despairn.

/dɪˈspɛː/

Forms: see the verb.

Etymology: Middle English des- , dis-peir , -pair , < Old French *despeir, despoir, verbal noun < desperer (tonic stem despeir- , despoir- ). Compare also French désespoir (12th cent.) whence desespeir n.

a. The action or condition of despairing or losing hope; a state of mind in which there is entire want of hope; hopelessness. counsel of despair: see counsel n. 2c.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > [noun] > loss of hope

desperance?c1225

wanhopinga1300

despairc1325

desperationc1366

desespeirc1374

desesperancec1374

despairing1489

desperateness1581

despairfulness1888

c1325 Metr. Hom. 170 No man in dyspayr thar [= need] be..If they wyll call on oure Lauedy.

c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Phyllis. 2557 She for dispeyr [v.rr. dis-, dyspayre] fordede hyre self, allas!

c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋619 Now comeþ wanhope þat is despair [v.rr. dis-, despeir(e, dispeyr] of þe mercy of god.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xvi. 370 He sayth it like a man that is in dyspeyre.

1503–4 Act 19 Hen. VII c. 28 Pream. The seid sueters..were..in dispayre of expedicion of ther suetes.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. xix. 23 Seeing theyre matters too be in despaire of succour, and not able to holde out any longer.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 191 What reinforcement we may gain from Hope, If not what resolution from despare .

1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xx. 114 Despair is the thought of the unattainableness of any Good.

1726 W. R. Chetwood Voy. & Adventures Capt. R. Boyle 256 This..drove me almost to Despair, and I lost all Hopes of ever procuring my Liberty.

1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. xii. 75 I give up the cause in despair.

1843 W. H. Prescott Hist. Conquest Mexico III. vi. viii. 195 Some..gathering strength from despair, maintained..a desperate fight.

1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess iv. 88 It becomes no man to nurse despair.

1887 C. Bowen tr. Virgil Æneid ii, in tr. Virgil in Eng. Verse 122 Wails of despair broke over the town.

b. Rarely in plural.

ΚΠ

1560 A. L. tr. J. Calvin Serm. Songe Ezechias ii Our spirit is wrapped in many dispaires.

1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII ii. ii. 28 Feares, and despaires, and all these for his Marriage.

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ix. 180 Their hopes were..turned into despairs.

c. personified.

ΚΠ

1610 J. Higgins in Mirour for Magistrates (new ed.) 66 (R.) I am (quoth she) thy friend Despaire.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 489 Despair Tended the sick busiest from Couch to Couch.

1782 W. Cowper Hope in Poems 144 Hollow-ey'd abstinence and lean despair.

1820 P. B. Shelley Prometheus Unbound i. i. 48 'Till Despair smothers The struggling world, which slaves and tyrants win.

2. transferred. That which causes despair, or about which there is no hope.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > [noun] > cause of despair

despaira1616

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iv. iii. 153 Strangely visited people All swolne and Vlcerous..The meere dispaire of Surgery, he cures.

1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas Pref. p. ix Those faultless productions, whose very fragments are the despair of modern art.

1876 E. Mellor Priesthood viii. 390 If the adult population are the despair of the priests, the children are their hope.

3. Used by Wyclif apparently for: False or mistaken hope. (Cf. despair v. 4.)

ΚΠ

c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. I. 42 Eche man shal hope for to come to blisse; and if he lyve febly and make þis hope fals, himsilf is cause whi his hope is suche. Ffor þis fals hope, þat sum men do clepen dispeir, shulde have anoþir qualite.

†4. without any dispayre: a metrical tag, meaning apparently ‘without doubt, without fail, certainly, iwis’: perhaps an alteration of ‘without diswere, disware’, of earlier use.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > making certain, assurance > of course, certainly [phrase]

to iwissea1000

mid iwissea1000

in wisc1000

to wis(se)c1000

without(en (any) weenc1175

sans fail1297

thereof no strife1297

but werea1300

forouten werea1300

out of werea1300

without werea1300

without deceit1303

for certainc1320

it is to wittingc1320

withouten carec1320

without nayc1330

without noc1330

without (but out of) dread1340

no doubtc1380

without distancec1390

no fresea1400

out of doubta1400

without doubta1400

for, (in, at obs.), of, to (a) certaintyc1400

withouten stance14..

hazel woods shakea1413

of, on, in warrantisec1440

sure enough?1440

without question?1440

wythout diswerec1440

without any dispayrec1470

for (also of) a surety?a1475

in (also for) surenessa1475

of certainc1485

without any (also all) naya1500

out of question?1526

past question?1526

for sure1534

what else1540

beyond (also out of, past, without) (all) peradventure1542

to be a bidden by1549

out of (also without) all cry1565

with a witness1579

upon my word1591

no question1594

out of all suspicion1600

for a certain1608

without scruple1612

to be sure1615

that's pos1710

in course1722

beyond (all) question1817

(and) no mistake1818

no two ways about it (also that)1818

of course1823

bien entendu1844

yessiree1846

you bet you1857

make no mistake1876

acourse1883

sans doute1890

how are you?1918

you bet your bippy1968

c1470 J. Hardyng Chron. cxxx. i Whiche Henry was erle notified Of Huntyngdon without any dispayre.

c1470 J. Hardyng Chron. cxxxiv. iv Isabell the fayre His doughter was without any dispayre.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

despairv.

/dɪˈspɛː/

Forms: Middle English–1500s des-, dis-, dys-, -peir(e, -peyr(e, -payr(e, dispar(e, -paire, Middle English disspare, disspaire, dyspere, despeyer, Middle English–1600s despere, despare, despaire, despayr, Middle English–1700s dispair, 1500s dyspayer, Middle English– despair.

Etymology: Middle English des- , dis-peiren , -payren , < Old French despeir-, stressed stem-form of desperer < Latin dēspērāre to despair, < de- prefix 1f + spērāre to hope. (Displaced in French by dés-espérer, a Romanic compound of espérer to hope: so Provençal dezesperar and Spanish desesperar.)

a. intransitive. To lose or give up hope; to be without hope. Const. of (with indirect passive to be despaired of); rarely †in (obsolete), to with infinitive.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > despair [verb (intransitive)]

ortrowOE

untrust?c1225

despaira1340

wantrokec1350

desespeirec1380

mishopea1400

to be despairedc1400

wanhopea1425

to sit beside the saddle1563

a1340 R. Rolle Psalter cxviii. 156 Of synful men peryss nane thare [= need] dispayre.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Cor. ii. 7 Lest perauenture he that is such maner man..dispeire.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 90 Þat he despering in þe mercy of God, trust in þe cloþis of men.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 514/1 I despayre, I am in wan hope, je despere.

1562 Certayn Serm. preached in Lincs. in H. Latimer 27 Serm. ii. f. 103 Phisitions had dispeired of that woman, it passed their cunnyng to helpe her.

1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Confession in Catech. 3 To dispaire in Gode his mercy.

1606 True Relation Proc. at Arraignm. Late Traitors sig. Hh4^v He dispayred in Gods protection.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xl. 255 Despairing of the justice of the sons of Samuel, they would have a King.

1680 Bp. G. Burnet Some Passages Life Earl of Rochester 13 He almost dispaired to recover it.

1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 159. ⁋6 As long as you hope, I will not despair.

1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. May (1965) I. 411 His Life was dispair'd of.

1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives (1879) I. 117/1 Tarquin, despairing to reascend the throne by stratagem, applied [etc.].

1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) IV. 81 He did not despair of being able to find excuses.

1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits xv. 263 When Cobden had begun to despair, it announced his triumph.

†b. reflexive in same sense. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > despair [verb (reflexive)]

despairc1386

c1386 G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale 425 Dispaire yow nought.

c1386 G. Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋624 He that despeireth hym, is lyke the coward campioun recreant.

1483 W. Caxton tr. Caton F vj b Thou oughtest not to dyspeyre the.

a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) ii. f. ccxlii^v/2 He wolde dyspere hymselfe.

1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) ii. x. sig. m.i Suche lecherous people dyspayre them whan the houre cometh of theyr departynge.

†c. to be despaired, in same sense: see to be despaired at despaired adj. 1. Obsolete.

†2. transitive. To deprive of hope, cast into despair. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > desperate state or condition > render desperate [verb (transitive)]

despair1393

desperate1801

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. x. 38 That no deuel shal ȝow dere ne despeir in ȝoure deyinge.

a1595 R. Williams Actions Lowe Countries 30 (T.) Having no hope to despair the governour to deliver it [the fort] into their enemies' hands.

a1618 W. Raleigh Dialogue To despaire all his faithfull subjects.

†3. transitive. To cease to hope for, to be without hope of; = despair of in 1. Obsolete or archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > despair of [verb (transitive)]

ortrowOE

mishopea1250

despairc1485

deplore1559

c1485 Digby Myst. (1882) v. 467 Thei that despeyer mercy haue grett conpunccion.

1597 Bp. J. King Lect. Ionas xliv. 598 Rotten members; whose cure is despaired.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) v. x. 13 Macbeth. I beare a charmed Life... Macduff. Dispaire thy Charme.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 660 Peace is despaird, For who can think Submission?

1706 I. Watts Horæ Lyricæ ii. 231 How are his Curtains drawn For a long Evening that despairs the Dawn!

1732 Ld. Lansdowne Ess. Unnat. Flights (T.) Love, despairing in her heart a place, Would needs take up his lodging in her face.

1773 Hist. Ld. Ainsworth I. 31 I had almost begun to despair ever meeting her again.

4. Used by Wyclif apparently in sense: To hope amiss, to indulge false or mistaken hope. (Cf. despair n. 3.)

ΚΠ

c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 339 He..is folily disceyued in hise bileue and in hope, and þus he dispeyreþ.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	despair
释义	despairn. /dɪˈspɛː/ Forms: see the verb. Etymology: Middle English des- , dis-peir , -pair , < Old French despeir, despoir, verbal noun < desperer* (tonic stem despeir- , despoir- ). Compare also French désespoir (12th cent.) whence desespeir n. 1. a. The action or condition of despairing or losing hope; a state of mind in which there is entire want of hope; hopelessness. counsel of despair: see counsel n. 2c. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > [noun] > loss of hope desperance?c1225 wanhopinga1300 despairc1325 desperationc1366 desespeirc1374 desesperancec1374 despairing1489 desperateness1581 despairfulness1888 c1325 Metr. Hom. 170 No man in dyspayr thar [= need] be..If they wyll call on oure Lauedy. c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Phyllis. 2557 She for dispeyr [v.rr. dis-, dyspayre] fordede hyre self, allas! c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋619 Now comeþ wanhope þat is despair [v.rr. dis-, despeir(e, dispeyr] of þe mercy of god. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xvi. 370 He sayth it like a man that is in dyspeyre. 1503–4 Act 19 Hen. VII c. 28 Pream. The seid sueters..were..in dispayre of expedicion of ther suetes. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. xix. 23 Seeing theyre matters too be in despaire of succour, and not able to holde out any longer. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 191 What reinforcement we may gain from Hope, If not what resolution from despare . View more context for this quotation 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xx. 114 Despair is the thought of the unattainableness of any Good. 1726 W. R. Chetwood Voy. & Adventures Capt. R. Boyle 256 This..drove me almost to Despair, and I lost all Hopes of ever procuring my Liberty. 1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. xii. 75 I give up the cause in despair. 1843 W. H. Prescott Hist. Conquest Mexico III. vi. viii. 195 Some..gathering strength from despair, maintained..a desperate fight. 1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess iv. 88 It becomes no man to nurse despair. 1887 C. Bowen tr. Virgil Æneid ii, in tr. Virgil in Eng. Verse 122 Wails of despair broke over the town. b. Rarely in plural. ΚΠ 1560 A. L. tr. J. Calvin Serm. Songe Ezechias ii Our spirit is wrapped in many dispaires. 1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII ii. ii. 28 Feares, and despaires, and all these for his Marriage. View more context for this quotation 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ix. 180 Their hopes were..turned into despairs. c. personified. ΚΠ 1610 J. Higgins in Mirour for Magistrates (new ed.) 66 (R.) I am (quoth she) thy friend Despaire. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 489 Despair Tended the sick busiest from Couch to Couch. View more context for this quotation 1782 W. Cowper Hope in Poems 144 Hollow-ey'd abstinence and lean despair. 1820 P. B. Shelley Prometheus Unbound i. i. 48 'Till Despair smothers The struggling world, which slaves and tyrants win. 2. transferred. That which causes despair, or about which there is no hope. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > [noun] > cause of despair despaira1616 a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iv. iii. 153 Strangely visited people All swolne and Vlcerous..The meere dispaire of Surgery, he cures. View more context for this quotation 1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas Pref. p. ix Those faultless productions, whose very fragments are the despair of modern art. 1876 E. Mellor Priesthood viii. 390 If the adult population are the despair of the priests, the children are their hope. 3. Used by Wyclif apparently for: False or mistaken hope. (Cf. despair v. 4.) ΚΠ c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. I. 42 Eche man shal hope for to come to blisse; and if he lyve febly and make þis hope fals, himsilf is cause whi his hope is suche. Ffor þis fals hope, þat sum men do clepen dispeir, shulde have anoþir qualite. †4. without any dispayre: a metrical tag, meaning apparently ‘without doubt, without fail, certainly, iwis’: perhaps an alteration of ‘without diswere, disware’, of earlier use. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > making certain, assurance > of course, certainly [phrase] to iwissea1000 mid iwissea1000 in wisc1000 to wis(se)c1000 without(en (any) weenc1175 sans fail1297 thereof no strife1297 but werea1300 forouten werea1300 out of werea1300 without werea1300 without deceit1303 for certainc1320 it is to wittingc1320 withouten carec1320 without nayc1330 without noc1330 without (but out of) dread1340 no doubtc1380 without distancec1390 no fresea1400 out of doubta1400 without doubta1400 for, (in, at obs.), of, to (a) certaintyc1400 withouten stance14.. hazel woods shakea1413 of, on, in warrantisec1440 sure enough?1440 without question?1440 wythout diswerec1440 without any dispayrec1470 for (also of) a surety?a1475 in (also for) surenessa1475 of certainc1485 without any (also all) naya1500 out of question?1526 past question?1526 for sure1534 what else1540 beyond (also out of, past, without) (all) peradventure1542 to be a bidden by1549 out of (also without) all cry1565 with a witness1579 upon my word1591 no question1594 out of all suspicion1600 for a certain1608 without scruple1612 to be sure1615 that's pos1710 in course1722 beyond (all) question1817 (and) no mistake1818 no two ways about it (also that)1818 of course1823 bien entendu1844 yessiree1846 you bet you1857 make no mistake1876 acourse1883 sans doute1890 how are you?1918 you bet your bippy1968 c1470 J. Hardyng Chron. cxxx. i Whiche Henry was erle notified Of Huntyngdon without any dispayre. c1470 J. Hardyng Chron. cxxxiv. iv Isabell the fayre His doughter was without any dispayre. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online December 2021). despairv. /dɪˈspɛː/ Forms: Middle English–1500s des-, dis-, dys-, -peir(e, -peyr(e, -payr(e, dispar(e, -paire, Middle English disspare, disspaire, dyspere, despeyer, Middle English–1600s despere, despare, despaire, despayr, Middle English–1700s dispair, 1500s dyspayer, Middle English– despair. Etymology: Middle English des- , dis-peiren , -payren , < Old French despeir-, stressed stem-form of desperer < Latin dēspērāre to despair, < de- prefix 1f + spērāre to hope. (Displaced in French by dés-espérer, a Romanic compound of espérer to hope: so Provençal dezesperar and Spanish desesperar.) 1. a. intransitive. To lose or give up hope; to be without hope. Const. of (with indirect passive to be despaired of); rarely †in (obsolete), to with infinitive. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > despair [verb (intransitive)] ortrowOE untrust?c1225 despaira1340 wantrokec1350 desespeirec1380 mishopea1400 to be despairedc1400 wanhopea1425 to sit beside the saddle1563 a1340 R. Rolle Psalter cxviii. 156 Of synful men peryss nane thare [= need] dispayre. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Cor. ii. 7 Lest perauenture he that is such maner man..dispeire. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 90 Þat he despering in þe mercy of God, trust in þe cloþis of men. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 514/1 I despayre, I am in wan hope, je despere. 1562 Certayn Serm. preached in Lincs. in H. Latimer 27 Serm. ii. f. 103 Phisitions had dispeired of that woman, it passed their cunnyng to helpe her. 1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Confession in Catech. 3 To dispaire in Gode his mercy. 1606 True Relation Proc. at Arraignm. Late Traitors sig. Hh4^v He dispayred in Gods protection. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xl. 255 Despairing of the justice of the sons of Samuel, they would have a King. 1680 Bp. G. Burnet Some Passages Life Earl of Rochester 13 He almost dispaired to recover it. 1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 159. ⁋6 As long as you hope, I will not despair. 1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. May (1965) I. 411 His Life was dispair'd of. 1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives (1879) I. 117/1 Tarquin, despairing to reascend the throne by stratagem, applied [etc.]. 1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) IV. 81 He did not despair of being able to find excuses. 1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits xv. 263 When Cobden had begun to despair, it announced his triumph. †b. reflexive in same sense. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > despair [verb (reflexive)] despairc1386 c1386 G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale 425 Dispaire yow nought. c1386 G. Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋624 He that despeireth hym, is lyke the coward campioun recreant. 1483 W. Caxton tr. Caton F vj b Thou oughtest not to dyspeyre the. a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) ii. f. ccxlii^v/2 He wolde dyspere hymselfe. 1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) ii. x. sig. m.i Suche lecherous people dyspayre them whan the houre cometh of theyr departynge. †c. to be despaired, in same sense: see to be despaired at despaired adj. 1. Obsolete. †2. transitive. To deprive of hope, cast into despair. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > desperate state or condition > render desperate [verb (transitive)] despair1393 desperate1801 1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. x. 38 That no deuel shal ȝow dere ne despeir in ȝoure deyinge. a1595 R. Williams Actions Lowe Countries 30 (T.) Having no hope to despair the governour to deliver it [the fort] into their enemies' hands. a1618 W. Raleigh Dialogue To despaire all his faithfull subjects. †3. transitive. To cease to hope for, to be without hope of; = despair of in 1. Obsolete or archaic. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > despair, hopelessness > despair of [verb (transitive)] ortrowOE mishopea1250 despairc1485 deplore1559 c1485 Digby Myst. (1882) v. 467 Thei that despeyer mercy haue grett conpunccion. 1597 Bp. J. King Lect. Ionas xliv. 598 Rotten members; whose cure is despaired. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) v. x. 13 Macbeth. I beare a charmed Life... Macduff. Dispaire thy Charme. View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 660 Peace is despaird, For who can think Submission? View more context for this quotation 1706 I. Watts Horæ Lyricæ ii. 231 How are his Curtains drawn For a long Evening that despairs the Dawn! 1732 Ld. Lansdowne Ess. Unnat. Flights (T.) Love, despairing in her heart a place, Would needs take up his lodging in her face. 1773 Hist. Ld. Ainsworth I. 31 I had almost begun to despair ever meeting her again. 4. Used by Wyclif apparently in sense: To hope amiss, to indulge false or mistaken hope. (Cf. despair n. 3.) ΚΠ c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 339 He..is folily disceyued in hise bileue and in hope, and þus he dispeyreþ. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.c1325v.a1340
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