| 释义 |
cudn. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old High German quiti , kuti resin, glue (Middle High German küte , küt resin, linseed oil, German Kitt putty, cement), and probably also (with different ablaut: lengthened grade) Old Icelandic kváða resin, Faroese kváð , kváða viscous fluid from a cow's udder, Norwegian (Nynorsk) kvåde , kvae , kvoe , kode resin, colostrum secreted by a cow before or after calving, Old Swedish qvaþa , kode resin (Swedish kåda , koda , (regional) kvåda , kvada , koa ), Old Danish qwathæ resin (Danish kvade ) < the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit jatu lac, gum, Early Irish beithe birch, Welsh bedw (collective) birch (the source of a type of tar used as glue), and (with suffixation) classical Latin bitūmen bitumen n. Compare quid n.3Further etymology. The suggested etymology of the word beyond West Germanic assumes that i in Old English cwidu shows the reflex of earlier e before u of the following syllable, a rare sound change in Old English. With the sense ‘resin’ or similar attested for the cognates compare senses 1b (white cud ) and 1c. Form history in Old English. In Old English a strong neuter (wa -stem) cwidu . The Old English stem vowel shows considerable variation, due to the combined effects of preceding -w- and following -u , which frequently caused combinative back mutation (e.g. cwudu ) or sometimes simple back mutation (e.g. cweodu ; compare β. forms). Loss of -w- in β. forms is seen already in Old English (e.g. cudu < earlier cwudu ). Later form history. While the modern regional (southwestern) γ. forms appear to reflect Old English forms with simple back mutation (see above), the attestation in Middle English could alternatively show lengthening (in an open syllable) to long close ē from a form with short i (see α. forms). With the phonological development of the δ. forms compare wood n.1 The ε. forms (in Scots and northern Irish English) show a regular phonological development of the δ. forms, i.e. fronting of Older Scots long close ō to /yː/ and (in some cases) subsequent unrounding to /i(ː)/. With the δ. forms (attested from the mid 14th cent., although the earliest instances may be showing graphic variants of the β. forms) compare Anglo-Norman code, coode, kode (13th cent.) and post-classical Latin codon-, codo (1301 in a British source), both in the sense ‘cobbler's wax’, both < Middle English. 1. the world > food and drink > food > animal food > [noun] > cud chewed by animals OE Ælfric Old Test. Summary: Maccabees (Julius) in W. W. Skeat (1900) II. 68 Þa clænan nytenu þe heora cudu ceowað. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 1237 & oxe chewweþþ þær he gaþ. Hiss cude. a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1961) Deut. xiv. 6 Al best þat in two partys deuydeþ þe cle and choweþ code [L.V. c1450 Arun. 104 quide]. (Harl. 221) 85 Cudde, of bestys chewynge [1499 Pynson cod of bestys, or chewynge], rumen. 1587 L. Mascall i. 40 Sometimes a beast by some occasion his quide will fal from him out of his mouth, and then he will mourne and haue no stomach to eate. 1729 R. Bradley vii. 227 (heading) A Cow-Spice, or Powder, proper for Cattle that lose their Cud, or Languish. a1862 H. D. Thoreau (1864) iii. 234 I can see these unwieldy tame deer..chewing their cud there, until it is nothing but an ox-pasture. 1952 T. Armstrong vi. 161 Bob's grandfather had gone off to examine a cow which, ‘off its cud,’ was covered with an old eiderdown whose ends she chewed. 2004 S. L. Fubini & N. G. Ducharme x. 165/1 While the animal is ruminating, the cud may be dropped during mastication. the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > [noun] > tobacco in a roll, cake, or stick > small piece cut from eOE (Royal) (1865) ii. iii. 182 Mid hate hunige smire & ofersceade þonne mid hwites cwidues & alwan duste. ?a1200 (?OE) (1896) 35 Ac ceowe hwytes cuduwys sæd [L. granum masticum]..ælce dæȝ. 1788 P. M. Freneau 85 The captain..cheated me damnably, but upon my taking a cud of tobacco into my mouth, and telling him as much, he gave me a glass of your right stiff grog. 1841 15 Sept. 133/3 I have seen a minister take a cud to preach by, and..I have been sprinkled with showers of tobacco spittle. 1880 M. A. Courtney W. Cornwall Words in M. A. Courtney & T. Q. Couch 16/2 Cud, a quid of tobacco. 1916 19 Feb. 16/3 A tall, thin printer whose most prominent feature was a large cud of tobacco, upon which he gnawed with yellow teeth. 2013 12 Sept. 4 a/5 Old Mr. Franklin spit out a cud of tobacco with practiced ease. the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > making footwear > [noun] > equipment or materials for > materials > wax 1358 in H. T. Riley (1868) 301 [They shall not put into their] wykes [any fat,] code, [rosin, or other manner of refuse]. (Harl. 221) 85 Code, sowters wex [a1500 BL Add. 37789 coode]. ?c1500 (Digby) l. 103 Your face was be-payntyd with sowters code. 1526 f. xxxixv Take a pounde of wyrgyne waxe & a pounde of Frankensence & a vnce of Masteke halfe a pounde of spanysche Code and a pounde of stone Peche. eOE Aldhelm Glosses (Bodl. 49) in A. S. Napier (1900) 189/2 [Crasso sub gutture] rumen : cwudu. 1599 J. Minsheu at Gañón The throate, the gullet, the cud of a beast, the throate boll, the gargill, the craw, the crop or gorge. 1680 W. Charleton ii. 43 Of these four Ventricles..the first Aristotle names..the great cavity; the Latines Rumen; and we, the Cudd or grass-bagg: for in this, as in a Kettle, the collected food is macerated, and parboyl'd as it were, before it is return'd up into the mouth to be chew'd. 1706 (new ed.) Cud, the inner part of the Throat in Beasts. 1828 N. Webster Cud, the inside of the mouth or throat of a beast that chews the cud. Compoundsthe world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > [noun] > ruminant 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas i. v. 155 The delicate, cud-chewing Golden-Eye. 1719 J. Quincy 385/2 Ruminant, Cud-Chewers, is a general name for all those Animals that chew the Cud. 1876 11 211 When coarse food..is greedily eaten in inordinate quantity, the first stomach may become so impacted and so compress the second as to interrupt the cud making process. 1942 33 167 Bleating continues until all the ewes locate their lambs,..then the white, cud-chewing mass lies quiet until dawn. 2009 (Nexis) 5 Mar. (Science and Tech) Cud-chewers have roamed the planet for millennia, but not in the concentrations seen since our meat- and dairy-loving civilizations figured out how to raise them on a massive scale. C2. 1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet xix. 175 There is a kind of Bream called Scarus ruminas, which we call a Cudbream, because his lips are ever wagging like a Cow chawing the cud: this of all other is the lightest, sweetest, and best fish of the River, fitter for weak and sick persons. 1672 J. Josselyn 24 Cud Bream. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). cudv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: cud n. the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > thinking about, consideration, deliberation > consider, deliberate [verb (transitive)] 1569 R. Crowley i. 127 Cudding the holy scriptures with a spirituall tooth [transl. spirituali dente ruminans scripturas]. 1729 12 I represented that an English Pudding Was fitter for our Statesmen to be cudding. 1804 R. Couper I. 101 Yet see the oussen a', Deep clad in a' their armour'd strength, Come cudding frae the sta'. 1868 27 337 A cow from an infected byre..had taken no food, nor been seen cudding for two days previously. 1986 27 Jan. 17/2 The cattle cud in silence and strong young calves run races. 2014 mohurley.blogspot.com 26 Feb. (accessed 27 Sept. 2019) The old couple faithfully feed their ward, sometimes grooming her red flanks, as she cuds the alfalfa. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.eOE v.1569 |
