dictatorn.

Brit.

/dɪkˈteɪtə/, U.S.

/ˈdɪkˌteɪdər/

Forms: Old English tictator, Middle English dictature, Middle English–1600s dictatour, Middle English–1600s dictatoure, Middle English– dictator, 1500s dyctatour, 1500s dyctatoure.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin dictātor.

Etymology: < classical Latin dictātor magistrate having plenary powers, appointed at Rome in times of emergency, Italian municipal officer, in post-classical Latin also person who dictates to a writer (late 4th cent.), author, writer (6th cent.) < dictāt- , past participial stem of dictāre dictate v. + -or -or suffix. Compare Middle French, French dictateur (1213 in Old French as dictator), Catalan dictador (1507), Spanish dictador (13th cent., earliest in sense ‘poet’), Portuguese ditador (15th cent.), Italian dittatore (a1292), also Dutch dictator (1614), German Diktator (late 15th cent.).The unusual Old English form tictator with initial t- is attested only in the translation of Orosius Hist. (compare quot. eOE at sense 1a), where it is spelt thus consistently; it has frequently been assumed to be one of several phonetic spellings in this text arising from dictation in the scriptorium by a non-native (perhaps Celtic) speaker (see further J. Bately Old Eng. Orosius (1980) pp. cix–cxvi), although this has recently been disputed (see P. Kitson in Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 30 (1996) 3–35). The form dictature in quot. a1450 at sense 1a could instead show an earlier example of dictature n.

a. Ancient History. In Rome and some neighbouring states: a chief magistrate with absolute power, appointed for a limited period or for the duration of an emergency.

ΚΠ

eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) ii. iii. 41 Æfter þæm wæs þæt Sabinisce gewinn, & him Romane þæt swiðe ondrædende wæron, & him gesetton hiran ladteow þonne hiera consul wære, þone ðe hie tictatores heton, & hie mid þæm tictatore micelne sige hæfdon.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 273 After consuls, tribunes plebis and dictatores rulede the comounte.

a1450 ( tr. Vegetius De Re Militari (Douce) f. 7^v (MED) Þis office of Dictature was noȝt ellis as ysider seiþ..þey were clepid maistres of þe puple for þat þay saide was seide, and þerfore were þei clepid Dictatores, a dicendo uel a dictando.

1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) v. i. sig. huii^v The Emperour Lucyus, whiche was called at that tyme, Dictatour or procurour of the publyke wele of Rome.

1485 Croniclis of Englonde (St. Albans) iii. sig. eiij The[y] chose an other man the wich shuld haue more auctorite then they [sc. Lucius and Brutus], & thei clepeed hym dictator.

1592 R. Greene Quip for Vpstart Courtier sig. C3^v Was he not called to be Dictator from the Plough?

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) ii. ii. 89 Our then Dictator..saw him fight.

1624 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 2) i. ii. iii. iv. 85 As in old Rome, when the Dictator was created, all inferiour magistracies ceased.

1735 Visct. Bolingbroke Diss. upon Parties (ed. 2) 164 A Dictator was a Tyrant for six Months.

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall IV. xliv. 309 The execution of the Alban dictator, who was dismembered by eight horses.

1839 Penny Cycl. XIII. 438/2 During Cæsar's absence, Lepidus proposed the law by which Cæsar was created Dictator.

1874 J. Morley On Compromise 9 Our people..have long ago superseded the barbarous device of dictator and Cæsar by the great art of self-government.

1913 Classical Jrnl. 9 47 Cases of abdication under pressure were not uncommon. M. Claudius Glicia, dictator in 249 b.c., suffered this fate.

1952 H. Hill Roman Middle Class 183 It was inevitable that he [sc. Pompey] should be given dictatorial powers, though the Senate disguised them by appointing him not dictator but sole consul.

2003 M. Freeman Freedom or Security i. 6 The Roman dictator, appointed for six months, is an example of a limit on duration by design.

b. gen. An absolute ruler of a state, esp. one whose rule displaces that of a democratic government. (In quot. 1671 used of the Devil.)Equivalents of dictator in other languages were sometimes used during the 19th cent. and later in the formal titles of heads of state, and the English word has been used to render these; more generally, however, the word suggests oppressive or totalitarian rule, and hence is rarely used in a neutral sense.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > absolute ruler > [noun]

tyrantc1330

dictatora1593

Caesar1595

absolute monarch1596

imperator1598

voluntar1650

Mogul1653

sultanist1659

sultan1662

Grand Monarque1699

autocrator1718

despot1755

autocrat1762

sultanship1823

monocrat1848

autarch1865

autarkist1938

a1593 C. Marlowe Massacre at Paris (c1600) sig. C5 Guise, weare our crowne..And as Dictator make or warre or peace.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd i. 113 To him their great Dictator, whose attempt At first against mankind so well had thriv'd.

1794 R. Southey in S. T. Coleridge Fall Robespierre ii. 26 Fall'n guilty tyrant! murder'd by thy rage How many an innocent victim's blood has stain'd Fair freedom's altar! Sylla-like thy hand Mark'd down the virtues, that, thy foes removed, Perpetual Dictator thou might'st reign, And tyrannize o'er France, and call it freedom!

1824 Times 27 July 2/2 The decree appointing Bolivar Dictator of Peru.

1848 G. Lippard Paul Ardenheim ii. 346 Under other circumstances he might have become a Poet, a General, or the Dictator of a Revolutionary age.

1863 Birmingham Daily Post 12 Mar. 8/4 By a resolution of the Central National Committee, General Langiewicz has been proclaimed Dictator of Poland.

1938 Foreign Service Feb. 9/3 Our democratic institutions are the subject of jeers by foreign dictators.

1978 G. A. Craig Germany 1866–1945 xvi. 578 Hitler, on the afternoon of 23 March 1933, became dictator,..free from any real control by his cabinet colleagues.., and empowered to mould Germany's governmental and social system as he wished.

2007 N.Y. Times Mag. 26 Aug. 23/2 In the so-called New State of the dictator António Salazar, independent political parties and labor unions were outlawed.

2. A person exercising absolute authority of any kind or in any sphere; a person who authoritatively prescribes a course of action or dictates what is to be done.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > [noun] > those in authority > person in authority > person having absolute authority

dictator1575

tsar1866

1575 Exam. Whytgiftes Censures 7 Who made him a dictator to determine the sence of other mens wordes. Euery man is best interpreter of his owne wordes.

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. F3^v The ouermuch credite that hath beene giuen vnto Authors in Sciences, in making them Dictators .

1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes iii. iv. 58 in Wks. II Say, that you were the Emperour of pleasures, The great Dictator of fashions, for all Europe.

1700 J. Tyrrell Gen. Hist. Eng. II. 893 Arbitrators, who are sometimes called Assessors, sometimes Dictators of Amends.

1728 J. Swift Intelligencer (1729) ix. 86 The Dictators of Behaviour, Dress and Politeness.

1791 J. Byng Diary 9 July in Torrington Diaries (1935) II. 380 In touring the right mode is to chuse a dictator, one who should be obeyed.

1836 E. Everett Orations 480 It raised him into a new moral power in the state; an inofficial dictator of principle.

1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. III. xxi. 525 The medieval church of England stood before the self-willed dictator [sc. Henry VIII].

1892 F. Lawley Pref. to Racing Life Ld. G. C. Bentinck 7 I inquired who was now the Dictator of the Turf.

1912 Times 20 Sept. 7/4 Hodler, who, after becoming a kind of dictator of Swiss art, plunged into a lamentable period of picture making.

1966 W. T. Berry & H. E. Poole Ann. Printing 230/2 As the watch-dog of contemporary literary morals, Mudie soon became a ruthless dictator as to what the people should read.

2005 ‘Noire’ Candy Licker i. 6 The minute they put their name on the dotted line their asses belonged to the House of Homicide, and Hurricane Jackson became their don, their daddy, and their dictator.

3. A person who dictates to a secretary, dictating machine, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > one who speaks > [noun] > one who dictates

dictator1617

1617 J. Minsheu Ἡγεμὼν είς τὰς γλῶσσας: Ductor in Linguas A Dictator, or inditer.

1650 I. Bromwich Spoiles of Forrest of Deane 2 A late scurrilous libel, the conception and issue whereof bespeaks the Fathers, both dictator and scribe to be men of a beggarly and needy invention.

1741 S. Johnson Let. 31 Mar. (1992) I. 27 Nor do I intend to be understood..to express any of my own sentiments, but merely to write after a dictator.

1833 C. H. Terrot tr. J. A. Ernesti Princ. Biblical Interpr. II. iii. vi. 117 When a book was copied by dictation, the dictator sometimes pronounced the letters indistinctly.

1883 Athenæum 16 June 759/1 Reminiscences..dictated to a scribe and checked here and there by reference to documents in the dictator's possession.

1900 Times 11 May 15/5 [He] was identified by a young lady typewriter as the dictator of letters in the name of ‘Russell Bros.’ ordering goods.

1945 Mod. Lang. Rev. 40 137 There is certainty of misreading, either by scribe or dictator, of an original copy, e.g. in the reading ‘prince’ for ‘province’.

1995 Contemp. Lit. 36 26 When I revise it's as if I were taking dictation, but who the dictator is I do not know.

Compounds

General attributive and appositive.

ΚΠ

1737 J. Thomson To Mem. Ld. Talbot 12 Rome's awful Consuls, her Dictator-Swains, As on the Product of their Sabine Farms They far'd.

1825 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae xix, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Mar. 379 Certainly these are not dictator times.

1959 Western Polit. Q. 12 1166 Why should we undertake the impossible task of trying to quarantine the Communist world by giving military aid to dictator countries?

2002 List (Glasgow & Edinb. Events Guide) 4 July 105/2 Those of us who spent much of the 1980s wishing that the entire Tory cabinet and its dictator leader would fall into a snake filled hole somewhere.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	dictator
释义	dictatorn. Brit. /dɪkˈteɪtə/, U.S. /ˈdɪkˌteɪdər/ Forms: Old English tictator, Middle English dictature, Middle English–1600s dictatour, Middle English–1600s dictatoure, Middle English– dictator, 1500s dyctatour, 1500s dyctatoure. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin dictātor. Etymology: < classical Latin dictātor magistrate having plenary powers, appointed at Rome in times of emergency, Italian municipal officer, in post-classical Latin also person who dictates to a writer (late 4th cent.), author, writer (6th cent.) < dictāt- , past participial stem of dictāre dictate v. + -or -or suffix. Compare Middle French, French dictateur (1213 in Old French as dictator), Catalan dictador (1507), Spanish dictador (13th cent., earliest in sense ‘poet’), Portuguese ditador (15th cent.), Italian dittatore (a1292), also Dutch dictator (1614), German Diktator (late 15th cent.).The unusual Old English form tictator with initial t- is attested only in the translation of Orosius Hist. (compare quot. eOE at sense 1a), where it is spelt thus consistently; it has frequently been assumed to be one of several phonetic spellings in this text arising from dictation in the scriptorium by a non-native (perhaps Celtic) speaker (see further J. Bately Old Eng. Orosius (1980) pp. cix–cxvi), although this has recently been disputed (see P. Kitson in Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 30 (1996) 3–35). The form dictature in quot. a1450 at sense 1a could instead show an earlier example of dictature n. 1. a. Ancient History. In Rome and some neighbouring states: a chief magistrate with absolute power, appointed for a limited period or for the duration of an emergency. ΚΠ eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) ii. iii. 41 Æfter þæm wæs þæt Sabinisce gewinn, & him Romane þæt swiðe ondrædende wæron, & him gesetton hiran ladteow þonne hiera consul wære, þone ðe hie tictatores heton, & hie mid þæm tictatore micelne sige hæfdon. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 273 After consuls, tribunes plebis and dictatores rulede the comounte. a1450 ( tr. Vegetius De Re Militari (Douce) f. 7^v (MED) Þis office of Dictature was noȝt ellis as ysider seiþ..þey were clepid maistres of þe puple for þat þay saide was seide, and þerfore were þei clepid Dictatores, a dicendo uel a dictando. 1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) v. i. sig. huii^v The Emperour Lucyus, whiche was called at that tyme, Dictatour or procurour of the publyke wele of Rome. 1485 Croniclis of Englonde (St. Albans) iii. sig. eiij The[y] chose an other man the wich shuld haue more auctorite then they [sc. Lucius and Brutus], & thei clepeed hym dictator. 1592 R. Greene Quip for Vpstart Courtier sig. C3^v Was he not called to be Dictator from the Plough? a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) ii. ii. 89 Our then Dictator..saw him fight. View more context for this quotation 1624 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 2) i. ii. iii. iv. 85 As in old Rome, when the Dictator was created, all inferiour magistracies ceased. 1735 Visct. Bolingbroke Diss. upon Parties (ed. 2) 164 A Dictator was a Tyrant for six Months. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall IV. xliv. 309 The execution of the Alban dictator, who was dismembered by eight horses. 1839 Penny Cycl. XIII. 438/2 During Cæsar's absence, Lepidus proposed the law by which Cæsar was created Dictator. 1874 J. Morley On Compromise 9 Our people..have long ago superseded the barbarous device of dictator and Cæsar by the great art of self-government. 1913 Classical Jrnl. 9 47 Cases of abdication under pressure were not uncommon. M. Claudius Glicia, dictator in 249 b.c., suffered this fate. 1952 H. Hill Roman Middle Class 183 It was inevitable that he [sc. Pompey] should be given dictatorial powers, though the Senate disguised them by appointing him not dictator but sole consul. 2003 M. Freeman Freedom or Security i. 6 The Roman dictator, appointed for six months, is an example of a limit on duration by design. b. gen. An absolute ruler of a state, esp. one whose rule displaces that of a democratic government. (In quot. 1671 used of the Devil.)Equivalents of dictator in other languages were sometimes used during the 19th cent. and later in the formal titles of heads of state, and the English word has been used to render these; more generally, however, the word suggests oppressive or totalitarian rule, and hence is rarely used in a neutral sense. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > absolute ruler > [noun] tyrantc1330 dictatora1593 Caesar1595 absolute monarch1596 imperator1598 voluntar1650 Mogul1653 sultanist1659 sultan1662 Grand Monarque1699 autocrator1718 despot1755 autocrat1762 sultanship1823 monocrat1848 autarch1865 autarkist1938 a1593 C. Marlowe Massacre at Paris (c1600) sig. C5 Guise, weare our crowne..And as Dictator make or warre or peace. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd i. 113 To him their great Dictator, whose attempt At first against mankind so well had thriv'd. View more context for this quotation 1794 R. Southey in S. T. Coleridge Fall Robespierre ii. 26 Fall'n guilty tyrant! murder'd by thy rage How many an innocent victim's blood has stain'd Fair freedom's altar! Sylla-like thy hand Mark'd down the virtues, that, thy foes removed, Perpetual Dictator thou might'st reign, And tyrannize o'er France, and call it freedom! 1824 Times 27 July 2/2 The decree appointing Bolivar Dictator of Peru. 1848 G. Lippard Paul Ardenheim ii. 346 Under other circumstances he might have become a Poet, a General, or the Dictator of a Revolutionary age. 1863 Birmingham Daily Post 12 Mar. 8/4 By a resolution of the Central National Committee, General Langiewicz has been proclaimed Dictator of Poland. 1938 Foreign Service Feb. 9/3 Our democratic institutions are the subject of jeers by foreign dictators. 1978 G. A. Craig Germany 1866–1945 xvi. 578 Hitler, on the afternoon of 23 March 1933, became dictator,..free from any real control by his cabinet colleagues.., and empowered to mould Germany's governmental and social system as he wished. 2007 N.Y. Times Mag. 26 Aug. 23/2 In the so-called New State of the dictator António Salazar, independent political parties and labor unions were outlawed. 2. A person exercising absolute authority of any kind or in any sphere; a person who authoritatively prescribes a course of action or dictates what is to be done. ΘΚΠ society > authority > [noun] > those in authority > person in authority > person having absolute authority dictator1575 tsar1866 1575 Exam. Whytgiftes Censures 7 Who made him a dictator to determine the sence of other mens wordes. Euery man is best interpreter of his owne wordes. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. F3^v The ouermuch credite that hath beene giuen vnto Authors in Sciences, in making them Dictators . View more context for this quotation 1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes iii. iv. 58 in Wks. II Say, that you were the Emperour of pleasures, The great Dictator of fashions, for all Europe. 1700 J. Tyrrell Gen. Hist. Eng. II. 893 Arbitrators, who are sometimes called Assessors, sometimes Dictators of Amends. 1728 J. Swift Intelligencer (1729) ix. 86 The Dictators of Behaviour, Dress and Politeness. 1791 J. Byng Diary 9 July in Torrington Diaries (1935) II. 380 In touring the right mode is to chuse a dictator, one who should be obeyed. 1836 E. Everett Orations 480 It raised him into a new moral power in the state; an inofficial dictator of principle. 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. III. xxi. 525 The medieval church of England stood before the self-willed dictator [sc. Henry VIII]. 1892 F. Lawley Pref. to Racing Life Ld. G. C. Bentinck 7 I inquired who was now the Dictator of the Turf. 1912 Times 20 Sept. 7/4 Hodler, who, after becoming a kind of dictator of Swiss art, plunged into a lamentable period of picture making. 1966 W. T. Berry & H. E. Poole Ann. Printing 230/2 As the watch-dog of contemporary literary morals, Mudie soon became a ruthless dictator as to what the people should read. 2005 ‘Noire’ Candy Licker i. 6 The minute they put their name on the dotted line their asses belonged to the House of Homicide, and Hurricane Jackson became their don, their daddy, and their dictator. 3. A person who dictates to a secretary, dictating machine, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > one who speaks > [noun] > one who dictates dictator1617 1617 J. Minsheu Ἡγεμὼν είς τὰς γλῶσσας: Ductor in Linguas A Dictator, or inditer. 1650 I. Bromwich Spoiles of Forrest of Deane 2 A late scurrilous libel, the conception and issue whereof bespeaks the Fathers, both dictator and scribe to be men of a beggarly and needy invention. 1741 S. Johnson Let. 31 Mar. (1992) I. 27 Nor do I intend to be understood..to express any of my own sentiments, but merely to write after a dictator. 1833 C. H. Terrot tr. J. A. Ernesti Princ. Biblical Interpr. II. iii. vi. 117 When a book was copied by dictation, the dictator sometimes pronounced the letters indistinctly. 1883 Athenæum 16 June 759/1 Reminiscences..dictated to a scribe and checked here and there by reference to documents in the dictator's possession. 1900 Times 11 May 15/5 [He] was identified by a young lady typewriter as the dictator of letters in the name of ‘Russell Bros.’ ordering goods. 1945 Mod. Lang. Rev. 40 137 There is certainty of misreading, either by scribe or dictator, of an original copy, e.g. in the reading ‘prince’ for ‘province’. 1995 Contemp. Lit. 36 26 When I revise it's as if I were taking dictation, but who the dictator is I do not know. Compounds General attributive and appositive. ΚΠ 1737 J. Thomson To Mem. Ld. Talbot 12 Rome's awful Consuls, her Dictator-Swains, As on the Product of their Sabine Farms They far'd. 1825 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae xix, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Mar. 379 Certainly these are not dictator times. 1959 Western Polit. Q. 12 1166 Why should we undertake the impossible task of trying to quarantine the Communist world by giving military aid to dictator countries? 2002 List (Glasgow & Edinb. Events Guide) 4 July 105/2 Those of us who spent much of the 1980s wishing that the entire Tory cabinet and its dictator leader would fall into a snake filled hole somewhere. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.eOE
随便看	neither fill nor fall neither fish nor flesh neither fish nor flesh nor good red herring neither fish nor fowl neither fish, flesh, nor fowl neither fish, flesh, nor good red herring neither fish, nor flesh, nor good red herring neither flesh nor fish neither here nor there neither hide nor hair neither horn nor hoof neither leg nor arm neither man nor mouse neither mass nor matins neither more nor less neither more nor less than neither no barrel better herring neither nother neither nouther neither of both neither of either neither off nor on neither other neither rhyme nor reason neither scrip nor scroll