosecuting a man for preaching Darwinism at a trial turned into a cinema show is altogether fantastic to us.

1980 S. J. Gould Panda's Thumb ii. 49 Darwin lived to see his name appropriated for an extreme view that he never held—for ‘Darwinism’ has often been defined, both in his day and in our own, as the belief that virtually all evolutionary change is the product of natural selection.

1998 R. L. Gregory Oxf. Compan. to Mind 234 Mutation theory soon replaced natural selection as the most promising field of research into mechanisms of change, and for a while Darwinism was at a low ebb.

2009 Washington Post (Nexis) 8 Feb. b7 Many people of faith find Darwinism compatible with theism.

b. In extended use: (adherence to) any of various theories, doctrines, or philosophical systems which incorporate elements of Darwin's theory, such as competition, adaptation, or gradual or progressive evolution, or apply them analogously in other spheres (e.g. to the development of social groups, ideas, or commercial organizations). More generally: a process of gradual evolution or progressive development; (also) intense or ruthless competition for survival or success. Often with modifying word. See also social Darwinism n. at social adj. and n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis > specific

socialism1801

Darwinism1875

social Darwinism1877

Webbism1893

Tolstoyism1894

Paretanism1949

structuralism1951

Parsonianism1963

critical race theory1989

1875 Doctor 1 Apr. 79/1 This was due to a sort of moral Darwinism in its professors, who were prepared for progressive development, but opposed to abrupt and lofty transitions.

1880 S. A. Scull Greek Mythol. Systematized Introd. 13 There are those who deny external revelations, and believe that mythological religions are outgrowths of human development, a kind of spiritual Darwinism.

1894 H. W. Cherouny tr. O. Effertz Crit. Darwinism 47 In modern times the capitalistic school has found a strong supporter in Darwinism, which contends, as is well known, that all struggles of nature ennoble the races.

1921 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 31 396 Darwinism is the science of the causes which have made those who are efficient in the struggle for their own interest supreme and omnipotent in the world.

1964 P. Roubiczek Existentialism—For & Against 28 His [sc. Nietzsche's] next step fits in once more with the demands of philosophical Darwinism; God has to be dismissed as well.

1989 M. Lewis Liar's Poker 194 In November the market plunged briefly, and financial Darwinism prevailed.

1993 P. Munz Philos. Darwinism v. 214 In this initial form, Popper's Darwinism of the dynamics of theories raised as many problems as it solved.

2011 J. P. Turpin in K. Newlin Oxf. Handbk. Amer. Literary Naturalism xii. 218 It is implicit in literary Darwinism that stories which are categorized as good, which stand the test of time, and which continue to provoke critical interest, must have some superior adaptive benefit.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	darwinism
释义	Darwinismn. Brit. /ˈdɑːwᵻnɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈdɑrwənˌɪzəm/ Origin: From proper names, combined with an English element. Etymons: proper name Darwin , -ism suffix. Etymology: < the names of Erasmus Darwin and Charles Darwin (see Darwinian adj.) + -ism suffix. With sense 1 compare earlier Darwinianism n. 1. 1. The poetic style or natural philosophical doctrine of Erasmus Darwin. Now historical.Erasmus Darwin's scientific speculations included the idea, presented in his Zoonomia (1794–6), that all living organisms developed by diversification from simpler forms (cf. quot. 1856). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > [noun] > style of an author, period, or work > style of specific author Darwinianism1804 Johnsonianism1807 Johnsonism1807 Ossianesque1821 Johnsonese1831 Darwinism1840 Carlylese1858 Macaulayese1859 Ruskinese1863 Ruskinesque1873 Hegelese1886 Kiplingese1899 Borrovian1900 Runyonese1937 1840 Brit. & Foreign Rev. 10 105 The blank verse of Queen Mab differs little from that measure as it appears in the poems of Akenside, who exercised considerable influence over such poets as escaped from the popular vortex of Darwinism. 1856 B. W. Richardson Life T. Sopwith (1891) 256 Mr. Sopwith described the hypothesis of the development of living things from a primordial centre. That, said Reade, is rank Darwinism. It was the first time I had heard that word used..it had reference to Erasmus Darwin. 1922 T. Stenhouse Lives Enshrined in Lang. 3 Darwinism is applied to literary form and expression after the poetic style of Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) as well as the speculations of his more famous grandson Charles (1799–1882). 2003 Notes & Rec. Royal Soc. 57 346/2 For a few decades in the early nineteenth century, the term ‘Darwinism’ in fact referred to him, not to his subsequently more famous grandson, Charles Darwin. 2. a. The theory of Charles Darwin concerning the evolution of living organisms over long periods of time principally by the action of natural selection on heritable variations arising by chance among a population (see natural selection n.); the modern biological theory of evolution developed from this by the incorporation of discoveries in genetics (also distinguished as neo-Darwinism). Also (in wider sense): acceptance of the occurrence of evolutionary change during the history of life (also called evolutionism).Earlier biologists, including Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, had accepted in principle the transmutation of species, but Charles Darwin's theory was the first to offer a plausible (though incomplete) mechanism. It was presented (with a paper on the same topic by Alfred Russell Wallace) at the Linnean Society of London in July 1858, and elaborated in Darwin's most influential books: On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life (1859) and The Descent of Man and Selection in relation to Sex (1871). The theory was controversial both for its eschewal of teleological explanation (involving either divine or natural purpose) for the diversity of life and for its unequivocal placing of the origin of human beings within the animal kingdom. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > theories > [noun] > of genetics or evolution theory of preformation1756 Darwinizing1807 development hypothesis1845 generationism1847 theory of evolution1858 Darwinism1860 Darwinianism1861 monogenesis1864 monogenism1865 monogeny1865 pangenesis1868 evolutionism1869 phylogeny1869 polygenism1871 derivation1874 phylogenesis1875 transformism1878 biogenetic law1879 gastraea theory1879 fortuitism1881 organicism1883 hereditism1884 kinetogenesis1884 Lamarckianism1884 Lamarckism1884 neo-Lamarckianism1884 monogenesy1885 neo-Lamarckism1887 preformationism1890 neo-Darwinism1891 blastogenesis1893 Haeckel-ismus1894 Weismannism1894 preformism1895 Haeckelism1899 mutation theory1902 directivity1903 Mendelianism1903 Mendelism1903 hereditarianism1906 mutationism1912 selectionism1912 hologenesis1931 parsimony1931 Morganism1934 Lysenkoism1948 neutralism1972 punctuated equilibrium1972 saltationism1975 punctuationism1977 punctuationalism1978 adaptationism1980 geneticism1984 adaptationalism1985 1860 T. H. Huxley in Westm. Rev. Apr. 310/2 The planetary orbits turned out to be not quite circular after all, and grand as was the service Copernicus rendered to science, Kepler and Newton had to come after him. What if the orbit of Darwinism should be a little too circular? 1871 Athenæum 15 July 84 It is impossible to reconcile the Doctors of the Church with the Doctors of Darwinism. 1876 E. R. Lankester tr. E. Haeckel Hist. Creation I. i. 1 The scientific theory..commonly called..Darwinism, is only a small fragment of a far more comprehensive doctrine. 1889 A. R. Wallace Darwinism xiv. 426 If..both fit and unfit are produced, and natural selection decides between them, that is pure Darwinism, and Mr. Cope's theories have added nothing to it. 1909 T. H. Morgan in Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 373 I have laid emphasis on the relation of Lamarckism to Darwinism in order to draw attention to the problem of adaptation. 1925 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 10 July 21/4 The idea of prosecuting a man for preaching Darwinism at a trial turned into a cinema show is altogether fantastic to us. 1980 S. J. Gould Panda's Thumb ii. 49 Darwin lived to see his name appropriated for an extreme view that he never held—for ‘Darwinism’ has often been defined, both in his day and in our own, as the belief that virtually all evolutionary change is the product of natural selection. 1998 R. L. Gregory Oxf. Compan. to Mind 234 Mutation theory soon replaced natural selection as the most promising field of research into mechanisms of change, and for a while Darwinism was at a low ebb. 2009 Washington Post (Nexis) 8 Feb. b7 Many people of faith find Darwinism compatible with theism. b. In extended use: (adherence to) any of various theories, doctrines, or philosophical systems which incorporate elements of Darwin's theory, such as competition, adaptation, or gradual or progressive evolution, or apply them analogously in other spheres (e.g. to the development of social groups, ideas, or commercial organizations). More generally: a process of gradual evolution or progressive development; (also) intense or ruthless competition for survival or success. Often with modifying word. See also social Darwinism n. at social adj. and n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis > specific socialism1801 Darwinism1875 social Darwinism1877 Webbism1893 Tolstoyism1894 Paretanism1949 structuralism1951 Parsonianism1963 critical race theory1989 1875 Doctor 1 Apr. 79/1 This was due to a sort of moral Darwinism in its professors, who were prepared for progressive development, but opposed to abrupt and lofty transitions. 1880 S. A. Scull Greek Mythol. Systematized Introd. 13 There are those who deny external revelations, and believe that mythological religions are outgrowths of human development, a kind of spiritual Darwinism. 1894 H. W. Cherouny tr. O. Effertz Crit. Darwinism 47 In modern times the capitalistic school has found a strong supporter in Darwinism, which contends, as is well known, that all struggles of nature ennoble the races. 1921 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 31 396 Darwinism is the science of the causes which have made those who are efficient in the struggle for their own interest supreme and omnipotent in the world. 1964 P. Roubiczek Existentialism—For & Against 28 His [sc. Nietzsche's] next step fits in once more with the demands of philosophical Darwinism; God has to be dismissed as well. 1989 M. Lewis Liar's Poker 194 In November the market plunged briefly, and financial Darwinism prevailed. 1993 P. Munz Philos. Darwinism v. 214 In this initial form, Popper's Darwinism of the dynamics of theories raised as many problems as it solved. 2011 J. P. Turpin in K. Newlin Oxf. Handbk. Amer. Literary Naturalism xii. 218 It is implicit in literary Darwinism that stories which are categorized as good, which stand the test of time, and which continue to provoke critical interest, must have some superior adaptive benefit. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1840
随便看	θ237004 θ237005 θ237006 θ237007 θ237008 θ237009 θ23701 θ237010 θ237011 θ237012 θ237013 θ237014 θ237015 θ237016 θ237017 θ237018 θ237019 θ23702 θ237020 θ237021 θ237022 θ237023 θ237024 θ237025 θ237026