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单词 allay
释义

allayn.1

Brit. /əˈleɪ/, U.S. /əˈleɪ/, /æˈleɪ/
Forms: Middle English allaie, Middle English–1500s alaie, Middle English–1500s alaye, Middle English–1500s aley, Middle English–1600s alay, Middle English–1600s allaye, Middle English– allay, 1500s aleye, 1500s–1600s alley.
Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly a borrowing from French. Probably partly formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: French allai ; allay v.1
Etymology: Probably partly (especially in uses at branch I.) < Old French, Middle French allai, allaie, alai, alaie, lai alloy (13th cent.), variants of aloi alloy n. (compare later allay v.3); and partly (especially in uses at branch II.) < allay v.1 Compare discussion at allay v.1 on the semantic overlap between allay v.1 and allay v.3 and the difficulty this presents for analysis of examples of these and related words.With the specific sense ‘comparative purity or prescribed degree of fineness of gold or silver’ (see sense 1a) compare Anglo-Norman de dreit allai composed of alloy of correct proportions, and compare discussion at alloy n. With sense 1b compare Middle French aloi in extended use in the meaning ‘value’ (beginning of the 15th cent. or earlier), especially in phrases, as de bon aloi, de faux aloi, de mauvais aloi.
Now rare.
†I. Senses relating to alloy n.
1.
a. The comparative purity or prescribed degree of fineness of gold or silver; = alloy n. 1. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > precious metal > [noun] > gold or silver > degree of purity of
allaya1325
toucha1325
assayc1430
finesse1463
betternessc1530
alloy1593
standarda1684
sterling1696
titre1839
a1325 Statutes of Realm (2011) xli. 108 Suluer of þe molde of sterlyng, ore of betere aley.
1423–4 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1423 §55. m. 31 That the maistre of the mynte, make the white moneye as justely as is possible, after the alay of the old sterlyng.
c1503 R. Arnold Chron. sig. Aiiijv This yere [sc.1424] was ordeyned ye alay of golde.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccciv. 454 Money, bothe whyte and blacke, of the same forme and alay as is in Parys.
1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie 126 A large reuennue..if you will consider the computation and alley of money then currant.
1613 A. Sherley Relation Trav. Persia 95 He so consumed his treasure that hee was compelled to abase the allay of his Gold and Siluer.
1676 Man. Goldsm. 4 Which degree of allay..is commonly called the Sterling Allay.
1752 tr. Frederick II of Prussia Of Manners in Mem. House Brandenburg 233 The old crowns of good allay were worth from 28 to 30 grosses.
b. Intrinsic character or nature; quality. In early use also in plural in same sense. Obsolete.Chiefly with modifying adjective, esp. in the comparative.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun] > qualities, stuff
conditionsc1374
allaya1456
mettle?1520
stuff1557
alloy1594
wood1594
intrinsical1655
cast1711
calibre1808
timber1906
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun]
pitheOE
i-cundeeOE
roota1325
substancec1330
juicec1380
marrowa1382
formc1385
acta1398
quidditya1398
substantial forma1398
inward1398
savourc1400
inwardc1450
allaya1456
essencya1475
being1521
bottom1531
spirit?1534
summary1548
ecceity1549
core1556
flower1568
formality1570
sum and substance1572
alloy1594
soul1598
inwardness1605
quid1606
fibre1607
selfness1611
whatness1611
essentialityc1616
propera1626
the whole shot1628
substantiala1631
esse1642
entity1643
virtuality1646
ingeny1647
quoddity1647
intimacy1648
ens1649
inbeing1661
essence1667
interiority1701
intrinsic1716
stamen1758
character1761
quidditas1782
hyparxis1792
rasa1800
bone1829
what1861
isness1865
inscape1868
as-suchness1909
Wesen1959
a1456 (a1407) H. Scogan Moral Balade (Ashm.) l. 136 in F. J. Furnivall Chaucer's Minor Poems (1879) iii. 430/2 Youre vnsure youþe is of so fals alayes, Þat of suche artes you list not to here.
1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades i. 17 Agree your selfe vnto his wil, with wordes of milde allay.
1641 R. Greville Nature of Truth x. 84 If the forme of this activity be not these reasonable workings, it must be something either of a baser allay, or of a higher stamp.
a1699 W. Temple Ess. Pop. Discontents in Miscellanea: 3rd Pt. (1701) i. 81 Noble Families would not be exhausted by Competition with those of meaner Allay.
1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. iv. 287 The Committee..prepared other Votes of a brighter Allay.
a1722 J. Toland Coll. Several Pieces (1726) I. i. 24 The books of such are..a heap of precarious fables..with others of no better allay in Britain and Germany.
2.
a. Admixture of metals; esp. admixture of a valuable with a less valuable metal; alloying. Also: a mixture of metals, a metallic compound. Cf. alloy n. 3b. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > alloy > [noun] > alloy with baser metal
allay1348
basenessa1475
alloy1689
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > alloy > [noun]
layc1480
metal1541
loy1598
mixed metal1617
alloy1689
allay1796
intermetallic1956
1348 in C. Welch Hist. Pewterers of London (1902) I. 3 (MED) Pottes rounde..to be wrouȝte of tyn with an alay of lede to a resonable mesure, and the mesure of the alay of an c tyn is xxvj lb. lede.
1429–30 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Sept. 1429 §66. m. 2 Gold, nobles, half nobles..forged into oþer coygnes, so þat þai [sc. exchangers] wynne in þe alay of ech noble .xx. d.
a1475 (a1449) in F. J. Furnivall Polit., Relig., & Love Poems (1903) 73 Trewe metall requirith non alay.
a1626 F. Bacon Physiol. Remains in Baconiana (1679) 111 Gold incorporates with Copper in any proportion, the common Allay... Gold incorporates with Tin, the ancient Allay.
1641 Rastell's Termes de la Ley (new ed.) f. 19 Allay is the temper or mixture of gold and silver with baser mettall.
1675 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 10 346 As many mixtures or degrees of allay as you think fit.
1719 T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth II. 306 Those that know finest Metal say, No Gold will Coyn without allay.
1796 G. Pearson in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 86 421 This allay of ten parts of copper with one part of steel.
b. figurative. Admixture of something undesirable; an instance of this. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [noun] > by impairing element
allay1579
alloy1712
1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin iii. 173 There is no earthly blisse so perfect, which hath not his aleye with some bitternes or bale.
1649 Bp. J. Taylor Great Exemplar §12 The best and most excellent..had an allay of viciousness.
1660 E. Waterhouse Disc. Arms & Armory 112 That were..a baston of allay [i.e. of illegitimacy] to that Gentleman.
1707 M. Henry Expos. Five Bks. Moses (Gen. xxviii. 1–5) sig. O3v/2 While there is such an Allay as there is of Sin in our Duties, we must expect an Allay of Trouble in our Comforts.
1796 F. Burney Camilla III. v. i. 2 Good-nature gives pleasure without any allay.
3. Less valuable metal (or a metallic compound) mixed with one of greater value; a piece or type of such metal; = alloy n. 3a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > alloy > [noun] > alloy with baser metal > inferior metal mixed with one of greater value
allayc1400
alloy1615
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xv. l. 342 As in lussheborwes is a lyther alay, and ȝet loketh he lyke a sterlynge, Þe merke of þat mone is good, ac þe metal is fieble.
a1500 Warkworth's Chron. (1839) 4 The same ryolle was put viij.d. of aley.
1565 Proclam. Elizabeth I 1 June (single sheet) Certayne other forrayne peeces of golde,..beyng for they lacke of wayght, and for the basenesse of the allay, not worth. vii. shillinges.
1577 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1878) 1st Ser. II. 598 The said Johnne..sall deliver the samyn [silver]..with the allay thairto.
1614 W. Camden Remaines (rev. ed.) 204 A pound of money conteineth twelue ounces,..two Easterlings and one ferling, and the other allay.
1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) i. 5 Mixture of Falshood, is like Allay in Coyne of Gold and Siluer; which may make the Metall worke the better, but it embaseth it.
1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. ii. 121 For Fools are Stubborn in their way: As Coyns are hardned by th' Allay.
1743 N. Tindal tr. P. Rapin de Thoyras Hist. Eng. (ed. 3) II. xvii. 62 Queen Elizabeth reduced the Silver coin to eleven Ounces, two Pennyweight fine, and eighteen Pennyweight allay.
1796 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 86 427 The oxides of several of the brittle metals were known indeed to the Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans..; but not one of them was used as an allay, except the oxide of zinc to compose artificial orichalcum.
1852 A. Ryland Assay of Gold & Silver 2 The added metal is called the ‘allay’ or ‘alloy’.
4. Something which is mixed with another thing of different character or quality; esp. an undesirable element which impairs something good (cf. sense 3). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [noun] > a harmful thing or person > element
allaya1450
alloy1602
a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 4461 (MED) Her trouth was meynte wiþ non allayes; They were so trewe founde at alle assayes.
1555 Lydgate's Auncient Hist. Warres betwixte Grecians & Troyans iii. xxv. sig. R.iii Though so be..They can outwarde wepe pyteously, The tother eye can laugh couertly. Whose sorowes all are tempred with alleys.
1628 R. Hayman Quodlibets i. 15 But your rich mind mixt with no base allay, is ancient Opher of the old assay.
1692 G. Burnet Serm. preached at Funeral R. Boyle 16 This leads him into the knowledge of the hidden Vertues that are in Plants and Minerals; this teaches him to purify these, from the Allays that are wrapped about them.
1753 W. Ayre Four Ethic Epist. iii. 29 Unmix'd with ill, we nothing good behold, There's always great allay in moral gold.
1770 T. Percy tr. P. H. Mallet Northern Antiq. I. i. 17 Nature..always mingles some allay with the rigour of her severities.
1817 H. Clarke & J. Dougall Cabinet of Arts 735 Take what plums you please, mix those of a sweet taste with an allay of those that are somewhat sour.
II. Senses influenced by or derived from allay v.1
5. Lessening of the force or intensity of something; abatement; moderation; alleviation; an instance of this. Also: a calming or moderating influence.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > calmness > [noun] > calming person or thing
quietera1542
cooler1592
allayment1609
allay1614
julepa1640
composer1649
calmer1653
lull1721
tranquillizer1800
calmant1811
steadier1864
calmative1870
quietive1873
soothment1900
the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > [noun] > one who or that which mitigates or moderates
slakea1300
mitigativea1398
allayerc1487
slaker?1518
assuager1547
abater1583
mollifier1583
mitigator1586
moderator1589
softener1599
rebater1601
lightener?1611
allay1614
swager1617
mitigation1622
temperer1630
alleviator1665
alleviative1672
sheather1762
soberera1849
buffer1858
charmer1871
suppressant1884
modifier1890
moderant1897
shock-absorber1924
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. l. 6034 (MED) Ruste of Sclaundir..Of whos venym ful selde is made alay.
1573 T. Bedingfield tr. G. Cardano Comforte i. sig. Aiv Vnlesse the cloude of error bee remoued, impossible it is to see the truth, or receiue allay of our earthly woes.
1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. v. iii. §16. 531 Whose temper needed the allay of a more staied wit.
a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Double Marriage v. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Fffff/1 You are of a high and cholericke complexion, And you must have allayes.
1668 J. Austin Devotions Hymn xxxv. 410 Come thou our passions cool Allay.
a1732 T. Boston View this & other World (1790) 234 There is a mighty restlessness, turning and shifting from one thing to another, for some allay of the present uneasiness.
1758 S. Hayward Seventeen Serm. Introd. 19 A considerable allay to our grief.
1842 Fraser's Mag. 26 90 All the horrors were present..without the allay of one soothing image to divest them of their power.
1883 R. J. McClatchey J. Laurie's Homœopathic Domest. Med. (ed. 9) 911 Almost constant thirst, or continual craving for food, without allay of hunger by eating.
1908 S. B. Terry Dynamics Organism & Physics 88 Good will of others,..or allay of enmity.
†6. Dilution, esp. of wine with water. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > making or becoming liquid > action or process of dilution > [noun] > with water
allaya1450
watering1604
lowering1753
a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 3532 (MED) [Lycurgus] first sett allay on wynys, Meynte water whan they were to strong.
1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. xi. sig. fijv Galen wyll nat permitte that pure wyne without alay of water, shulde..be gyven to children.
a1637 B. Jonson Magnetick Lady iii. i. 22 in Wks. (1640) III He onely takes it in French wine, With an allay of water.
1691 Bragadocio iii. i. 35 Qualifie a dish of Coffee with an allay of Tea.
1757 tr. Horace Odes ii. x, in W. Duncombe et al. tr. Horace Wks. I. 173 This hot Falernian Wine Requires Allay.
†7. Restraint, restriction. Also: a person who or thing which acts as a check or rebuff to something; a restraint, an impediment. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hindering completely or preventing > [noun] > that which
lockeOE
floodgatec1230
stopc1508
staya1533
snub1581
prevention1584
embarment1606
allay1607
spar1614
counterchecka1616
gag1618
preventivea1639
check1661
preventative1691
embargo1692
closed door1934
policeman1951
block-
1607 B. Barnes Divils Charter v. i. sig. K3 Then did I giue allay the second time, The second prizoner died within three houres. I did the third time mittigate, a little.
1641 Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia (new ed.) 21 He was one of the great allayes [1641 (ed. 1) alwaies] of the Austerian embracements.
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ii. 80 All these his excellent Practices Bede dasheth with this Allay.
1675 H. N. Payne Siege of Constantinople iv. 69 My Lord, I have a mind to give allay to your excessive laughter.
1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. xii. 235 The Principles in our Mind may be contradictory, or checks and Allays only..to each other.
1783 S. Stennett Disc. Domestick Duties xii. 635 It had been better for them, if their pleasures had suffered more allays and interruptions.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

† allayn.2

Forms: late Middle English–1700s allay, 1600s allaye, 1600s–1700s alay.
Origin: Probably a borrowing from French. Etymon: French eleis.
Etymology: Probably < Anglo-Norman eleis, Anglo-Norman and Middle French eslais galop, rush, dash, assault < eslaissier to rush, to gallop, to release, let go, set free, give free rein to < es- es- prefix + laissier lease v.3 Compare earlier relay n.1, which probably influenced the application to hounds in English.In the following dictionary definitions apparently confused with relay n.1:1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Alay, a Term us'd in Hunting, when fresh Dogs are sent into the Cry.1775 J. Ash New Dict. Eng. Lang. Alay, an addition of fresh dogs to the cry.
Hunting. Obsolete.
An act of putting hounds onto a scent; spec. the release of a small set of hounds after the rest of the pack returns (cf. relay n.1 1).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting with hounds > [noun] > releasing hounds
uncouplingc1369
allay1486
slip1602
throw-off1828
1486 Bk. St. Albans sig. fi Than let thyn houndes all to geder goo That called is an Allay.
1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie lxxix. 243 When they tarrie till the rest of the kennell come in, and then cast off, it is called an Allay.
1630 J. Taylor Wks. i. 93 What Necromanticke spells are..Allaye, Relaye, Foreloyning, Huntcownter,..and a thousand more such Utopian fragments of confused Gibberish.
a1648 W. Percy Faery Pastorall iv. i, in Cuck-queanes & Cuckolds Errants (1824) 150 With Greyhounds..I made the Alay to the Deere.
1735 Sportsman's Dict. II. at Terms in Hunting When some few hounds..tarry until the rest of the hounds come in, it is called an allay.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

allayv.1

Brit. /əˈleɪ/, U.S. /əˈleɪ/, /æˈleɪ/
Forms: 1. Present stem. a. Infinitive early Old English alecggan, Old English alecgan, Old English alęcgan (rare), Old English alegcan (rare), Old English alege (imperative singular), Old English aleggean (rare), late Old English alegan (perhaps transmission error), late Old English aleggan, early Middle English alecge, Middle English alegge, Middle English aleye, Middle English–1600s alaye, Middle English–1600s allaie, Middle English–1600s allaye, Middle English–1700s alay, 1500s alley, 1500s–1600s alaie, 1500s– allay. b. 3rd singular indicative Old English alegeð (rare), Old English alegð, Old English aleið (rare), late Old English alecgeð, early Middle English aleȝð, Middle English alayeþ, Middle English alayth, Middle English–1600s alaies, Middle English–1600s alayeth, 1500s–1600s alayes, 1500s–1600s allaies, 1500s–1600s allaieth, 1500s–1600s allayes, 1500s–1600s allayeth, 1500s– allays, 1600s alaieth, 1600s alays. 2. Past tense early Old English alegdun (plural indicative, runic), Old English alægde (Northumbrian, rare), Old English alede, Old English–early Middle English alegde, late Old English–early Middle English aleigde, early Middle English alæȝde, early Middle English alæid, Middle English aleide, Middle English aleyde, Middle English alleyde, Middle English–1500s alayde, Middle English–1600s alayed, 1500s–1600s alayd, 1500s–1600s allaid, 1500s–1600s allayd, 1500s– allayed, 1600s alaid. 3. Past participle Old English aleged, Old English aleiged (rare), Old English–early Middle English alegd, Old English–early Middle English aleigd, Old English–Middle English aled, early Middle English alead (perhaps transmission error), early Middle English aleigð (probably transmission error), early Middle English aligd, Middle English aleid, Middle English aleide, Middle English aleyd, Middle English aleyde, Middle English–1500s aleyed, Middle English–1600s alaid, Middle English–1600s alaied, Middle English–1600s alayd, Middle English–1600s alayde, Middle English–1600s alayed, Middle English–1600s allayd, Middle English– allayed, 1500s–1600s alaide, 1500s–1600s allaide, 1500s–1600s allayde, 1600s allaid, 1600s allaied.
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old High German irleggen , erlegen to put on, to set against, to determine (German erlegen ) and (showing a stressed form of the same prefix) Gothic uslagjan to lay on < the Germanic base of or- prefix (compare a- prefix1) + the Germanic base of lay v.1 Down to the late Middle English period the word showed alternation of two different stem types (Middle English alegge and aleye) in different parts of the paradigm, and showed considerable overlap in form and meaning with a number of other verbs. This overlap apparently led to partial merger with two other verbs, with the result that some examples given below can only very tentatively be regarded as showing developments from Old English alecgan.Form history. The form history in Old English and Middle English is parallel to that of lay v.1 (see discussion at that entry), so that in Middle English there were two different form types, (the regularly developed present stem) alegge and (originally restricted to the 2nd and 3rd singular present, the imperative singular, and the past tense and past participle) aleye , later also alaye . By the late 14th cent. the type aleye , alaye is found levelled to all parts of the paradigm, and by the end of the 15th cent. forms of the alegge type had been lost completely. The spelling in -ll- arose by association with words ultimately from Latin in all- (see ad- prefix). The following example probably shows a deliberately archaizing form of this word (rather than an example of allege v.2):1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Mar. f. 8v The ioyous time now nighest fast, That shall alegge this bitter blast. Relationships with other words of similar form. The two Middle English stem forms, alegge and aleye (or alaye ) were each identical to two different verbs of Romance origin: allege v.1, allege v.2, allay v.2, and allay v.3 In the case of allege v.2, a verb borrowed from Anglo-Norman was identical in form to the alegge forms of the present word, and showed a meaning ‘to relieve, alleviate, mitigate (a burden, pain, etc.)’ (see allege v.2 1) that overlapped considerably with a meaning that appears to have developed rather earlier for the present word (see branch II.). Formal evidence is sufficient to show that both verbs had this meaning, but there are many individual examples that can only tentatively be assigned to one word or the other: see note at allege v.2 on the criteria that have been applied here. Branch III. shows semantic overlap with allay v.3, another verb of Romance origin. In this instance there are no formal criteria by which examples can be assigned to one verb or the other, since there are no examples of forms of the alegge type, nor significant early examples of the aleye type in parts of the paradigm other than those in which it is expected historically. As noted at allay v.3, either borrowing or influence from Middle French seems likeliest in the meaning ‘to alloy (metals)’; compare also Anglo-Norman alaier to dilute (13th or 14th cent. in an apparently isolated attestation in this form). It is likely that from at least the early 15th cent. onwards there was at least partial merger of two verbs of distinct origin, and hence assignment of examples to one verb or the other becomes to a certain extent arbitrary. In the cases of allege v.1 and allay v.2 it is possible (but by no means certain) that association with the form variation shown by the present word may have encouraged the identification of the two verbs as equivalent to one another (see discussion at allege v.1 and allay v.2). Runic attestation. In the early Old English (Northumbrian) runic form alegdun from the inscription on the Ruthwell Cross (c700), the rune here transcribed as g is the unmodified giefu-rune (which implies palatalization of the original velar fricative in the spelling system of this text).
I. To lay aside, put down, or quell, and related senses.
†1. transitive. In physical sense: to lay, lay down, lay aside. Also figurative. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > place or put in a position [verb (transitive)] > put or lay down
allayOE
seta1000
to lay downc1275
to put downa1382
to set downa1400
deposec1420
to sit down1600
depositate1618
deposit1749
ground1751
plank1859
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xxii. 356 Ic alecge þine fynd under þinum fotscamele.
OE Rule St. Benet (Corpus Cambr.) lviii. 101 Write he þa fæstnunge mid his agenre handa..and hine [read hy] swa fæstniende mid his agenum handum uppan þone altare alecge [OE Corpus Oxf. lecge, a1225 Winteney alecge; L. ponat].
OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) ii. 16 Hig efstende comon, & gemetton marian & iosep & þæt cild on binne aled [c1200 Hatton aleigd; L. positum].
c1175 ( Homily: Hist. Holy Rood-tree (Bodl. 343) (1894) 32 Ða nom heo arest þeo rode..ant hire uppon ðene deaden alæȝde.
†2.
a. transitive. To set aside (a custom, practice, etc.); to annul, abolish (a law). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > memory > effacement, obliteration > cancellation, revocation > annul, cancel, revoke [verb (transitive)]
fordoOE
allayOE
withdrawc1290
withclepe13..
again-callc1390
to call againc1390
repealc1390
revokec1400
unmakec1400
rive1415
annulc1425
abroge1427
uncommandc1430
discharge?a1439
retreatc1443
retract1501
cancela1513
abrogate?1520
dissolve1526
extinct1531
rescind1531
abrenounce1537
infringe1543
recall1565
unwrite1577
extinguish1590
exauctorate1593
relinquish1594
unact1594
to strike off1597
undecide1601
unpass1606
to take off1609
to draw back1610
reclaim1615
to put back1616
abrenunciate1618
unrip1622
supersedeate1641
to set off1642
unassure1643
unorder1648
to ask away1649
disdetermine1651
unbespeak1661
undecree1667
reassumea1675
off-break1702
circumduct1726
raise1837
resiliate1838
denounce1841
disorder1852
pull1937
society > law > rule of law > illegality > render illegal [verb (transitive)] > deprive of legal validity
abatea1325
squatcha1325
voida1325
allayc1325
annul1395
reverse1395
revokec1400
rupt?a1425
repealc1425
abroge1427
defeat1429
purloin1461
cassa1464
toll1467
resume1472
reprove1479
suspend1488
discharge1495
reduce1498
cassate1512
defease1512
denulla1513
disannula1513
fordoa1513
avoid1514–5
abrogate?1520
frustrate1528
revert1528
disaffirm?1530
extinct1530
resolve1537
null1538
nihilate1545
extinguish1548
elidec1554
revocate1564
annullate1570
squat1577
skaila1583
irritate1605
retex1606
nullify1607
unable1611
refix1621
vitiate1627
invalid1643
vacate1643
unlaw1644
outlaw1647
invalidate1649
disenact1651
vacuate1654
supersedec1674
destroy1805
break1891
OE Ælfric Homily: De Duodecim Abusivis (Corpus Cambr. 178) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 302 He sceal..þa arleasan adræfan of his earde, mid ealle wiccecræft alecgan & wiglunge ne gyman.
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1052 On þan ylcan geare alede Eadward cyng þæt heregyld þæt Æþelred cyng ær astealde.
a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily In Die Sancto Pentecosten (Lamb. 487) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 91 Bi-reowsiað eo[w]re sunnan and underfoð fuluht on cristes nome: þenne beoð eowre sunnen aleide [OE Royal adylegode].
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3846 Þurh þa luue of þan feo feond-scipe aleggen.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 3029 Gode lawes, þat were aleyd, nywe he let make.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 5240 Þan william wiȝtli..a-leide alle luþer lawes.
1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) iv. xxxvi. f. lxxxiiij Worshyp is aleyde and neuer shal retourne.
a1500 Siege Jerusalem (Brogyntyn) (1969) 73 Þe vsavge..was alayd wh [read when] [Jesus] sayd ‘Consummatum est’; that betonkenyȝth: The newe testement is begon, for þe old is indyte.
b. transitive. To relinquish, abandon. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose or intention [verb (transitive)] > desert/renounce a cause, principle, or person
withsayc960
forsakec1175
renayc1300
waive1303
to waive from1303
allayc1330
to fall from ——c1350
relinquish1454
forlesec1460
to give over1477
missake1481
return1483
guerpe1484
abrenounce1537
to turn the back uponc1540
renege1548
forspeak1565
recant1567
reject1574
abnegate1616
abrenunciate1618
derelinque1623
ejurate1623
to give one the backa1624
derelinquisha1631
ejure1642
delinquish1645
desert1654
deviate1757
to give up1970
c1330 Otuel (Auch.) (1882) l. 240 (MED) Bi me he sente þe to segge, Þou sscholdest cristendom a-legge.
c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 3300 Hot þat þyn assaut be noȝt aled and let by-gynne hit newe.
†3. transitive. To bring down, overthrow (a person, nation, etc.); to reduce to submission. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > mastery or superiority > have or gain mastery or superiority over [verb (transitive)] > overcome or overwhelm > completely or overthrow
shrenchc897
allayOE
fellOE
quellOE
to bring to the groundc1175
forlesec1200
to lay downa1225
acastc1225
accumberc1275
cumber1303
confoundc1330
overthrowc1375
cumrayc1425
overquell?c1450
overwhelvec1450
to nip in (also by, on) the head (also neck, pate)?a1500
prostrate1531
quash1556
couch1577
unhorse1577
prosternate1593
overbeata1616
unchariot1715
floor1828
quench1841
to knock over1853
fling1889
to throw down1890
steamroller1912
wipe1972
zonk1973
OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1900) II. 148 Hi eodon þa begen on þære bricge togædere, and se geleaffulla casere alede þone Godes feond, Cosdrues sunu.
OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Josh. (Claud.) x. 13 Ða stod seo sunne on ðam stede..oð ðæt hi aledon heora fynd [L. donec ulcisceretur se gens de inimicis suis].
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13016 Ne wende ich þat na man..me mihte þus lehtliche a-leggen mid fehte, bute hit Arður weore.
c1325 in T. Wright Specimens Lyric Poetry (1842) 105 Alle thre shule ben aleyd, with huere foule crokes.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 237 [The Greeks] schulle be aleyde [L. obruentur] wiþ the multitude of Perses.
c1400 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Tiber.) f. 241 (MED) A messager..seyde to þe womman þat here sone was ded & al here meyney allayd & offalle & dede also.
†4.
a. transitive. To destroy or overcome (a principle, attribute, tendency, etc.). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > mastery or superiority > have or gain mastery or superiority over [verb (transitive)] > overcome or overwhelm > completely or overthrow > specifically a thing
allayOE
vanquishc1380
breaka1400
quealc1530
quail1533
ruin1585
to wrestle down?1611
to take down1889
to beat down-
OE Ælfric Homily: De Duodecim Abusivis (Corpus Cambr. 178) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 301 Se hlaford sceal beon liðe þam goodum & egefull þam dysegum þæt he heora dysig alecge.
OE Laws of Cnut (Nero) ii. vii. §1. 312 Se ðe eard wylle rihtlice clænsian & unriht alecgan & rihtwisnesse lufian.
a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 11 Unbileue..is aiware aleid, and rihte leue arered.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 2381 (MED) Bot þou do vs nou socoure, Aleide is, Darrie, þine honoure.
c1425 (?a1400) Arthur (Longleat 55) l. 219 (MED) Thy pryde we woll alaye.
1580 A. Munday Zelauto 41 (margin) He vseth threatning woordes, thinking thereby to allay the corage of the Lady.
1642 D. Rogers Naaman 205 Wherby carnall reason is somewhat alaied and abated.
1659 J. Pearson Expos. Apostles Creed i. 120 The vulgar accounts,..sufficiently refuting an eternity, and allaying all conceits of any great antiquity.
b. transitive. To dismiss by argument; to refute. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > refute, disprove [verb (transitive)]
answerOE
bitavelena1225
allayc1275
confoundc1384
concludea1400
conclusea1400
forblenda1400
gainsaya1400
rejag1402
to bear downc1405
redarguea1425
repugn?a1425
reverse?c1430
improvec1443
reprovea1513
dissolve1529
revince1529
convince1530
confute1533
refel1534
refute1545
void1570
evict1583
infringe1590
reprehend1597
revert1598
evince1608
repel1613
to take off1618
unbubblea1640
invalid1643
invalidate1649
remove1652
retund1653
effronta1657
dispute1659
unreason1661
have1680
demolish1691
to blow sky-high1819
c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 394 Ho ne miȝte noȝt a legge Þat þe hule hadde hire ised.
a1300 Passion our Lord l. 525 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 52 (MED) Þenne wrþ þe laste dwele wurse to alegge Þene þe vorme were.
5.
a. transitive. To quell or subdue (a disturbance or strong emotion); to calm, appease; to put (fear, suspicion, etc.) at rest.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (transitive)] > crush, stifle, or overwhelm (feelings, etc.)
shendOE
whelvec1000
allayOE
ofdrunkenc1175
quenchc1175
quashc1275
stanchc1315
quella1325
slockena1340
drenchc1374
vanquishc1380
stuffa1387
daunt?a1400
adauntc1400
to put downa1425
overwhelmc1425
overwhelvec1450
quatc1450
slockc1485
suppressa1500
suffocate1526
quealc1530
to trample under foot1530
repress1532
quail1533
suppress1537
infringe1543
revocate1547
whelm1553
queasom1561
knetcha1564
squench1577
restinguish1579
to keep down1581
trample1583
repel1592
accable1602
crush1610
to wrestle down?1611
chokea1616
stranglea1616
stifle1621
smother1632
overpower1646
resuppress1654
strangulate1665
instranglea1670
to choke back, down, in, out1690
to nip or crush in the bud1746
spiflicate1749
squasha1777
to get under1799
burke1835
to stamp out1851
to trample down1853
quelch1864
to sit upon ——1864
squelch1864
smash1865
garrotte1878
scotch1888
douse1916
to drive under1920
stomp1936
stultify1958
the mind > emotion > calmness > compose or make calm [verb (transitive)]
softa1225
stilla1325
coolc1330
accoya1375
appeasec1374
attemperc1386
lullc1386
quieta1398
peasea1400
amesec1400
assuagec1400
mesec1400
soberc1430
modify?a1439
establish1477
establish1477
pacify1484
pacify1515
unbrace?1526
settle1530
steady1530
allay1550
calm1559
compromitc1574
restore1582
recollect1587
serenize1598
smooth1604
compose1607
recompose1611
becalm1613
besoothe1614
unprovokea1616
halcyon1616
unstrain1616
leniate1622
tranquillize1623
unperplexa1631
belull1631
sedate1646
unmaze1647
assopiatea1649
serenate1654
serene1654
tranquillify1683
soothe1697
unalarm1722
reserene1755
quietize1791
peacify1845
quieten1853
conjure1856
peace1864
disfever1880
patise1891
de-tension1961
mellow1974
OE Ælfric Homily: De Populo Israhel (Hatton 115) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1968) II. 651 Ða..wolde Moyses gestillan and mid wisdome alecgan heora wodnysse.
lOE St. Nicholas (Corpus Cambr.) (1997) 95 Se Godes mann wearð gefrefrod mid þæs halgan gastes gife & ealle his wræððe þærrihtes niðer alegde.
c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1373 Y-blessed mot þou be For aled þow hast muche debate.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 293 Forto alegge þe outrage of þe kyngdom of Jewes.
a1450 MS Bodl. 779 in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1889) 82 339 (MED) Be-twene mankin & þe fend to alegge þe strif, vppon þe rode he deyde.
1550 W. Lynne tr. J. Carion Thre Bks. Cronicles iii. f. cxlv But after thys victory, was not the stryfe yet alayed which Otho the emperoure had wyth Henry his brother.
1623 J. Bingham tr. Xenophon Hist. 35 To allay, if he could, these distrusts, before they broke out into open hostilitie.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 126 This deadly fray, A cast of scatter'd Dust will soon alay . View more context for this quotation
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 16. ¶4 If I can any way asswage private Inflammations, or allay publick Ferments.
1792 H. H. Brackenridge Mod. Chivalry I. iv. ii. 89 It is no uncommon thing with persons to inflame the passions of their frends, rather than allay them.
1842 W. F. Ainsworth Trav. Asia Minor I. viii. 118 Severe justice..serves rather to keep up than to allay evil propensities.
1855 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Philip II of Spain I. ii. xi. 265 The best means of allaying the popular excitement.
1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times III. xxxii. 48 Various efforts were made to allay the panic.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 475/2 At council meetings he was ever anxious to allay anger and bitter controversy.
1953 P. Gallico Foolish Immortals xvii. 97 Had insisted they follow the usual tourist route to allay suspicion.
1995 N. Patruno Understanding P. Levi 9 Examples of how individuals or groups have attempted to allay their paranoid convictions that all foreigners are enemies.
2011 Daily Tel. 18 Feb. 12/9 The study also allays fears that CBT or GET may be harmful.
b. transitive. To quell (wind, a storm, etc.); to calm, cause to subside. Also in figurative contexts.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (transitive)] > crush, stifle, or overwhelm (feelings, etc.) > storms, etc.
allay1493
alloy1634
the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > make less violent or severe [verb (transitive)] > assuage or calm > specific natural elements
laya1300
mesec1480
allay1493
1493 Chastysing Goddes Chyldern (de Worde) iv. sig. Aivv/1 Hete is thenne ful colde & alayed.
1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Mark v. f. xxxvi Wherefore assone as this storme was alayed,..Iesus, and suche as accompanied hym, arriued on the other side of the water.
1574 J. Baret Aluearie A 240 The tempest is alayed.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. ii. 2 If by your Art (my deerest father) you haue Put the wild waters in this Rore; alay them. View more context for this quotation
1691 J. Flavell Πλανηλογια 442 What more boisterous than the wind? Yet a gentle Rain will allay it.
1719 G. Sewell Trag. Sir Walter Raleigh iv. ii. 44 Like baffl'd Dæmons, when some friendly Spirit Allays the Tempest that their Malice rais'd.
1781 J. Moore View Society & Manners Italy I. ii. 16 One of the virtues of the holy water [is] that of allaying storms.
1846 R. C. Trench Notes Miracles iv. 143 Having allayed the tumult of the outward elements.
1847 B. Disraeli Tancred II. iii. iv. 33 The fervour of the air was allayed.
1909 A. Bierce Coll. Wks. V. 79 Till storm and counter-storm are both allayed, Like donkeys, each by t'other one outbrayed.
1958 O. Sherwin Prophet of Liberty 192 All the ill blood and angry menace stirred the old cloud-compelling spirit within him to allay the storm.
2001 N. Robertson in M. Lackner et al. New Terms for New Ideas i. 54 We are told that dogs were sacrificed to allay the Dog-star heat.
6. transitive. To cause (dust) to settle. Cf. lay v.1 3a.Sometimes passing into sense 10.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > cause to sink, settle, or subside
allayOE
sink1627
fall1789
OE Prudentius Glosses (Cleo. C.viii) in A. S. Napier Old Eng. Glosses (1900) 216/2 Sedato [et puluere campi] : residente, aledum.
c1530 A. Barclay Egloges ii. sig. I.ivv It is bad water that cannat allay dust And very soure ale that can nat quenche thrust.
1598 R. Hakluyt tr. J. de Plano Carpini in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 54 There is neuer any raine in Winter, but onely in Sommer, albeit in so little quantitie, that sometimes it scarcely sufficeth to allay the dust.
1642 T. Fuller Holy State v. xiv. 413 In Noahs floud the dust was but sufficiently allayed.
1663 W. Lucy Observ. Errours Hobbes Leviathan xx. 151 If there be only a disposition to raine, or so little as allayes the dust only, we say, for all that, it is faire weather not foule.
1740 Designs Minister Anatomiz'd 40 Rain..will allay the Dust or Sand of the Country, which in Summer are very intolerable.
1796 J. Trusler Habitable World Described XIX. 374 Charles III. by levelling it [sc. the Prado]..and providing water to allay the dust, has now made it a most elegant walk.
1851 H. Mayhew London Labour II. 133/2 The tea-leaves are often reserved..to be thrown on the carpets when swept, as a means of allaying the dust.
1947 M. Lowry Under Volcano ii. 64 No one had allayed the dust, already paddled by early bare feet.
2010 Courier Mail (Austral.) (Nexis) 5 Feb. 66 He mixes a bit of liquid wetting agent in with the water and it..allays the dust.
†7. intransitive. To subside, abate, cease; to become calm. Obsolete. [Compare earlier alie v.1 1.]
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > become less violent or severe [verb (intransitive)]
allayc1275
softc1300
assuage1330
swagec1330
slakea1352
stanchc1420
overslakec1425
appeasec1440
to swage ofc1440
to sit downa1555
soften1565
slack1580
mitigate1633
moderate1737
gentle1912
the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > decrease in quantity, amount, or degree [verb (intransitive)]
littleOE
setc1000
wanzec1175
lessc1225
allayc1275
wane1297
slaken1303
disincreasec1374
slakec1380
decrease1382
debatea1400
unwaxa1400
wastea1400
adminishc1400
lessenc1400
imminish14..
aslakec1405
minish?a1425
assuagec1430
shrinkc1449
to let down1486
decay1489
diminish1520
fall1523
rebate1540
batea1542
to come down1548
abate1560
stoop1572
pine1580
slack1580
scanten1585
shrivel1588
decrew1596
remit1629
contract1648
subside1680
lower1697
relax1701
drop1730
to take off1776
to run down1792
reduce1798
recede1810
to run off1816
to go down1823
attenuatea1834
ease1876
downscale1945
the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > capacity for emotion > sensitiveness or tenderness > become (more) sensitive or tender [verb (intransitive)] > specifically of the heart
softc1300
relent1509
allay1723
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12413 Þa seten adun alle þa duȝeðe on heore benche, and þa luding alæid [c1300 Otho alay] biuoren þan leod-kinge.
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 6008 Þe wind gan a-legge [c1275 Calig. gond aliðen] an þat weder softi.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Mark iv. f. xlix And the wynde alayed.
1561 J. Hollybush tr. H. Brunschwig Most Excellent Homish Apothecarye f. 33 For assone as the stomake perceyueth the sauoure of the bread, then doth the wamblinge alaye.
1595 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 i. iv. 147 And when the rage alaies the raine begins.
1609 T. Heywood Troia Britanica xvii. 466 The Gusts and Tempests now begin t'allay.
1683 J. Barnard Theologo-historicus 196 The Sermon..was presently after sent to the Bishop, who kept it in his hands for some days, in which time his passions allayed.
1723 R. Wodrow Corr. (1843) III. 78 If there were any room to hope that your hearts were allaying.
II. Senses corresponding to allege v.2 (see note in etymology).
8. transitive. To lessen (a burden, pain, hunger, etc.); to assuage, relieve, alleviate. Cf. allege v.2 1.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > pleasure > state of being consoled or relieved > be relieved of [verb (transitive)] > console or relieve > relieve (suffering)
lissea1000
alightOE
allayc1225
softc1225
comfort1297
laya1300
eathea1325
allegea1375
appeasec1374
laska1375
slakea1387
releasea1393
balma1400
to bete one of one's balea1400
to cool a person's caresc1400
delivera1413
leggea1425
mitigate?a1425
repress?a1425
alleviate?a1475
allevya1500
alleve1544
leviate1545
lenify1567
allevate1570
ungrieve1589
straight1604
mulcify1653
balsama1666
solace1667
meliorate1796
c1225 (?OE) Soul's Addr. to Body (Worcester) (Fragm. C) l. 19 [Dea]þ hine haueþ bituned and þene teone aleid.
a1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 7 Þu miht lihtliche..al mi sor aleggen.
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) 12818 Al þis lond he wole for-fare bote þou alegge oure care.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vi. l. 310 Which mai his sori thurst allaie.
c1450 (?a1405) J. Lydgate Complaint Black Knight (Fairf.) l. 109 in Minor Poems (1934) ii. 387 (MED) To tast a draght of this welle..My bitter langour yf hyt myght alay.
1542 T. Elyot Bibliotheca at Demosthenes The wolues beyng without any fear,..dyd eate now & than a shepe, to alay their hunger.
1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 341 The roote Rhodia..alayeth head ache.
1600 T. Nashe Summers Last Will sig. E3 Eate a spoonfull of the curd to allay your choller.
1681 A. Wyndham Claustrum Regale Reseratum (ed. 3) 76 The pleasantness of the Host..allayed and mitigated the weariness of the Guests.
1743 R. James Medicinal Dict. I Adipson..Medicines were so called, because they prevented or allayed Thirst.
1774 J. Beattie Minstrel: 2nd Bk. xxxii. 17 I would allay that grief.
1832 W. Macgillivray Trav. & Researches A. von Humboldt xix. 283 These Indians swallow quantities of earth for the purpose of allaying hunger.
1871 A. B. Garrod Essentials Materia Medica (new ed.) 171 The decoction..is employed as an external application to allay pain and soothe.
1907 Northwestern Lancet 24 443/2 The bath often seems to allay the thirst to some extent, and always allays the restlessness.
1955 E. Bowen World of Love vii. 127 Clove balls had been bought to allay Maud's hunger.
2004 L. Folk Splinterbone 20 I have been on several medications which at first seemed to help allay the pain in my joints.
III. Senses associated or identified with allay v.3 (see note in etymology).
9. transitive. To qualify or diminish (a pleasure, benefit, etc.) with or by the association of something unpleasant.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > cause or effect (harm) [verb (transitive)] > do harm or injury to > affect detrimentally > by an unpleasant element
allayc1225
sauce?1518
distemper1594
allay1634
alloy1832
c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 349 (MED) Al þet fule delit is wið fulðe aleid, as þu turnest þin hond.
c1450 (c1350) Alexander & Dindimus (Bodl.) (1929) l. 888 (MED) How miht ȝe lechurie love..Whan luþur fare haþ alaid ȝour lustus echone?
c1530 A. Barclay Egloges ii. sig. L v By cause one seruyce, of them contynuall Allayeth pleasour.
1588 N. Yonge Musica Transalpina sig. F.iijv Loue will not giue my Ioyes their full augmenting, allayes my blisse that hope may be ye faster.
a1670 J. Hacket in M. E. C. Wolcott Acct. Life Hacket (1865) App. 175 If the comfort of our joy be not allayed with some fear.
1759 S. Johnson Prince of Abissinia II. xxvi. 2 Benefits are allayed by reproaches.
1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 310 The principal circumstance that allayed the joys of victory.
1839 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe III. iii. 291 But this privilege is allayed by another, that is by the privilege of absurdity.
1871 E. A. Duyckinck Hist. World I. 611/1 This survey greatly allayed his joy.
1910 E. V. Lucas Second Post xiv. 184 This pleasure was soon allayed, when..I found that he had measured false, and cheated me of 20 per cent.
1994 B. F. Johnson Fierce Solitude 111 Such qualms did not allay Fletcher's pleasure in this straightforward promotion of his career.
10. transitive. To reduce in force, intensity, or severity; to dim, weaken; to moderate.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > reduce in quantity, amount, or degree [verb (transitive)]
littleeOE
anitherOE
wanzelOE
lessc1225
slakea1300
littenc1300
aslakec1314
adminisha1325
allayc1330
settle1338
low1340
minisha1382
reprovea1382
abatea1398
rebatea1398
subtlea1398
alaskia1400
forlyten?a1400
imminish14..
lessenc1410
diminish1417
repress?a1425
assuagec1430
scarcec1440
small1440
underslakec1440
alessa1450
debate?c1450
batec1460
decreasec1470
appetisse1474
alow1494
mince1499
perswage?1504
remita1513
inless?1521
attenuate1530
weaken1530
defray1532
mitigate1532
minorate1534
narrow?1548
diminuec1550
extenuate1555
amain1578
exolve1578
base1581
dejecta1586
amoinder1588
faint1598
qualify1604
contract1605
to pull down1607
shrivel1609
to take down1610
disaugment1611
impoverish1611
shrink1628
decoct1629
persway1631
unflame1635
straiten1645
depress1647
reduce1649
detract1654
minuate1657
alloy1661
lower?1662
sinka1684
retreat1690
nip1785
to drive down1840
minify1866
to knock down1867
to damp down1869
scale1887
mute1891
clip1938
to roll back1942
to cut back1943
downscale1945
downrate1958
slim1963
downshift1972
the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > make less violent or severe [verb (transitive)]
temperc1000
keelc1175
slakea1300
abate?c1335
settle1338
swagea1340
modifyc1385
rebatea1398
bate1398
moder1414
releasea1425
remiss?a1425
moderate1435
alethe?1440
delaya1450
appal1470
addulce1477
mollify1496
mean?a1513
relent1535
qualify1536
temperatea1540
aplake1578
slack1589
relaxate1598
milden1603
mitigate1611
relax1612
alleniate1615
allay1628
alloy1634
castigate1653
smoothen1655
tendera1656
mitify1656
meeken1662
remitigate1671
obviscate1684
slacken1685
chastise1704
dulcify1744
absorb1791
demulceate1817
chasten1856
modulate1974
mediate1987
c1330 Adam & Eve (Auch.) l. 528 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 145 (MED) Alle þe liȝtnisse was aleyd, Sonne & mone lorn her liȝt.
?a1450 Metrical Life Christ (1977) 94 Witterly Þou hast þe palme of victorie, Holde þe palme, & God is payde, Þe deueles powere is alaide.
1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. iii. xiii. 658 To allay or dim the whitenesse of paper.
1628 W. Prynne Briefe Suruay Mr. Cozens 96 This pretence..will not mittigate nor allay his Crime.
a1667 G. Wither Paraphr. Ten Commandments (1697) 95 This Law of thine..an appearance hath Of Terror, of Severity and Wrath To those dull naturalists, who have not weighed How by the Law of Grace it is allay'd.
1748 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 19 Oct. (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1248 Neither envy, indignation, nor ridicule will obstruct or allay the applause which you may really deserve.
1805 J. Foster Ess. ii. iv. 169 They must allay their fire of enterprise.
1842 H. Rogers Introd. Burke's Wks. 59 To allay and temper its splendour down to that sober light which may enable his audience to see his argument.
1911 Trans. Amer. Soc. Heating & Ventilating Engineers (1914) 19 172 Attendants went through the room with an atomizer, spraying perfumery on the crowd to allay the odor.
1968 Portsmouth (New Hampsh.) Herald 22 Mar. 4/2 A reduced deficit would allay the intensity of our immediate problems.
2009 Post & Courier (Charleston, S. Carolina) (Nexis) 28 May f22 Even a drizzle of spring onion creme fraiche could not allay the heat.
†11. transitive. To temper (a metal object). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > harden, temper, or anneal
temperc1381
allay1409
neal1558
harden1560
anneal1662
season1731
reanneal1850
attemper1869
1409 Roll for Building Durham Cloisters Pro alayng secur', chyselle, wegges.
1496 Treat. Fysshynge wyth Angle in Bk. St. Albans (rev. ed.) sig. hiii Ye shall put the quarell in a redde charkcole fyre tyll that it be of the same colour that the fyre is. Thenne take hym out and lete hym kele, and ye shal fynde him well alayd for to fyle.
†12.
a. transitive. Cookery. With with. To mix (something) with something else; to bind (something) using another ingredient. Cf. ally v. 2, allay v.3 2. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > mix or blend [verb (transitive)] > specific with something
mingeOE
allaya1425
compose1477
blend1591
to mix up1688
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > general preparation processes > perform general preparation processes [verb (transitive)] > mix
ally1381
allaya1425
drawa1425
to draw upa1425
fold1915
blend1936
a1425 (a1399) Forme of Cury (BL Add.) 34 in C. B. Hieatt & S. Butler Curye on Inglysch (1985) 105 Grynde it smale, and alay it vp with ȝolkes of ayren.
tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) x. l. 187 (MED) Too partis of this Iuce ys forto alay [L. admiscere] With oon part of hony.
1508 Bk. Keruynge (de Worde) sig. A.iii And it be stronge of synamon, alaye it with suger.
1653 I. D. G. tr. F. P. de la Varenne French Cook 88 After it is minced, allay it with an egge [Fr. delayés la auec vn œuf], and season it as it ought.
1743 Lady's Compan. (ed. 4) I. xvii. 353 When it [sc. the lard] is melted..mix a little Flour with it, which you must make very brown, and then allay with a little Broth.
b. transitive. To dilute (a liquid). Also figurative and in figurative contexts. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > making or becoming liquid > action or process of dilution > dilute [verb (transitive)]
thinc1000
woke1377
watera1387
allayc1450
delay1543
dilute1691
lower1698
to water down1866
cut1930
the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > make less violent or severe [verb (transitive)] > weaken (something immaterial)
to thin off, downc900
feeblea1340
allayc1450
debilite1483
mollify1496
weak1502
geld?1507
water1529
appale?1530
labefact?1539
debilitate1541
mortify1553
effeeble1571
dilutea1575
soften1576
unsinew1599
melt1600
infringe1604
weaken1609
unbenda1616
dissinew1640
slacken1663
thin1670
resolve1715
imbecilitate1809
imbecile1829
to let down1832
to water down1832
c1450 tr. Secreta Secret. (Royal) 30 (MED) Drynke no wyn but it be allayed with watir of a floure callid Alchymyng, and put of þat watir in thi wyne for it is hoot of natur.
1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 121 He vsed the water ofte to alaye His drynkes.
1586 T. Bowes in tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. Ep. Ded. sig. *vj To alay the strength of the word of Christ with the waterish sayings & fables of men.
1612 tr. J. Guillemeau Child-birth i. v. 21 For her Drinke she may vse Claret wine, mature, and not too strong, which she must allay very well.
1655 N. Culpeper et al. tr. L. Rivière Pract. Physick xv. v. 419 Clysters..made of Vinegar allaied with Water.
1675 T. Hobbes tr. Homer Odysses ix. 103 Which when he drank, he usually allai'd With water pure.
1750 Student 1 No. 3. 117 The soft lymph allays the sprightly wine.
1789 tr. J. Hellot in tr. J. Hellot et al. Art of dying Wool, Silk, & Cotton i. xiii. 123 Dyers..throw their aquafortis immediately on the tin grains, and..allay it with cold water.
1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth iii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. II. 101 A small cup of wine allayed with water.
1874 A. T. de Vere Alexander i. i, in Poet. Wks. (1884) III. 14 This young man taps the springs of my experience As though with water to allay his wine Of keener inspirations.

Phrases

to allay a person's pride: (originally) to destroy the pride of a person, to humble a person; (subsequently) to diminish or mitigate the pride of a person. Now rare.
ΚΠ
c1300 Life & Martyrdom Thomas Becket (Harl. 2277) (1845) l. 1926 Forto awreke ous wel of him, and alegge his prute.
1565 J. Hall Courte of Vertue f. 83v Nebucadnezar..Was made an oxe and did eate haye Seuen yeres, his great pryde to alaye.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iv. i. 61 I, and alay this thy abortiue Pride. View more context for this quotation
1701 ‘H. J.’ Fatal Union France & Spain 4 So near to Poverty you stand ally'd, That it might well allay your real Pride.
1854 L. H. Sigourney Western Home 156 That poor widowed mother's grief Allayed a nation's pride.
1901 Outlook 8 June 325/2 If time has not allayed that pride before the next session of Congress, it might be wise..to declare in explicit terms that the object of those provisions is..to safeguard and secure Cuban liberty.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

† allayv.2

Forms: Middle English aleie, Middle English aleye, Middle English alleie, Middle English alleye, 1500s alay.
Origin: Probably a borrowing from French. Etymon: French alaier.
Etymology: Probably < Anglo-Norman alaier, aleier, allaier (see note at allege v.1), but probably regarded in English from an early date as a variant of allege v.1, and hence used interchangeably with it in a range of meanings. (This identification of allay v.2 and allege v.1 may perhaps have been encouraged by the formal variation shown by (unrelated) allay v.1: see further discussion at that entry.) See further discussion at allege v.1
Obsolete.
transitive. = allege v.1 (in various senses).In quot. 1543: to report (something said).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > statement > state or declare [verb (transitive)]
speakc900
sayOE
sayOE
tell?a1160
to put forth?c1225
posea1325
allegec1330
declarec1330
exponec1380
to bring fortha1382
expounda1382
terminec1384
allaya1387
express1386
proport1387
purport1389
cough1393
generalize?a1425
deliverc1454
expremec1470
to show forth1498
promisea1500
term1546
to set forward1560
attribute1563
to throw out1573
quote1575
dictate1599
rendera1616
preport1616
enunciate1623
remonstrate1625
state1642
pronunciate1652
annunciate1763
present1779
enounce1805
report1842
constate1865
lodge1885
outen1951
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > attest, bear witness [verb (transitive)] > bring forward as evidence
to draw forthc1175
showa1325
drawc1330
allaya1387
to avouch a thing upon (a person)1393
allegea1398
adduce?a1425
induce1433
recite1509
infera1529
vouch1531
cite1550
avouch1573
relate1604
instance1608
rejourn1624
quote1663
abduce1720
invoke1879
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > documentary evidence > use written evidence [verb (transitive)] > quote in support
teemOE
allaya1387
allegea1398
allegate?a1425
recitea1450
exemplify1509
cite1531
vouch1581
quote1582
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 99 (MED) Þey alleyde [L. allegabant] for hem þat þe manere..of al holy chirche..schulde be i-sette to fore þe manere..of a corner of þe worlde.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 371 Rollo..alleyeþ þe manere and usage of his contray.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 1920 Sche him preide, And many an other cause alleide, That he with hire at home abide.
c1400 Last Age of Church (1840) p. xxxii Carnosencis, in a book þat he clepiþ pollicraticon..aleyeþ Gregor seiynge þus.
?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 70 (MED) Sathanas..aleid holy writt to crist & wolde haue proued his entente þer-bi.
1447–8 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) ii. 127 (MED) Libertees..yn the sayde Eyres to them allowed, and after that yn the sayde Eyre by the sayde Bysshop aleyed to be holden.
1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 220 Kyng Knowt to hym alayde These wordes there.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

† allayv.3

Forms: late Middle English allaie, late Middle English allaie (in a late copy), late Middle English–1500s alaie, late Middle English–1500s allaye, late Middle English–1700s alay, 1500s–1700s allay.
Origin: Probably a borrowing from French. Etymon: French allayer.
Etymology: Probably < Middle French allayer to alloy (metals) (1389 in this sense), variant (arising from an earlier stem alternant) of allier (12th cent. in Old French in this sense), specific sense of allier to join, unite, bind, stick (things), to gather together, to ally, to rally (troops) (see ally v.), although apparently identified from an early date in English with overlapping semantic developments of allay v.1 (see allay v.1 III. and discussion at that entry). Compare later alloy v. Compare also earlier allay n.1As discussed at allay v.1, the assignment of material to the two entries is difficult. The sense ‘to alloy (metals)’ appears most clearly to show either borrowing from French or French influence.
Obsolete. Now superseded by alloy v.
1. transitive. To mix (a metal) with another; esp. to mix (a metal) with a less valuable one or with another substance, so as to lower its standard or quality; to debase. Also figurative and (esp. in early use) in figurative contexts.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > mix metals > alloy with baser metal
allayc1400
alloy1663
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xv. l. 346 Þe metal, þat is mannes soule with synne is foule alayed.
c1450 (?a1422) J. Lydgate Life Our Lady (Durh.) (1961) v. l. 561 For golde of trouthe is falsely nowe alayede.
c1475 Gregory's Chron. in J. Gairdner Hist. Coll. Citizen London (1876) 227 (MED) The newe golde was not soo good as the olde golde was, for it was alayyd.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 420/1 I allaye, as mettals be alayde or as sylver or golde is with their mixture.
1587 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. i. ii. xxv. 363 The finesse of the metall began to be verie much alaied.
1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre v. ix. 243 Debased and allayed with superstitious intents.
1687 E. Settle Refl. Dryden's Plays 51 To convert gold Ore into silver, he allays it with common Sand.
a1732 T. Boston Illustr. Doctr. Christian Relig. (1773) I. 575 His doctrine has not the least dash of error mixed with it to allay and debase it.
1796 G. Pearson in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 86 439 Hardening copper..by allaying it with iron.
2. transitive. To mix with something inferior; to adulterate. Cf. allay v.1 12. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > cause or effect (harm) [verb (transitive)] > do harm or injury to > affect detrimentally > by an unpleasant element
allayc1225
sauce?1518
distemper1594
allay1634
alloy1832
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > mix or blend [verb (transitive)] > add as ingredient to a mixture > qualify by admixture > adulterate
adulterc1384
feigna1398
sophisticatec1400
infect?1440
counterfeit1495
adulterate?1526
dash1548
falsify1562
elay1573
abuse1574
base1581
corrupt1581
debase1591
adulterize1593
compass1594
sophisticate1604
allay1634
huckster1642
hucksterize1646
cauponize1652
alloy1661
balderdash1674
impurify1693
doctor1726
vitiate1728
sand1851
dope1898
1634 J. Bate Myst. Nature & Art 124 You may alay your Orpment with chalke.
1642 T. Fuller Holy State i. vii. 17 He doth not so allay his servants bread..to make that servants meat which is not mans meat.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

allayv.4

Brit. /əˈleɪ/, U.S. /əˈleɪ/, /æˈleɪ/
Forms:

α. late Middle English eyled (past participle), late Middle English i-illyde (past participle), late Middle English–1500s alet (past participle), 1500s alete (past participle), 1500s ele.

β. 1500s alaye, 1600s– allay, 1800s alay.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French aile.
Etymology: In α. forms apparently < Anglo-Norman eile, ile, Anglo-Norman and Middle French aile, ele, ale, Middle French alle (French aile ) wing (12th cent. in Old French; < classical Latin ala : see ala n.1), apparently reflecting the practice of removing the bird's wings before serving (compare wing v. 1). In β. forms apparently showing an alteration of the α. forms, perhaps by association with lay v.1, allay v.1, or allay v.2, although the motivation is unclear.
Now archaic and rare.
transitive. To carve (a bird, esp. a pheasant).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of fowls > prepare fowls [verb (transitive)] > carve > pheasant
allaya1475
loosec1500
α.
a1475 in Neuphilol. Mitteilungen (1953) 54 60 (MED) A fayssant i-illyde.
?1477 in Lydgate’s Horse, Ghoos, & Sheep (Caxton) A Fesant eyled..a Partriche eyled.
1486 Bk. St. Albans sig. fviiv A ffesawnt alet..a Partrich alet.
c1500 Ffor to serve a Lord in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 375 To tyre or to ele a partorich or a quayle y-whyngged: rere uppe whynge and legge, as of an henne; cowche them aboute the carcas; no sawse save salte, or mustard and sugar.
β. 1508 Bk. Keruynge (de Worde) sig. Av Vntache that curlewe, alaye that fesande, wynge that partryche.1694 N. H. Ladies Dict. 416/2 In allaying a Pheasant, you must raise the Wings and Legs, and cut it up as a Capon.1734 E. Smith Compl. Housewife (ed. 6) 352/1 To allay a Pheasant. Do this as you do a Partridge, but use no other Sauce but Salt.1789 Glasse's Art of Cookery (new ed.) 360 To allay a Pheasant or Teal.1838 ‘P. Parley’ Tales about Christmas xxxiii. 302 The good people of those days would not say cut up, but alay a pheasant.1939 J. Joyce Finnegans Wake iii. 569 Unjoint him this bittern, frust me this chicken, display yon crane, thigh her her pigeon, unlace allay rabbit and pheasant.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
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n.1a1325n.21486v.1OEv.2a1387v.3c1400v.4a1475
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