crustn.

Brit.

/krʌst/, U.S.

/krəst/

Forms: Middle English crouste, Middle English croste, Middle English–1500s cruste, Middle English– crust.

Etymology: In some senses < Latin crusta, in others immediately < Old French crouste (modern croûte ), Provençal crosta , Italian crosta < Latin crusta hard surface, rind, shell, incrustation. In French the earliest recorded popular sense is the crust of bread, but medical writers used it in sense 3 after Latin at an early date.

a. The outer part of bread rendered hard and dry in baking. Opposed to crumb.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > crust of loaf

crusta1330

heelc1390

kissing-crust1708

undercrust1738

a1330 Otuel 954 Anawe of Nubie he smot, That neuere eft crouste he ne bot.

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) vii. lix. 273 Paaste in an ouen..receyueth a maner croustyng in the vtter syde vnder the whiche crouste the paaste is nesshe.

c1430 Two Cookery-bks. 53 Saue þe sydys and al þe cruste hole with-owte.

1583 C. Hollyband Campo di Fior 191 Make cleane his bread, If there be either ashes or coles in the cruste.

1620 T. Venner Via Recta i. 22 The like may be said of the crust of bread.

1825 W. Scott 2 Jan. in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott When we do get bread to eat, we complain that the crust is hard.

1871 When I was a little Girl (ed. 2) 25 You know there can't be crust without crumb.

b. (with a and plural) The hard outer part of a loaf or roll of bread; a portion of this external part such as belongs to a single slice of bread.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > piece of bread > [noun] > crust of slice

crustc1325

bread crusta1556

c1325 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 204 A rowȝ bare trenchur, other a crust: The begger that the crust ssal hab.

c1450 Two Cookery-bks. 113 Nym crostes of whyt bred.

a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 16 A crust of brede þou bray with alle.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III ii. iv. 28 My Vnckle grew so fast, That he could gnaw a crust at two houres olde.

1692 R. L'Estrange Fables ccci. 263 Men will do Tricks like Dogs, for Crusts.

1871 When I was a little Girl (ed. 2) 24 I had a piece of bread and butter for my luncheon every morning, and the crust of it was often a serious incumbrance to me..Bread-crusts are not nice things.

c. By extension: A scrap of bread which is mainly crust or is hard and dry: often applied slightingly to what is much more than crust.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > piece of bread > [noun] > piece of hard bread

crust1561

1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. Pref. Some..doe plenteously glut themselves, and other some live with gnawing of poore crusts.

1592 W. Warner Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) vii. xxxvii. 165 My hap was harder than to owne in that distresse a Crust.

1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World xi. 313 Sauce..which makes it eat very savory; much better than a crust of Bread alone.

1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 66 Parents..Who in distress broke their last crust in twain..that I might be fed.

1837 E. Bulwer-Lytton Ernest Maltravers I. i. i. 12 Bring me a cup of beer, and crust of bread.

1886 H. F. Lester Under Two Fig Trees 42 To have a ‘crust’ as she calls it, or in reality a good deal of cheese and bread and beer.

d. figurative.

ΚΠ

1593 Tell-Trothes New-yeares Gift (1876) 12 Such crustes of small comfort.

1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones IV. xi. i. 87 A Crust for the Critics.

e. A livelihood, a living. Australian and New Zealand slang.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > livelihood

lifeOE

foodOE

livelihoodc1300

livingc1330

ploughc1390

purchasec1475

daily bread1526

being1570

governing1572

shift1572

supportation1576

thrift1579

livelihead1590

thrive1592

breadwinnera1614

subsistence1644

gain1655

bread and butter1691

through-bearing1705

bread1719

bread ticket1801

daily1817

lifehood1823

rice bowl1853

crust1916

1916 C. J. Dennis Songs Sentimental Bloke (new ed.) 120 Crust, sustenance; a livelihood.

1944 G. McCarthy in Coast to Coast 149 He's still there..Makin' a crust too.

1949 E. de Mauny Huntsman in Career ii. 128 ‘What do you do for a crust?’ ‘I work on a newspaper.’

1969 Coast to Coast 1967–8 100 You'd have to work pretty hard for that, I'd reckon, and your old man too. What does he do for a crust?

2. The paste forming the covering of a pie.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pastry > [noun] > pastry crust or case

coffinc1420

rollera1475

pasty crust1562

custard coffin1581

piecrust1582

crust1598

kissing-crust1708

dripping crust1747

short crust1747

standing crust1747

huff1787

croustade1845

turban1846

1598 tr. G. de Rosselli Epulario B iv b Make a crust of thicke past like a Pie crust.

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 482. ¶4 Learning how to Season it [sc. a buck], or put it in Crust.

1771 O. Goldsmith Haunch of Venison 54 A pasty; it shall, and it must, And my wife, little Kitty, is famous for crust.

3. A hard dry formation on the surface of the body, caused by a burn, an ulcer, or disease of the skin; a scab or eschar.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > wound > scab

crust1398

roinc1400

scabc1400

scurfc1440

rovea1500

rig-ruff1611

incrustation1656

scud1825

crusta1842

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) vii. xvii. 235 A crouste of blood.

c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 70 We moten brenne þe heed of þe veyne..wiþ hoot iren & þilke hoot iren myȝte make an hard cruste.

1543 B. Traheron Interpr. Straunge Wordes in tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. sig. ζζ.v^v/2 Eschara is the hardnes, or cruste y^t remayneth after the burnynge of a wounde, or vlcer.

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet i. v. 72 A most instant tetter barckt..with vile and lothsome crust All my smooth body.

1877 L. A. Duhring Pract. Treat. Dis. Skin 47 Crusts are effete masses of dried material composed of the products of disease of the skin.

4. †(a) The upper or surface layer of the ground (obsolete) ( having passed into next); (b) (Geology) the outer portion of the earth; that part of the body of the earth accessible to investigation.Used first in accordance with the notion that the interior of the earth was an ‘abyss’ of waters, subsequently in reference to the theory of an interior in a state of fusion.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > ground > [noun]

ground971

earthOE

fleta1000

foldOE

landOE

floor?a1400

soila1400

margin?a1425

yird1433

sulye1434

swardc1440

leaa1475

paithmentc1480

visagea1500

crust1555

mother earth1568

solum1829

carpet1918

deck1925

dutty1925

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > [noun] > crust

crust1555

sole1610

shella1704

earth-rind1827

subshell1906

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 234 An other kynde of Rubies..found in the mountaynes in the vpper crust or floure of the earth.

1612 J. Speed Theatre of Empire of Great Brit. i. xxxv. 67/1 In the very crust of the ground, without any deepe digging.

1666 R. Boyle in Philos. Trans. 1665–6 (Royal Soc.) 1 185 The elevation of steams from the Crust or Superficial parts of the Earth.

1747 Gentleman's Mag. Sept. 433/2 The whole earth, in the opinion of some philosophers, is but a kind of bridge, or crust to the great body of waters included in it.

1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. iii. iv. 294 The rocks and stones which compose the external crust of the globe.

a. A more or less hard coating, concretion, or deposit on the surface of anything; an incrustation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > [noun] > a coat or covering layer > a crust or incrustation

rove1510

crust?1529

scurfa1555

scruff1591

bark1601

crustiness1608

overcrusting1670

incrustation1671

illinition1794

encrustment1845

?1529 R. Hyrde tr. J. L. Vives Instr. Christen Woman i. ix. sig. I Excepte thou wylt neuer washe out that cruste, but go so with a crust of peyntyng to bed.

1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. iii. iv. 264 While they ride vpon the false crusts of yce breaking vnder.

1684 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 2nd Pt. ii. 138 Precious Stones are covered over with a homely Crust .

1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 58 a Lay..over all a Crust made of Sand, Mortar, and Ashes.

1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters i. 146 It looked more like a saline crust.

1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) III. xxi. 179 The water..[was] covered with a thin crust of ice.

1869 J. Phillips Vesuvius iv. 121 The crust formed over the lava.

b. crust of wine n. see quot. 1863.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > wine-making > [noun] > deposits

argolc1386

tartarc1386

upon the lee1390

wine-leesc1400

wine-stone1526

fechia1704

white friars1745

beeswing1860

crust of wine1863

wine-crust1872

flor1873

wine ball-

1863 T. G. Shaw Wine, etc. iv. 145 In every wine..a portion of the vegetable and other matters which constitute its ‘distinctiveness’ must inevitably be precipitated to the bottom of the vessel; this is called lees in the cask, and crust or deposit in the bottle.

c. Originally U.S. The hardened surface of snow suitable for crust-hunting.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > precipitation or atmospheric moisture > snow > [noun] > a fall of snow > hardened surface of snow

crust1809

marble1924

windcrust1936

1809 A. Henry Trav. & Adventures Canada 146 The crust upon the snow cutting his legs..to the very bone.

1860 [implied in: P. H. Gosse Romance Nat. Hist. 207 Deer are taken extensively by a process called ‘crusting’; that is, pursuing them, after a night's rain followed by frost has formed a crusty ice upon the surface of the deep snow. (at crusting n. 2)].

1876 Forest & Stream VI. 18/1 We had waited for a ‘crust’ through days of rain, thaw, and fog.

1890 N. Hibbs in Big Game N. Amer. 27 The Moose would come when the crust formed on the snow in the mountains.

1966 T. Armstrong et al. Illustr. Gloss. Snow & Ice 13 Crust, a hard snow surface upon a softer layer.

6. The hard external covering of an animal or plant; a shell, test, husk, etc.; spec. the hard chitinous integument or ‘shell’ of Crustaceans.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [noun] > hard or protective covering

armoura1398

crust1615

armature1653

mail1713

shell1774

buckler1828

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > seed-vessel or pericarp > [noun]

knop1398

seed vessel1562

pouch1577

bottle1609

uterus1682

pericarpium1691

vessel1691

pericarp1759

crust1776

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Crustacea > [noun] > member of > parts of > integument

crust1822

lorica1856

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 121 This Crust is spongie, hauing smal holes..that by these hollowe passages..the thinner part of the Chylus might pierce.

1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler 101 This Caterpiller gives over to eat, and..comes to be coverd over with a strange shell or crust .

1776 W. Withering Brit. Plants (1796) I. 322 There is a sort of leathery crust over the seed.

1822 J. M. Good Study Med. IV. 599 [The skin] was shed annually like the crust of a lobster.

7. figurative.

a. Something figured as an outer covering or shell diffcult to penetrate, or merely superficial.

ΚΠ

1651–3 Bp. J. Taylor Serm. for Year (1678) 369 A universal crust of Hypocrisie that covers the face of the greatest part of Mankind.

1656 R. Vines Treat. Lords-supper (1677) 320 He may be overgrown with a crust, a coldness.

1852 F. W. Robertson Two Lect. Working Classes i. 11 Break through the crust of his selfishness.

b. Impudence, effrontery. slang.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pride > impudence > [noun]

hardiessec1300

boldness1377

malapertness?a1439

over-boldnessc1450

insolencya1513

protervitya1527

impudency1529

sauce malapert1529

petulancy1537

procacitya1538

audacity1545

sauceliness1552

forehead1564

hardihead1579

hardihood1594

outfacing1598

audaciousness1599

impudentness1599

petulancea1600

impertinency1609

impertinence1612

impudencea1616

procacya1620

affrontedness1640

brow1642

front1653

insolence1668

affrontery1679

assurance1699

effrontery1715

affrontiveness1721

swagger1725

imperence1765

cheek1823

sassiness1834

cheekiness1838

pawk1855

gall1882

chutzpah1886

face1890

mouth1891

crust1900

rind1901

smarting1902

hide1916

brass neck1937

1900 Dial. Notes 2 31 Crust, forwardness.

1923 P. G. Wodehouse Inimitable Jeeves xiv The blighter had the cold, cynical crust to look me in the eyeball without a blink.

1927 P. G. Wodehouse Small Bachelor xviii. 243 When a woman has the crust to disparage the morals of one of the finest young fellows who ever came out of the golden West.

1954 P. G. Wodehouse Jeeves & Feudal Spirit xi. 97 Actually having the crust to come barging in here!

†8. A plank cut from the outside of a tree-trunk.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [noun] > board or plank > types of

quarter-board1355

deal1400

fir-deala1450

planchettec1450

crust1486

deal-board1568

slab1573

scabbard1635

scale1683

scale-board1711

planchet1730

shinbin1791

rack deal1808

rack1835

shinlog1842

slabwood1844

1486 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1885) III. 255 iij. crustes..to ley on þe same Brigge vnder þe gravell.

1563 Louth Churchwardens' Accts. III. 28 in E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. For a crust of a plank to a brigge.

1569 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1889) IV. 136 For a kruste and a planke.

9. Angling. The surface film of water. ? Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1620 W. Lawson in J. Dennys Secrets of Angling (new ed.) sig. C5^v This Flye..moued in the crust of the water, is dead-lye in an euening.

1620 W. Lawson in J. Dennys Secrets of Angling (new ed.) sig. C5 If the wind be rough, and trouble the crust of the Water.

10. Leather Manufacturing. The state of sheep or goat skins when merely tanned and left rough preparatory to being dyed or coloured.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > leather > [noun] > leather from sheep or goat skin > undyed

crust1686

1686 London Gaz. No 2125/4 About 350 of the best Kids, some ready pared, and some in the Crust not staked.

1882 Worcs. Exhib. Catal. iii. 50 Crust and coloured skivers.

11. The outer part or ‘wall’ of a horse's hoof.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > body or parts of horse > [noun] > hoof > covering of

wall1830

bar1831

crust1831

1831 W. Youatt Horse xv. 280 The crust, or wall, is that portion which is seen when the foot is placed on the ground.

†12. figurative. A crusty person. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1594 Merry Knack in W. C. Hazlitt Dodsley's Sel. Coll. Old Eng. Plays (1874) VI. 539 What an old crust it is!.. I think the villain hath a face hardened with steel.

a1634 J. Day Peregrinatio Scholastica (Sloane 3150) f. 6 An old crust, w^th a back bent like a bowe, w^th Carieing tables.

Compounds

C1.

a. General attributive.

crust-hardened adj.

ΚΠ

1884 Sat. Rev. 7 June 741/1 Old crust-hardened politicians.

crust-like adj.

† crust-clung adj. Obsolete (see quot.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > soil qualities > [adjective] > lumpy

clotty?1523

cloddy1545

clottery1567

surly1609

crust-clung1610

glebous1671

soil-bound1688

1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia i. x. 24 Crust-clung and Soale-bound soyles.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 333/2 Crust Clung, or Soil Bound, is an hard sticking together of the Earth, that nothing will grow on it.

crust-lizard n. book-name of Heloderma horridum.

† crust-roll n. Obsolete a kind of thin crusted pancake.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pancake, tortilla, or oatcake > [noun] > pancake

froise1338

pancakea1400

flawnc1400

crust-rollc1430

pancake wisea1500

flapjack1620

torteau1625

egg-fraise1693

wafer pancake1769

flamm1819

blini1842

leather-jacket1846

round robin1847

Pfannkuchen1856

palacinka1884

blintz1903

latke1909

crêpe Suzette1922

Dutch baby1927

spring roll1927

Palatschinken1929

egg roll1938

tostada1945

crêpe1951

ploye1959

palacsinta1964

pancake roll1967

appam1972

popiah1975

uthappam1976

c1430 Two Cookery-bks. 46 Cruste Rolle.—Take..Flowre of whete; nym Eyroun and breke þer-to..rolle it on a borde also þinne as parchement..frye hem, and serue forth.

C2. spec. in Geology (see 4(b)).

crust-block n.

ΚΠ

1929 Encycl. Brit. II. 980/2 According to current views of the mechanics of mountain-folding, a crust-block of old and hard rocks is always present, which receives the pressure of the thrust causing the folding.

1934 Nature 15 Dec. 940/2 In one crust-block (west of the volcano), the tilting occurred in the same direction as before.

crust-creep n.

ΚΠ

1900 Geogr. Jrnl. Oct. 461 Gigantic crust-creep of overthrust masses.

crust-fold n.

ΚΠ

1900 Geogr. Jrnl. Jan. 48 The great Rocky Mountain-Andes fold,..the longest and most continuous crust-fold of the present day.

crust-fracture n.

ΚΠ

1900 Geogr. Jrnl. Oct. 460 Old crust-forms and crust-fractures, especially such as allow occasional intrusion and outlet of volcanic material, are determining factors in the distribution of the subsequent deposits.

crust-lag n.

ΚΠ

1926 Chambers's Jrnl. 598/2 I would..hazard also the suggestion that crust-lag may be a potent factor, in conjunction with shrinkage of the earth's crust, in the causation of earth-tremors and earthquakes.

crust-movement n.

ΚΠ

1897 Geogr. Jrnl. June 669 There are two primary and permanent kinds of crust-movements.

1907 19th Cent. Aug. 220 The remarkable crust-movements exhibited over a wide area.

crust-strain n.

ΚΠ

1900 Geogr. Jrnl. Oct. 457 The original cause of crust-strains.

crust-stress n.

ΚΠ

1903 Trans. Edinb. Geol. Soc. 8 177 The form of the sill-complex was capable of being re-moulded periodically in harmony with the localised crust-stresses.

crust-torsion n.

ΚΠ

1900 Geogr. Jrnl. Oct. 457 That phenomena of crust-torsion were induced by any combination of crust-pressures.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	crust
释义	crustn. Brit. /krʌst/, U.S. /krəst/ Forms: Middle English crouste, Middle English croste, Middle English–1500s cruste, Middle English– crust. Etymology: In some senses < Latin crusta, in others immediately < Old French crouste (modern croûte ), Provençal crosta , Italian crosta < Latin crusta hard surface, rind, shell, incrustation. In French the earliest recorded popular sense is the crust of bread, but medical writers used it in sense 3 after Latin at an early date. 1. a. The outer part of bread rendered hard and dry in baking. Opposed to crumb. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > crust of loaf crusta1330 heelc1390 kissing-crust1708 undercrust1738 a1330 Otuel 954 Anawe of Nubie he smot, That neuere eft crouste he ne bot. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) vii. lix. 273 Paaste in an ouen..receyueth a maner croustyng in the vtter syde vnder the whiche crouste the paaste is nesshe. c1430 Two Cookery-bks. 53 Saue þe sydys and al þe cruste hole with-owte. 1583 C. Hollyband Campo di Fior 191 Make cleane his bread, If there be either ashes or coles in the cruste. 1620 T. Venner Via Recta i. 22 The like may be said of the crust of bread. 1825 W. Scott 2 Jan. in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott When we do get bread to eat, we complain that the crust is hard. 1871 When I was a little Girl (ed. 2) 25 You know there can't be crust without crumb. b. (with a and plural) The hard outer part of a loaf or roll of bread; a portion of this external part such as belongs to a single slice of bread. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > piece of bread > [noun] > crust of slice crustc1325 bread crusta1556 c1325 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 204 A rowȝ bare trenchur, other a crust: The begger that the crust ssal hab. c1450 Two Cookery-bks. 113 Nym crostes of whyt bred. a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 16 A crust of brede þou bray with alle. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III ii. iv. 28 My Vnckle grew so fast, That he could gnaw a crust at two houres olde. View more context for this quotation 1692 R. L'Estrange Fables ccci. 263 Men will do Tricks like Dogs, for Crusts. 1871 When I was a little Girl (ed. 2) 24 I had a piece of bread and butter for my luncheon every morning, and the crust of it was often a serious incumbrance to me..Bread-crusts are not nice things. c. By extension: A scrap of bread which is mainly crust or is hard and dry: often applied slightingly to what is much more than crust. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > piece of bread > [noun] > piece of hard bread crust1561 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. Pref. Some..doe plenteously glut themselves, and other some live with gnawing of poore crusts. 1592 W. Warner Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) vii. xxxvii. 165 My hap was harder than to owne in that distresse a Crust. 1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World xi. 313 Sauce..which makes it eat very savory; much better than a crust of Bread alone. 1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 66 Parents..Who in distress broke their last crust in twain..that I might be fed. 1837 E. Bulwer-Lytton Ernest Maltravers I. i. i. 12 Bring me a cup of beer, and crust of bread. 1886 H. F. Lester Under Two Fig Trees 42 To have a ‘crust’ as she calls it, or in reality a good deal of cheese and bread and beer. d. figurative. ΚΠ 1593 Tell-Trothes New-yeares Gift (1876) 12 Such crustes of small comfort. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones IV. xi. i. 87 A Crust for the Critics. View more context for this quotation e. A livelihood, a living. Australian and New Zealand slang. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > livelihood lifeOE foodOE livelihoodc1300 livingc1330 ploughc1390 purchasec1475 daily bread1526 being1570 governing1572 shift1572 supportation1576 thrift1579 livelihead1590 thrive1592 breadwinnera1614 subsistence1644 gain1655 bread and butter1691 through-bearing1705 bread1719 bread ticket1801 daily1817 lifehood1823 rice bowl1853 crust1916 1916 C. J. Dennis Songs Sentimental Bloke (new ed.) 120 Crust, sustenance; a livelihood. 1944 G. McCarthy in Coast to Coast 149 He's still there..Makin' a crust too. 1949 E. de Mauny Huntsman in Career ii. 128 ‘What do you do for a crust?’ ‘I work on a newspaper.’ 1969 Coast to Coast 1967–8 100 You'd have to work pretty hard for that, I'd reckon, and your old man too. What does he do for a crust? 2. The paste forming the covering of a pie. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pastry > [noun] > pastry crust or case coffinc1420 rollera1475 pasty crust1562 custard coffin1581 piecrust1582 crust1598 kissing-crust1708 dripping crust1747 short crust1747 standing crust1747 huff1787 croustade1845 turban1846 1598 tr. G. de Rosselli Epulario B iv b Make a crust of thicke past like a Pie crust. 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 482. ¶4 Learning how to Season it [sc. a buck], or put it in Crust. 1771 O. Goldsmith Haunch of Venison 54 A pasty; it shall, and it must, And my wife, little Kitty, is famous for crust. 3. A hard dry formation on the surface of the body, caused by a burn, an ulcer, or disease of the skin; a scab or eschar. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > wound > scab crust1398 roinc1400 scabc1400 scurfc1440 rovea1500 rig-ruff1611 incrustation1656 scud1825 crusta1842 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) vii. xvii. 235 A crouste of blood. c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 70 We moten brenne þe heed of þe veyne..wiþ hoot iren & þilke hoot iren myȝte make an hard cruste. 1543 B. Traheron Interpr. Straunge Wordes in tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. sig. ζζ.v^v/2 Eschara is the hardnes, or cruste y^t remayneth after the burnynge of a wounde, or vlcer. 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet i. v. 72 A most instant tetter barckt..with vile and lothsome crust All my smooth body. View more context for this quotation 1877 L. A. Duhring Pract. Treat. Dis. Skin 47 Crusts are effete masses of dried material composed of the products of disease of the skin. 4. †(a) The upper or surface layer of the ground (obsolete) ( having passed into next); (b) (Geology) the outer portion of the earth; that part of the body of the earth accessible to investigation.Used first in accordance with the notion that the interior of the earth was an ‘abyss’ of waters, subsequently in reference to the theory of an interior in a state of fusion. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > ground > [noun] ground971 earthOE fleta1000 foldOE landOE floor?a1400 soila1400 margin?a1425 yird1433 sulye1434 swardc1440 leaa1475 paithmentc1480 visagea1500 crust1555 mother earth1568 solum1829 carpet1918 deck1925 dutty1925 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > [noun] > crust crust1555 sole1610 shella1704 earth-rind1827 subshell1906 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 234 An other kynde of Rubies..found in the mountaynes in the vpper crust or floure of the earth. 1612 J. Speed Theatre of Empire of Great Brit. i. xxxv. 67/1 In the very crust of the ground, without any deepe digging. 1666 R. Boyle in Philos. Trans. 1665–6 (Royal Soc.) 1 185 The elevation of steams from the Crust or Superficial parts of the Earth. 1747 Gentleman's Mag. Sept. 433/2 The whole earth, in the opinion of some philosophers, is but a kind of bridge, or crust to the great body of waters included in it. 1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. iii. iv. 294 The rocks and stones which compose the external crust of the globe. 5. a. A more or less hard coating, concretion, or deposit on the surface of anything; an incrustation. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > [noun] > a coat or covering layer > a crust or incrustation rove1510 crust?1529 scurfa1555 scruff1591 bark1601 crustiness1608 overcrusting1670 incrustation1671 illinition1794 encrustment1845 ?1529 R. Hyrde tr. J. L. Vives Instr. Christen Woman i. ix. sig. I Excepte thou wylt neuer washe out that cruste, but go so with a crust of peyntyng to bed. 1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. iii. iv. 264 While they ride vpon the false crusts of yce breaking vnder. 1684 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 2nd Pt. ii. 138 Precious Stones are covered over with a homely Crust . View more context for this quotation 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 58 a Lay..over all a Crust made of Sand, Mortar, and Ashes. 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters i. 146 It looked more like a saline crust. 1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) III. xxi. 179 The water..[was] covered with a thin crust of ice. 1869 J. Phillips Vesuvius iv. 121 The crust formed over the lava. b. crust of wine n. see quot. 1863. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > wine-making > [noun] > deposits argolc1386 tartarc1386 upon the lee1390 wine-leesc1400 wine-stone1526 fechia1704 white friars1745 beeswing1860 crust of wine1863 wine-crust1872 flor1873 wine ball- 1863 T. G. Shaw Wine, etc. iv. 145 In every wine..a portion of the vegetable and other matters which constitute its ‘distinctiveness’ must inevitably be precipitated to the bottom of the vessel; this is called lees in the cask, and crust or deposit in the bottle. c. Originally U.S. The hardened surface of snow suitable for crust-hunting. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > precipitation or atmospheric moisture > snow > [noun] > a fall of snow > hardened surface of snow crust1809 marble1924 windcrust1936 1809 A. Henry Trav. & Adventures Canada 146 The crust upon the snow cutting his legs..to the very bone. 1860 [implied in: P. H. Gosse Romance Nat. Hist. 207 Deer are taken extensively by a process called ‘crusting’; that is, pursuing them, after a night's rain followed by frost has formed a crusty ice upon the surface of the deep snow. (at crusting n. 2)]. 1876 Forest & Stream VI. 18/1 We had waited for a ‘crust’ through days of rain, thaw, and fog. 1890 N. Hibbs in Big Game N. Amer. 27 The Moose would come when the crust formed on the snow in the mountains. 1966 T. Armstrong et al. Illustr. Gloss. Snow & Ice 13 Crust, a hard snow surface upon a softer layer. 6. The hard external covering of an animal or plant; a shell, test, husk, etc.; spec. the hard chitinous integument or ‘shell’ of Crustaceans. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [noun] > hard or protective covering armoura1398 crust1615 armature1653 mail1713 shell1774 buckler1828 the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > seed-vessel or pericarp > [noun] knop1398 seed vessel1562 pouch1577 bottle1609 uterus1682 pericarpium1691 vessel1691 pericarp1759 crust1776 the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Crustacea > [noun] > member of > parts of > integument crust1822 lorica1856 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 121 This Crust is spongie, hauing smal holes..that by these hollowe passages..the thinner part of the Chylus might pierce. 1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler 101 This Caterpiller gives over to eat, and..comes to be coverd over with a strange shell or crust . View more context for this quotation 1776 W. Withering Brit. Plants (1796) I. 322 There is a sort of leathery crust over the seed. 1822 J. M. Good Study Med. IV. 599 [The skin] was shed annually like the crust of a lobster. 7. figurative. a. Something figured as an outer covering or shell diffcult to penetrate, or merely superficial. ΚΠ 1651–3 Bp. J. Taylor Serm. for Year (1678) 369 A universal crust of Hypocrisie that covers the face of the greatest part of Mankind. 1656 R. Vines Treat. Lords-supper (1677) 320 He may be overgrown with a crust, a coldness. 1852 F. W. Robertson Two Lect. Working Classes i. 11 Break through the crust of his selfishness. b. Impudence, effrontery. slang. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pride > impudence > [noun] hardiessec1300 boldness1377 malapertness?a1439 over-boldnessc1450 insolencya1513 protervitya1527 impudency1529 sauce malapert1529 petulancy1537 procacitya1538 audacity1545 sauceliness1552 forehead1564 hardihead1579 hardihood1594 outfacing1598 audaciousness1599 impudentness1599 petulancea1600 impertinency1609 impertinence1612 impudencea1616 procacya1620 affrontedness1640 brow1642 front1653 insolence1668 affrontery1679 assurance1699 effrontery1715 affrontiveness1721 swagger1725 imperence1765 cheek1823 sassiness1834 cheekiness1838 pawk1855 gall1882 chutzpah1886 face1890 mouth1891 crust1900 rind1901 smarting1902 hide1916 brass neck1937 1900 Dial. Notes 2 31 Crust, forwardness. 1923 P. G. Wodehouse Inimitable Jeeves xiv The blighter had the cold, cynical crust to look me in the eyeball without a blink. 1927 P. G. Wodehouse Small Bachelor xviii. 243 When a woman has the crust to disparage the morals of one of the finest young fellows who ever came out of the golden West. 1954 P. G. Wodehouse Jeeves & Feudal Spirit xi. 97 Actually having the crust to come barging in here! †8. A plank cut from the outside of a tree-trunk. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [noun] > board or plank > types of quarter-board1355 deal1400 fir-deala1450 planchettec1450 crust1486 deal-board1568 slab1573 scabbard1635 scale1683 scale-board1711 planchet1730 shinbin1791 rack deal1808 rack1835 shinlog1842 slabwood1844 1486 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1885) III. 255 iij. crustes..to ley on þe same Brigge vnder þe gravell. 1563 Louth Churchwardens' Accts. III. 28 in E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. For a crust of a plank to a brigge. 1569 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1889) IV. 136 For a kruste and a planke. 9. Angling. The surface film of water. ? Obsolete. ΚΠ 1620 W. Lawson in J. Dennys Secrets of Angling (new ed.) sig. C5^v This Flye..moued in the crust of the water, is dead-lye in an euening. 1620 W. Lawson in J. Dennys Secrets of Angling (new ed.) sig. C5 If the wind be rough, and trouble the crust of the Water. 10. Leather Manufacturing. The state of sheep or goat skins when merely tanned and left rough preparatory to being dyed or coloured. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > leather > [noun] > leather from sheep or goat skin > undyed crust1686 1686 London Gaz. No 2125/4 About 350 of the best Kids, some ready pared, and some in the Crust not staked. 1882 Worcs. Exhib. Catal. iii. 50 Crust and coloured skivers. 11. The outer part or ‘wall’ of a horse's hoof. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > body or parts of horse > [noun] > hoof > covering of wall1830 bar1831 crust1831 1831 W. Youatt Horse xv. 280 The crust, or wall, is that portion which is seen when the foot is placed on the ground. †12. figurative. A crusty person. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1594 Merry Knack in W. C. Hazlitt Dodsley's Sel. Coll. Old Eng. Plays (1874) VI. 539 What an old crust it is!.. I think the villain hath a face hardened with steel. a1634 J. Day Peregrinatio Scholastica (Sloane 3150) f. 6 An old crust, w^th a back bent like a bowe, w^th Carieing tables. Compounds C1. a. General attributive. crust-hardened adj. ΚΠ 1884 Sat. Rev. 7 June 741/1 Old crust-hardened politicians. crust-like adj. b. † crust-clung adj. Obsolete (see quot.). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > soil qualities > [adjective] > lumpy clotty?1523 cloddy1545 clottery1567 surly1609 crust-clung1610 glebous1671 soil-bound1688 1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia i. x. 24 Crust-clung and Soale-bound soyles. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 333/2 Crust Clung, or Soil Bound, is an hard sticking together of the Earth, that nothing will grow on it. crust-lizard n. book-name of Heloderma horridum. † crust-roll n. Obsolete a kind of thin crusted pancake. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pancake, tortilla, or oatcake > [noun] > pancake froise1338 pancakea1400 flawnc1400 crust-rollc1430 pancake wisea1500 flapjack1620 torteau1625 egg-fraise1693 wafer pancake1769 flamm1819 blini1842 leather-jacket1846 round robin1847 Pfannkuchen1856 palacinka1884 blintz1903 latke1909 crêpe Suzette1922 Dutch baby1927 spring roll1927 Palatschinken1929 egg roll1938 tostada1945 crêpe1951 ploye1959 palacsinta1964 pancake roll1967 appam1972 popiah1975 uthappam1976 c1430 Two Cookery-bks. 46 Cruste Rolle.—Take..Flowre of whete; nym Eyroun and breke þer-to..rolle it on a borde also þinne as parchement..frye hem, and serue forth. C2. spec. in Geology (see 4(b)). crust-block n. ΚΠ 1929 Encycl. Brit. II. 980/2 According to current views of the mechanics of mountain-folding, a crust-block of old and hard rocks is always present, which receives the pressure of the thrust causing the folding. 1934 Nature 15 Dec. 940/2 In one crust-block (west of the volcano), the tilting occurred in the same direction as before. crust-creep n. ΚΠ 1900 Geogr. Jrnl. Oct. 461 Gigantic crust-creep of overthrust masses. crust-fold n. ΚΠ 1900 Geogr. Jrnl. Jan. 48 The great Rocky Mountain-Andes fold,..the longest and most continuous crust-fold of the present day. crust-fracture n. ΚΠ 1900 Geogr. Jrnl. Oct. 460 Old crust-forms and crust-fractures, especially such as allow occasional intrusion and outlet of volcanic material, are determining factors in the distribution of the subsequent deposits. crust-lag n. ΚΠ 1926 Chambers's Jrnl. 598/2 I would..hazard also the suggestion that crust-lag may be a potent factor, in conjunction with shrinkage of the earth's crust, in the causation of earth-tremors and earthquakes. crust-movement n. ΚΠ 1897 Geogr. Jrnl. June 669 There are two primary and permanent kinds of crust-movements. 1907 19th Cent. Aug. 220 The remarkable crust-movements exhibited over a wide area. crust-strain n. ΚΠ 1900 Geogr. Jrnl. Oct. 457 The original cause of crust-strains. crust-stress n. ΚΠ 1903 Trans. Edinb. Geol. Soc. 8 177 The form of the sill-complex was capable of being re-moulded periodically in harmony with the localised crust-stresses. crust-torsion n. ΚΠ 1900 Geogr. Jrnl. Oct. 457 That phenomena of crust-torsion were induced by any combination of crust-pressures. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022). crustv. Brit. /krʌst/, U.S. /krəst/ Etymology: < crust n., after French crouster, croûter, Latin crustāre. 1. a. transitive. To cover as with a crust, to encrust. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > coat or cover with a layer [verb (transitive)] > encrust barken1513 crust1545 impaste1548 incrustate1570 befur1581 scurf1599 overcrust1603 cake1609 imbake1632 bark1633 encrusta1691 becrust1830 accrust1842 overscurf1881 1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus ii. f. 37^v Snowe..whyche was harde and crusted by reason of the frost. 1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Qi^v/2 To Cruste, crustare. 1614 W. B. tr. Philosophers Banquet (ed. 2) iii. i. 162 The meates become crusted and baked. a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) iii. vii. 98 Of Man and Beast, the infinite Maladie Crust you quite o're. View more context for this quotation 1832 W. Macgillivray Trav. & Researches A. von Humboldt ii. 34 Rocks..scantily crusted with lichens. 1892 Illustr. Mag. Sept. 879 North winds begin to crust over the pools and streams with ice. b. figurative. ΚΠ c1616 G. Chapman tr. Homer Batrachomyomachia Ep. Ded. (R.) Being crusted with their couetous leprosies. 1767 S. Johnson Let. 19 Aug. (1992) I. 286 Ill health..has crusted me into inactivity. 1883 J. A. Froude Short Stud. IV. ii. vi. 250 The truth had been crusted over with fictions. 2. intransitive. To form or contract a crust; to become covered with a crust or hardened surface. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > become coated with a layer [verb (intransitive)] > form or contract a crust crustc1430 encrust1726 barken1815 shale1844 c1430 Two Cookery-bks. 32 Stere it faste þat it crouste noȝt. a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Henry IV ccclxxvii, in Poems (1878) IV. 95 Aged Tyrrannie whose Oyle Crusts in the Lampe. 1762 A. Dickson Treat. Agric. iv. iv. 412 The soil..will only crust a little above. 1814 Temple Wks. III. 268 The place that was burnt..crusted and healed in very few days. 1820 W. Hazlitt Lect. Dramatic Lit. 26 The tide of fancy and enthusiasm..settles and crusts into the standing pool of dulness, criticism, and vertù. 3. transitive. To form into a crust; to make hard like a crust. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > make hard [verb (transitive)] > like a crust crust1671 1671 J. Narborough Jrnl. in Acct. Several Late Voy. (1711) i. 182 The main Body of Ice that lyeth crusted about the Shore. 1857 W. Collins Dead Secret II. v. v. 153 The dirt of half a century, crusted on the glass. 4. U.S. and Canadian. To hunt (deer, etc.) on the crust of snow; to crust-hunt. ΚΠ 1860 [implied in: P. H. Gosse Romance Nat. Hist. 207 Deer are taken extensively by a process called ‘crusting’; that is, pursuing them, after a night's rain followed by frost has formed a crusty ice upon the surface of the deep snow. (at crusting n. 2)]. 1888 Forest & Stream XXX. 46/3 The guides and hunters..going over the border..on the deep snows, and crusting deer and moose. 1888 Forest & Stream XXX. 165/1 A good deal of crusting deer is being done..this winter. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.c1325v.c1430
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crustn.

Compounds

crustv.