devoirn.

(see below)

Forms: α. Middle English–1500s dever, (Middle English deverre), Middle English devere, (Middle English deveer, devyr, devire, devyer, deyver, deffere, 1500s debuer). β. Middle English–1500s devor, Middle English–1600s devour, Middle English divour, Middle English–1500s devoure, Middle English–1600s Scottish devore, 1500s–1600s deavour. γ. Middle English– devoir, Middle English–1600s devoire, devoyr(e, devoyer, 1500s–1600s devoier.

Etymology: Middle English dever , < Old French deveir (= Provençal dever , Spanish deber , Italian devere , dovere ), substantive use of present infinitive of verb < Latin dēbēre to owe. In English the stress was shifted from /dɛˈvɛːr/ to /ˈdɛvər/, /ˈdɛːvər/, and this subsequently often spelt devour , devor , deavour : compare endeavour n. In the 15th cent., and esp. by Caxton, the spelling was often conformed to Parisian French devoir, though, even thus, the stress was still often on the first syllable, ˈdevoir being treated merely as a variant spelling of ˈdevor, ˈdevour. ˈDever occurs as late as the Psalms of Sternhold and Hopkins; but the English tradition of the word died out before 1600, leaving devoir, in 16–17th cent. often anglicized as devoyer, but now commonly treated as if adopted from modern French, and pronounced /dəˈvwɑː(r)/, /dəˈvwɔː(r)/, /ˈdɛvwɔː(r)/; though it would be more correct, historically, to pronounce it /ˈdɛvə(r)/ as in endeavour.

1. That which one ought to do, or has to do; (one's) duty, business, appointed task. (Chiefly in to do one's devoir). archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > [noun] > one's duty, duties, or obligations

righteOE

devoirc1315

due?a1475

vower?a1500

job1841

α.

c1315 Shoreham 54 And ȝyf hy [clerkes] douth wel hare dever Ine thysse heritage.

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 71 Als knyght did his deuere [rhyme austere].

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 21901 All liueand thing on sere maners Dos þair deuer [Fairf. deuerre].

c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. xli. 25 To do alwey my deueer.

1462 J. Daubeney in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 279 Þe lordys..thynk they do ryght well her devyre and be worthey moche thanke of þe Kyng.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 234 Do þi deuer duly as a duke nobill.

β. 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xiv. 136 Til he haue done his deuor and his dayes iourne.1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xi. 430 Thai stalwardly sall stand, And do thair deuour [1489 Adv. dewour] as thai aw.1530 tr. Caesar Commentaryes iv. 5 Doyng the devoure of myne offyce.1552 Abp. J. Hamilton Catech. i. iii. f. 10^v Do ȝour deuore and dewtie.a1605 A. Montgomerie Flyting with Polwart 443 Whan thae dames deuoutly had done their devore..Of that matter to make remained no more.1606 P. Holland tr. Suetonius Hist. Twelve Caesars 56 In the Cirque he brought forth to doe their devour Charioteers, Runners and Killers of savage beasts.γ. a1430 G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (MS.) (Ellesm.) Head-link 38 Thanne haue ye do your deuoir atte leeste [so Hengwrt, devoire Petw., deuer Corp. & Lansd., deuyr Camb., deuour Harl.].1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. biiij/2 He faylled not to doo gretely hys deuoyr.1573 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxxix. 236 And Drurie deulie did his ful deuoir.1589 R. Greene Menaphon sig. L^v Democles commaunded the deathsman to doo his deuoyre.1608 G. Markham & L. Machin Dumbe Knight i. sig. B4 What deuoyre Drawes you within these lists?1682 N. O. tr. N. Boileau-Despréaux Lutrin ii. 16 The Rhine shall first his streams mix with the Loire, E're I forget the sence of my Devoire.1738 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses I. 28 Exactly perform to one another the Devoirs of Citizens.1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth viii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. I. 197 I think the Knight of Kinfauns will do his devoir by the burgh in peace or war.1875 W. S. Hayward Love against World 37 Did my worthy brother do his devoir as a gallant knight should?

†2. That which one can do, (one's) utmost or best; endeavour, effort. Chiefly in to do one's devoir, to put oneself in devoir = to do what one can, to endeavour (to do something). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > [noun] > one's best endeavour

devoir1362

darned1844

one's level best1851

α.

1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. xii. 2 I have do my deuer þe dowel to teche.

a1475 J. Russell Bk. Nurture (Harl. 4011) in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 162 Þus y shalle do my devere To enforme yow.

1482–8 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) 59 I shall put me in dever to fullfill your intent.

1537 T. Cumptun in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. II. 91 I have..don my debuer accordyng to the teneur of hit.

1549–62 T. Sternhold & J. Hopkins Whole Bk. Psalms xxii. 26 And those that doe their deuer To know the Lord shall prayse his name.

β. c1400 Song Roland 498 Trist us neuer If we in this mater do not our deuour.1450 Richard, Duke of York in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 50 I..wol put me in deuoure for to excecute youre comaundementes.c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxxxxi^v/2 Lerne of me & do thy besy deuor From my folke al rauen to disseuor.1533 T. More Answere Poysened Bk. i. xxii. f. xcviii^v Wenynge that his owne deuour were in vayne.a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in Wks. (1557) 66/1 He woold doe his vttermost deuor to set the realm in good state.1664 Floddan Field iii. 22 Your deavours here are all in vain.γ. 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur vii. xxiii I am moche beholdynge vnto that knyght, that hath put soo his body in deuoyre to worshippe me and my courte.1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. ccxxxvi Doynge his deuoyr the same ay to prouyde.?c1550 tr. P. Vergil Three Bks. Eng. Hist. (1844) 15 The Duke of Bedford exhorted them to defend with all their devoire the dignitie and high reputation of King Henry.1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge Prol. sig. A2 May we be happie in our weake deuoyer.1671 A. Behn Forc'd Marriage i. iv. 17 No, my Erminia, quit this vain devoyre; And follow Love that may preserve us all.

†3. Service due or rendered to any one. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > [noun] > an immaterial debt

debtc1386

devoirc1386

scorea1617

c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale (MSS. after 1400) (Ellesm.) ⁋690 As Reson is and skile it is that men do hir deuoir ther as it is due [v.rr. deuoire, devoyre, deuere, deuyr].

1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) ii. v. sig. k.iii Yf..she yeldeth the deuour of maryage ayen her wyll.

a1593 C. Marlowe Edward II (1594) sig. I4^v To do your highness service and devoire..Bartley would die.

1642 King Charles I in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 633 [They] shall in no wise be excused of their Service and Devoiers due of their said Lands and Possessions.

1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 46 It may be wondred why the French did not assist us..the reality is, they offered their Devoirs, but we must equip their Ships.

1744 E. Young Complaint: Night the Sixth 16 Monarchs, and Ministers, are aweful Names; Whoever wear them, challenge our Devoir.

4. A dutiful act of civility or respect; usually in plural, dutiful respects, courteous attentions, addresses; chiefly in to do or pay one's devoir(s (to some one). (The current sense.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > courtesy > courteous act or expression > [noun] > deferential

devoir14..

service1567

respects1577

mannersa1616

baisementc1654

baisemain1656

regards?1702

salaam1786

α., β.

14.. Epiph. in Tundale's Vis. 107 That he hym selffe [Herod] wold after goo Vnto the chyld and hys deyver doo.

1826 T. Hood Faithless Nelly Gray in Whims & Oddities 139 He went to pay her his devours, When he'd devoured his pay!

γ. a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) i. v. sig. c.ii This royall maryage, was solempnysed..Theyr frendes cosyns, redy on euery syde To do theyr deuoyre.1669 J. Dryden Wild Gallant iv. i. 46 I beseech your Ladiship instruct me where I may tender my devoyres?1673 J. Dryden Marriage a-la-Mode ii. i. 23 O my Dear, I was just going to pay my Devoirs to you.1676 T. Shadwell Virtuoso i. 6 He's come to pay his Devoir to you.1754 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison Let. 14 Oct. I am come down to pay my devoirs to Miss Byron. I hope for acceptance.1782 European Mag. & London Rev. Apr. 248/1 She..resisted the devoirs of the tender and pious Lord George Gordon.1815 J. Scott Visit to Paris iii. 48 In the inn-yards of our great North-road, when the passing coachmen pay their devoirs to the expectant chambermaids.1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country ii. 141 When he paid devoir To Louis Quatorze as he dined in state.1880 B. Disraeli Endymion II. xxviii. 294 Prince Florestan paid his grave devoirs, with a gaze which seemed always to search into Lady Roehampton's inmost heart.

†5. plural. Moneys due; dues; duties. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > [noun]

yieldc950

tollc1000

tolne1023

mailOE

lotlOE

ransomc1325

tail1340

pensiona1387

contribution1387

scat gild14..

due1423

responsionc1447

impositionc1460

devoirs1503

excisea1513

toloney1517

impost1569

cast1597

levy1640

responde1645

reprise1818

society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > indebtedness > [noun] > a debt

yielding1340

debtc1380

due1439

debitc1450

devoirs1503

debitory1575

debenture1609

money-debt1627

balance (due)1720

outstandings1755

liability1842

engagement1849

live horse1859

payables1896

1360 Act 34 Edw. III c. 18 Paiant lour custumes & autres devoirs au Roi.

1378 Act 2 Rich. II Stat. 1 c. 3 Custumes, subsides et autres devoirs de Calays.]

1503–4 Act 19 Hen. VII c. 27 §1 The Kinges duetie called the devours or Custume of Calays.

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. xlvi/1 The said william herris sued a plee from the courte xp̄ian too the court of rome in a cause of deuors hanging betwixt oon alis doughtirlaue of R. S. and the said william.

1641 Termes de la Ley 116 b, [ tr. quot. 1378] Customes and subsidies, and other devoires of Caleis.

†6. A school exercise or piece of home-work. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > exercises or homework

lesson?c1225

renderc1380

vulgars1520

practicec1541

theme1545

example1562

tax1564

repetition1579

exercise1612

praxis1612

recreation1633

pensum1667

vacation-exercisea1668

version1711

task1737

thesisa1774

dictation1789

challenging1825

holiday task1827

devoir1849

homework1852

vulgus1857

cram-book1858

rep1858

banco1862

prep1866

classwork1867

preparation1875

work card1878

vacation-task1904

1849 C. Brontë Shirley III. iv. 100 Were the faults of that devoir..grammatical errors, or did you object to the substance?

a1855 C. Brontë Professor (1857) I. xvi. 264 One day I gave, as a devoir, the trite little anecdote of Alfred tending cakes..to be related with amplifications.

a1855 C. Brontë Professor (1857) I. xvi. 270 I made a report of the other devoirs.

1857 E. C. Gaskell Let. 13 Aug. (1966) 464 I should be glad if some one would look over the French dévoirs [sic], please.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	devoir
释义	devoirn. (see below) Forms: α. Middle English–1500s dever, (Middle English deverre), Middle English devere, (Middle English deveer, devyr, devire, devyer, deyver, deffere, 1500s debuer). β. Middle English–1500s devor, Middle English–1600s devour, Middle English divour, Middle English–1500s devoure, Middle English–1600s Scottish devore, 1500s–1600s deavour. γ. Middle English– devoir, Middle English–1600s devoire, devoyr(e, devoyer, 1500s–1600s devoier. Etymology: Middle English dever , < Old French deveir (= Provençal dever , Spanish deber , Italian devere , dovere ), substantive use of present infinitive of verb < Latin dēbēre to owe. In English the stress was shifted from /dɛˈvɛːr/ to /ˈdɛvər/, /ˈdɛːvər/, and this subsequently often spelt devour , devor , deavour : compare endeavour n. In the 15th cent., and esp. by Caxton, the spelling was often conformed to Parisian French devoir, though, even thus, the stress was still often on the first syllable, ˈdevoir being treated merely as a variant spelling of ˈdevor, ˈdevour. ˈDever occurs as late as the Psalms of Sternhold and Hopkins; but the English tradition of the word died out before 1600, leaving devoir, in 16–17th cent. often anglicized as devoyer, but now commonly treated as if adopted from modern French, and pronounced /dəˈvwɑː(r)/, /dəˈvwɔː(r)/, /ˈdɛvwɔː(r)/; though it would be more correct, historically, to pronounce it /ˈdɛvə(r)/ as in endeavour. 1. That which one ought to do, or has to do; (one's) duty, business, appointed task. (Chiefly in to do one's devoir). archaic. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > [noun] > one's duty, duties, or obligations righteOE devoirc1315 due?a1475 vower?a1500 job1841 α. c1315 Shoreham 54 And ȝyf hy [clerkes] douth wel hare dever Ine thysse heritage. c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 71 Als knyght did his deuere [rhyme austere]. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 21901 All liueand thing on sere maners Dos þair deuer [Fairf. deuerre]. c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. xli. 25 To do alwey my deueer. 1462 J. Daubeney in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 279 Þe lordys..thynk they do ryght well her devyre and be worthey moche thanke of þe Kyng. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 234 Do þi deuer duly as a duke nobill. β. 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xiv. 136 Til he haue done his deuor and his dayes iourne.1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xi. 430 Thai stalwardly sall stand, And do thair deuour [1489 Adv. dewour] as thai aw.1530 tr. Caesar Commentaryes iv. 5 Doyng the devoure of myne offyce.1552 Abp. J. Hamilton Catech. i. iii. f. 10^v Do ȝour deuore and dewtie.a1605 A. Montgomerie Flyting with Polwart 443 Whan thae dames deuoutly had done their devore..Of that matter to make remained no more.1606 P. Holland tr. Suetonius Hist. Twelve Caesars 56 In the Cirque he brought forth to doe their devour Charioteers, Runners and Killers of savage beasts.γ. a1430 G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (MS.) (Ellesm.) Head-link 38 Thanne haue ye do your deuoir atte leeste [so Hengwrt, devoire Petw., deuer Corp. & Lansd., deuyr Camb., deuour Harl.].1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. biiij/2 He faylled not to doo gretely hys deuoyr.1573 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxxix. 236 And Drurie deulie did his ful deuoir.1589 R. Greene Menaphon sig. L^v Democles commaunded the deathsman to doo his deuoyre.1608 G. Markham & L. Machin Dumbe Knight i. sig. B4 What deuoyre Drawes you within these lists?1682 N. O. tr. N. Boileau-Despréaux Lutrin ii. 16 The Rhine shall first his streams mix with the Loire, E're I forget the sence of my Devoire.1738 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses I. 28 Exactly perform to one another the Devoirs of Citizens.1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth viii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. I. 197 I think the Knight of Kinfauns will do his devoir by the burgh in peace or war.1875 W. S. Hayward Love against World 37 Did my worthy brother do his devoir as a gallant knight should? †2. That which one can do, (one's) utmost or best; endeavour, effort. Chiefly in to do one's devoir, to put oneself in devoir = to do what one can, to endeavour (to do something). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > [noun] > one's best endeavour devoir1362 darned1844 one's level best1851 α. 1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. xii. 2 I have do my deuer þe dowel to teche. a1475 J. Russell Bk. Nurture (Harl. 4011) in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 162 Þus y shalle do my devere To enforme yow. 1482–8 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) 59 I shall put me in dever to fullfill your intent. 1537 T. Cumptun in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. II. 91 I have..don my debuer accordyng to the teneur of hit. 1549–62 T. Sternhold & J. Hopkins Whole Bk. Psalms xxii. 26 And those that doe their deuer To know the Lord shall prayse his name. β. c1400 Song Roland 498 Trist us neuer If we in this mater do not our deuour.1450 Richard, Duke of York in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 50 I..wol put me in deuoure for to excecute youre comaundementes.c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxxxxi^v/2 Lerne of me & do thy besy deuor From my folke al rauen to disseuor.1533 T. More Answere Poysened Bk. i. xxii. f. xcviii^v Wenynge that his owne deuour were in vayne.a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in Wks. (1557) 66/1 He woold doe his vttermost deuor to set the realm in good state.1664 Floddan Field iii. 22 Your deavours here are all in vain.γ. 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur vii. xxiii I am moche beholdynge vnto that knyght, that hath put soo his body in deuoyre to worshippe me and my courte.1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. ccxxxvi Doynge his deuoyr the same ay to prouyde.?c1550 tr. P. Vergil Three Bks. Eng. Hist. (1844) 15 The Duke of Bedford exhorted them to defend with all their devoire the dignitie and high reputation of King Henry.1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge Prol. sig. A2 May we be happie in our weake deuoyer.1671 A. Behn Forc'd Marriage i. iv. 17 No, my Erminia, quit this vain devoyre; And follow Love that may preserve us all. †3. Service due or rendered to any one. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > [noun] > an immaterial debt debtc1386 devoirc1386 scorea1617 c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale (MSS. after 1400) (Ellesm.) ⁋690 As Reson is and skile it is that men do hir deuoir ther as it is due [v.rr. deuoire, devoyre, deuere, deuyr]. 1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) ii. v. sig. k.iii Yf..she yeldeth the deuour of maryage ayen her wyll. a1593 C. Marlowe Edward II (1594) sig. I4^v To do your highness service and devoire..Bartley would die. 1642 King Charles I in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 633 [They] shall in no wise be excused of their Service and Devoiers due of their said Lands and Possessions. 1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 46 It may be wondred why the French did not assist us..the reality is, they offered their Devoirs, but we must equip their Ships. 1744 E. Young Complaint: Night the Sixth 16 Monarchs, and Ministers, are aweful Names; Whoever wear them, challenge our Devoir. 4. A dutiful act of civility or respect; usually in plural, dutiful respects, courteous attentions, addresses; chiefly in to do or pay one's devoir(s (to some one). (The current sense.) ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > courtesy > courteous act or expression > [noun] > deferential devoir14.. service1567 respects1577 mannersa1616 baisementc1654 baisemain1656 regards?1702 salaam1786 α., β. 14.. Epiph. in Tundale's Vis. 107 That he hym selffe [Herod] wold after goo Vnto the chyld and hys deyver doo. 1826 T. Hood Faithless Nelly Gray in Whims & Oddities 139 He went to pay her his devours, When he'd devoured his pay! γ. a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) i. v. sig. c.ii This royall maryage, was solempnysed..Theyr frendes cosyns, redy on euery syde To do theyr deuoyre.1669 J. Dryden Wild Gallant iv. i. 46 I beseech your Ladiship instruct me where I may tender my devoyres?1673 J. Dryden Marriage a-la-Mode ii. i. 23 O my Dear, I was just going to pay my Devoirs to you.1676 T. Shadwell Virtuoso i. 6 He's come to pay his Devoir to you.1754 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison Let. 14 Oct. I am come down to pay my devoirs to Miss Byron. I hope for acceptance.1782 European Mag. & London Rev. Apr. 248/1 She..resisted the devoirs of the tender and pious Lord George Gordon.1815 J. Scott Visit to Paris iii. 48 In the inn-yards of our great North-road, when the passing coachmen pay their devoirs to the expectant chambermaids.1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country ii. 141 When he paid devoir To Louis Quatorze as he dined in state.1880 B. Disraeli Endymion II. xxviii. 294 Prince Florestan paid his grave devoirs, with a gaze which seemed always to search into Lady Roehampton's inmost heart. †5. plural. Moneys due; dues; duties. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > [noun] yieldc950 tollc1000 tolne1023 mailOE lotlOE ransomc1325 tail1340 pensiona1387 contribution1387 scat gild14.. due1423 responsionc1447 impositionc1460 devoirs1503 excisea1513 toloney1517 impost1569 cast1597 levy1640 responde1645 reprise1818 society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > indebtedness > [noun] > a debt yielding1340 debtc1380 due1439 debitc1450 devoirs1503 debitory1575 debenture1609 money-debt1627 balance (due)1720 outstandings1755 liability1842 engagement1849 live horse1859 payables1896 1360 Act 34 Edw. III c. 18 Paiant lour custumes & autres devoirs au Roi. 1378 Act 2 Rich. II Stat. 1 c. 3 Custumes, subsides et autres devoirs de Calays.] 1503–4 Act 19 Hen. VII c. 27 §1 The Kinges duetie called the devours or Custume of Calays. c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. xlvi/1 The said william herris sued a plee from the courte xp̄ian too the court of rome in a cause of deuors hanging betwixt oon alis doughtirlaue of R. S. and the said william. 1641 Termes de la Ley 116 b, [ tr. quot. 1378] Customes and subsidies, and other devoires of Caleis. †6. A school exercise or piece of home-work. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > exercises or homework lesson?c1225 renderc1380 vulgars1520 practicec1541 theme1545 example1562 tax1564 repetition1579 exercise1612 praxis1612 recreation1633 pensum1667 vacation-exercisea1668 version1711 task1737 thesisa1774 dictation1789 challenging1825 holiday task1827 devoir1849 homework1852 vulgus1857 cram-book1858 rep1858 banco1862 prep1866 classwork1867 preparation1875 work card1878 vacation-task1904 1849 C. Brontë Shirley III. iv. 100 Were the faults of that devoir..grammatical errors, or did you object to the substance? a1855 C. Brontë Professor (1857) I. xvi. 264 One day I gave, as a devoir, the trite little anecdote of Alfred tending cakes..to be related with amplifications. a1855 C. Brontë Professor (1857) I. xvi. 270 I made a report of the other devoirs. 1857 E. C. Gaskell Let. 13 Aug. (1966) 464 I should be glad if some one would look over the French dévoirs [sic], please. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † devoirv. Forms: In 1500s dever, devoyre. Etymology: < devoir n. Obsolete. rare. intransitive and reflexive. = endeavour v. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > [verb (reflexive)] purchasea1450 devoir1530 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 514/2 I dever, I applye my mynde to do a thing..I shall devoyre my selfe to the best that I maye. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online March 2021). < n.c1315v.1530
随便看	hardheadednesses hardheads hardhearted hardheartedly hardheartedness hardheartednesses hardhewe hardhewer hardhit hardhitter hat hardhitting hardholding hardier hardies hardiesse hardiest hat of maintenance hat pad hat palm hat peg hat piece hat pin hat plant hat rack hat rail

devoirn.

† devoirv.