| 释义 |
dictionaryn.adj. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin dictionarius. Etymology: < post-classical Latin dictionarius wordbook, collection of phrases (c1220 as the name of a textbook for learners of Latin; also dictionarium (neuter) as the name of an alphabetized encyclopedic guide to the Vulgate Bible (late 14th cent.); from 15th cent. in both forms in sense ‘alphabetized wordbook’) < classical Latin dictiōn- , dictiō diction n. + -ārius -ary suffix1. Compare Middle French, French dictionnaire (1499 as dictionaire , glossing Latin dictionarium ), Spanish diccionario (c1400 as dicionario , denoting a specific work), Portuguese dicionário (1563), Italian dizionario (a1555). Compare also Dutch †dictionarium (1511), dictionaire (1552), †dictionaris (1650), German †Diktionarium (c1530), Dictionär (early 18th cent., now archaic): the usual words in modern use are Dutch woordenboek , German Wörterbuch (see wordbook n.). Compare vocabulary n., nomenclator n., wordbook n., lexicon n., and foreign-language forms cited at those entries.The post-classical Latin word dictionarius appears to have been coined by the English-born Parisian teacher John of Garland as a name for one of his elementary Latin textbooks, in which lexical items are grouped thematically in 84 short paragraphs. The book was meant as a guide to Latin composition, and so an introduction probably by John and certainly of the 13th cent. explains that the book ‘Dictionarius dicitur, non ab unica dictione i[d est] unico vocabulo, immo a dictione large sumpta i[d est] a sermone’ (is called Dictionarius, not from dictio in the sense ‘single word’ but from dictio in the sense ‘connected speech’): see T. Hunt Teaching & Learning Latin in Thirteenth-Cent. England (1991) 1:193. In classical Latin the suffix -ārius -ary suffix1 more normally formed adjectives, or nouns denoting kinds of person, than nouns denoting kinds of thing (but compare commentārius commentary n.), and this explains why J. A. H. Murray (in N.E.D. and The Evolution of English Lexicography (1900) 18) postulated the derivation of the noun from an adjective dictionarius or a phrase dictionarius liber; however, there seems to be no evidence for the currency of either before 1220, and the care with which the noun dictionarius is explained in the introduction to John of Garland’s work suggests a fresh coinage rather than the functional shift of an existing word. Although dictionarius was not taken up as the name of a kind of book immediately after its use by John of Garland, it was used in the later 14th cent. (in the form dictionarium) as the name of Pierre Bersuire’s alphabetically ordered encyclopedic guide to the interpretation of words in the Vulgate, and then came to be used with the sense ‘alphabetized wordbook’ from the 15th cent. onwards, in both forms, and both in the titles of reference works and as a common noun. Its currency may have been broadened by the high prestige of Robert Estienne’s Dictionarium, seu latinae linguae thesaurus (editions of 1531, 1536, 1543) and the wide influence of his Dictionarium latino-gallicum (1538) and Dictionaire Francoislatin (1539). A. n. 1. the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > lexicography > [noun] > dictionary α. c1480 (Pepys) f. 32v Dixionari[us],..an[gli]ce Dixionar [e] . 1574 f. 348 [Ane] dict [i] onar in latene and frence. 1580 Edinb. Test. VIII. f. 109, in at Dictionar(e Certane bukes bund & vnbund, sik as ane dictionar in latyne & inglis. 1643 in J. Stuart (1872) II. 9 The paines takin be Mr John Row..for setting furth ane Hebrew dictionar, and dedicating the same to the counsell. 1673 in W. Fraser (1859) II. 332 For a Latin and English dictionar. 1746 R. Forbes (1895) II. 294 Youl easyly percive by our epistles that ther is neither grammer, Dictioner, nor spelling books in this venerabl Castle. 1773 R. Fergusson (1925) 56 Mind ye what Sam, the lying loun! Has in his Dictionar laid down? 1916 J. J. H. Burgess 19 Mar. Mony a göd wird never wins i da dictionar. 1996 S. Blackhall iv I dinna recollect ae relation, stoppin mid-ben a spikk an wheekin oot a dictionar tae see gin a wird wis richt standart Scots or nae! society > communication > book > kind of book > reference book > [noun] 1576 T. Wotton in W. Lambarde To Countriemen sig. ¶¶v To doe as muche for all the rest of the Counties of this Realme generally, as he hathe done for this Countie specially (toward whiche I knowe,..he hath alredy vnder the title of a Topographical dictionarie gathered together greate store of very good matter). 1632 P. Massinger i. ii. sig. C3 I haue composde a Dictionary, in which He is instructed, how, when, and to whom To be proud or humble. 1642 T. Fuller iii. iv. 160 'Tis but a dull Dutch fashion, their Albus Amicorum, to make a dictionary of their friends names. 1712 J. Addison No. 499. ¶2 The Story..which I have since found related in my Historical Dictionary. 1790 (title) Bell's new Pantheon, or historical dictionary of gods, demi-gods, heroes, and fabulous personages of antiquity. 1856 J. W. Griffith & A. Henfrey (title) The micrographic dictionary; a guide to the examination and investigation of the structure and nature of microscopic objects. 1872 J. Morley vi. 283 Minutiæ ought to be collected by annalists, or in some kind of dictionaries where one might find them at need. 1926 12 Oct. 17/6 Salaino deserves something more than the few lines now devoted to him in the biographical dictionaries. 1975 75 87/1 Most teachers relied on the child's parents, encyclopedias, or medical dictionaries for the information they needed. 2004 I. McDonald (2005) v. 48 Extra-solar planetary systems had been popping out of the big black faster than the taxonomists could thumb through their dictionaries of mythology and fable for names. society > computing and information technology > programming language > program or code > [noun] > meta information society > computing and information technology > software > [noun] > applications program > word processing > dictionary 1954 Aug. 121/2 The magnetic drum of the computer was used for holding the dictionary.] 1957 1 150/1 The dictionary for language translation by a computer..and many other problems which are essentially table look-up require a system like those described. 1964 26 353/1 A separate dictionary is maintained for each disk area. Each dictionary entry contains the following information for each subroutine within that area: 1. subroutine name. 2. disk address... 3. length... 4. date. 1975 J. Martin xxxiii. 481 Each entry in the dictionary points to an occurrence list giving every occurrence in the document file of the word in question. 1984 J. Hilton 115/2 Some sophisticated word processing programs can perform useful extra functions. The automatic dictionary, or spelling checker, is among the most popular inclusions. 1992 Apr. 125/3 The software is built on the concept of ad-hoc queries that can be made after a database-specific data dictionary has been defined by the administrator. 2006 Dec. 212/1 Using the dictionary, the software employs a process called flooding to generate and store all possible English translations for the words in that chunk [of text]. society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > [noun] > vocabulary of individual or group 1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in 58 If I may vse that tearme vnder correction of M. Heskins dictionarie. 1646 Sir T. Browne i. x. 41 Not only in the dictionary of man, but the subtiler vocabulary of Satan. View more context for this quotation 1726 J. Swift II. iii. ii. 24 I much enlarged my Dictionary; and when I went next to Court, was able to understand many things the King spoke. 1776 T. Francklin i. i. 22 Precipitate! I don't know what you call precipitate; it's a d——n'd hard word, by the bye, and not in my dictionary. 1837 P. S. Du Ponceau Let. 29 July in J. D'Homergue (1839) 362 It is the American character, drawn to the life. The word impossible is not in their dictionary. 1845 W. A. Caruthers ii. xxix. 242 ‘Are you going to retire to the shades of private life?’ ‘Jist exactly the very words Governor, only they wer'nt no where in my dictionary.’ 1908 E. Walter i. i. 19 Just make this horse for a minute. Hurry is not in his dictionary. 2007 I. R. Contento xvii. 450 They want jobs that involve individual creativity. Denial is not in their dictionary. the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > large amount of knowledge > [noun] > possession of > one who has or claims 1734 tr. C. Rollin I. iii. 182 All this cannot be done, but by the explication of authors, who are a kind of living dictionary, and speaking grammar. 1774 O. Goldsmith I. Pref. p. vi A system may be considered as a dictionary in the study of nature. 1837 R. W. Emerson 14 Life is our dictionary. 1849 T. B. Macaulay II. 180 Burnet was eminently qualified to be of use as a living dictionary of British affairs. 1923 18 274/2 Father Francesco seems to have been a living dictionary of such classical lore as was then available. 2003 (Nexis) 12 Feb. 125 She's an absolute dictionary about Takemitsu. society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > ornateness > embellish [verb (transitive)] > set forth in ornate language 1680 R. L'Estrange 31 If you had him but one half-hour upon the Talking-Pin, you'd swear that he had swallow'd Calepines Dictionary whole, and spew'd it up again.] 1829 G. Griffin I. v. 40 Why then I seen a schoolmaster westwards that had as much Latin and English as if he had swallowed a dictionary. 1853 G. E. Jewsbury 226 What has come over the lady all at once, that she speaks so grand, as if she had just swallowed a dictionary. 1858 H. A. Reid 39 In contempt of a sarcasm of the author's school-fellows, that he had ‘swallowed the Dictionary’. 1934 ‘G. Orwell’ ii. 29 Have you swallowed a dictionary?.. We shall have to sack this fellow if he gets to talk English too well. 1966 ‘M. Torrie’ x. 124 ‘The whole point is that my Society deprecates, as much as you do...’ The voices began again, ‘Aw, cut it out!’ ‘Put a sock in it!’ ‘'Ev've swallered the dictionary!’ 2001 I. McEwan in Spring 29 ‘Divagation was nice. Where d'you get that one?’‘He swallowed a fucking dictionary,’ Corporal Nettle said proudly. †B. adj.1596 T. Nashe sig. N4 v To so Dictionarie a custome it was grown with him, that..he would extempore in that kinde of verse runne vppon mens hearts and womens hearts all the night long. Compounds C1. a1586 Sir P. Sidney (1591) 7 You that doe dictionary method bring Into your rymes, running in ratling rowes. 1721 25 Were it so, the Dispute would be wholly Grammatical, and nothing but Dictionary Work. 1817 M. Edgeworth Love & Law i. iii, in 36 Honor. To shut the door after me when I'd come into a room. Bloom. When I'd come—now that's not dic'snary English. 1830 J. Galt III. vii. iv. 41 Miss Beeny was an endless woman with her dictionary phraseology. 1834 T. Carlyle i. iv. 10/2 He..calls many things by their mere dictionary names. 1837 J. S. Mill in 27 No. 2. 19 A few phrases,..by adding up the dictionary meanings of which, we may hunt out a few qualities. 1854 W. C. Roscoe in 10 398 [Shakespeare] leaves his meaning to rest in great measure on the atmosphere that hangs about his language, rather than on its dictionary meaning and grammatical construction. 1879 J. A. H. Murray in (1903) at Pigeon-hole v. I had proposed to pigeon-hole the walls of the drawing-room for the reception of the dictionary material. 1896 17 126 The next dictionary entry..is indirect, in the name pōhon kasuāri, ‘cassowary tree’. 1924 H. E. Palmer 157 The Infinitive..may be called the ‘Dictionary-form’ of the verb. 1929 C. I. Dodd ii. iv. 146 It was over the Dictionary work that Amanda made the acquaintance of Mr. Jasper Stafford. 1969 60 274 A text derived from traditional language by replacing each word by its dictionary definition. 2008 (National ed.) 30 May a23/2 ‘Elite’ and ‘elitist’ do not, in a dictionary sense, mean the same thing. the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > lexicography > [noun] > lexicographer 1742 A. Pope 220 (note) The first [Suidas] a Dictionary-writer, a collector of impertinent facts and barbarous words. 1759 O. Goldsmith ii Dictionary writing was at that time much in fashion. 1805 F. Reynolds iv. 60 New meaning! why you rascal, do you aspire to the dignity of dictionary writer? 1889 8 June Authors will take refuge in odd, unholy adventures in unheard of ways. They will be dictionary readers, like Rossetti, Gautier, and others. 1956 D. J. Lloyd & H. R. Warfel ii. ix. 135 It doesn't take a dictionary writer to think of verbs in English that do not express action. 1991 4 3 The monotransitive and intransitive uses of the verb play will pose no problems for the average dictionary user. 2006 21 Oct. 62/3 Is it only dictionary compilers who use copyright traps? 1632 J. Hayward in tr. G. F. Biondi Transl. to Rdr. sig. A4 I would not..be taken (or rather mistaken) for a Dictionary-tutred Linguist. 1889 5 Dec. The dictionary taught foreigner..remarked, ‘Youar-r-e one gr-r-eat liar-r; I spik not ze French at all, never.’ 1958 L. Roth xii. 251 In my faltering, dictionary-learned Spanish, I said, ‘Buenos dias. Mucho gusto.’ 1997 20 Nov. 11/4 Upon deciding to come to America she had dug out the address, writing this time in laborious, dictionary-assisted English. C2. 1988 14 Nov. 6/2 The worm used a ‘dictionary attack’ to gain access to the processors. Unix 4·3 contains a dictionary the worm could scan, trying each word as a password and counting on the likelihood that many users would have a proper word as a password. 1994 (Nexis) 17 Feb. b11 Many systems require..that passwords include such keyboard characters as asterisks or ampersands so they are not real words. This makes it harder for outsiders to launch ‘dictionary attacks’. 2008 B. Hamilton (ed. 2) vi. 418 To thwart the dictionary attack, a random string referred to as salt is concatenated with the original password. 1869 C. A. Cutter in Jan. 116 Experience shows, that, with all the simplicity of a ‘dictionary’ catalogue, the public have to be taught how to use it. 1915 4 532 We listened to a little talk about the Dictionary Catalogue: how it differs from an index; how the system of classification under a specific subject is followed. 2005 S. W. Green & D. J. Ernest in (ed. 5) vii. 382 This dictionary catalog is culled from the holdings of the research libraries of the New York Public Library..and the Library of Congress. All entries are interfiled in one alphabetical sequence, typical of dictionary catalog formats. the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > lexicography > [noun] > lexicographer 1567 T. Stapleton iii. xxv. f. 322v Neither therin wil I vse any peremptory challenge, but am content to stand to the iudgment of your nigh neighbours in the famous schole of Winchester, or if ye wil, of M. Cooper the dictionary maker, better acquaynted with these matters, then perchaunce your self are. 1726 J. Swift II. iv. xii. 187 Writers of Travels, like Dictionary-Makers, are sunk into Oblivion by the Weight and Bulk of those who come after, and therefore lie uppermost. 1882 E. A. Freeman in 1 97 Did anybody, even a dictionary-maker, really fancy that the last three letters of ‘neighbour’ had anything in common with the last three letters of ‘honour’? 1998 S. Winchester v. 89 The achievements of the great dictionary-makers of England's seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were prodigious indeed. the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > lexicography > [noun] 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ded. sig. A iij This Work of Dictionary-making, for the polishing of their Language. 1860 O. W. Holmes ii. 40 The language will shape itself by larger forces than phonography and dictionary-making. 2000 N. S. Baron (2001) iv. 104 The saga of English orthography hasn't been quite as radical as that of dictionary-making, though their earlier histories were both tenuous. 1758 J. Reed i. i. 3 I cannot..forbear taking notice of the negligence of our dictionary-mongers, in omitting the explanation of the word intire; or, as it is frequently written, entire, in the sense I have now used it. 1818 M. R. Mitford in A. G. L'Estrange (1870) II. 27 After the fashion of certain dictionary-mongers who ring the changes upon two words. 2008 J. Garth in S. Caldecott & T. Honegger 25 Tolkien was already an inveterate dictionary-monger; his sole contribution to Exeter's undergraduate suggestions book was for the purchase of ‘a good English dictionary’. 1767 Rules reading Galic Lang. 9 in J. Stuart & J. Stuart tr. The immutable consonants l, n, r, when initials of words in their natural or dictionary order, as also when joined with another consonant, have generally a soft double or liquid sound. 1872 2 May 9/6 The original wills..have been arranged..in unbroken sequence and in dictionary order, so as to be self-indexing. 2002 R. M. Davidson 419 Indic sources are arranged according to the Sanskrit alphabet, with Tibetan titles for which there is no Indic equivalent inserted in Tibetan dictionary order. 1819 Dec. 122/2 Grose too, with all his professional knowledge of slang, and who was even dictionary-proof upon this subject. 1871 ‘P. Ludlow’ xviii. 329 Jonas plied them with the longest and toughest words he could find, till it seemed as if they were dictionary proof. 1894 Aug. 737/1 If they are case-hardened and dictionary-proof they go calmly on gathering in clients, gaining important pieces of work, and waxing rich, regardless of the bellowings that are intended to efface them from off the earth. 2001 J. D. Williams & J. Edley (rev. ed.) xxiv. 291 Peter Morris..pulled a fast one against dictionary-proof Robert Felt.., who has one of the best vocabularies around. 1602 S. Sturtevant (title page) A rare and new invention... Where..al the Dictionarie words of the Language of Canaan are truly represented, and cleerely written. 1721 tr. T. Le Fèvre 65 Bewildring themselves in a Labyrinth of Dictionary-Words, of very different Significations, tho' of the same Sounds, for want of Skill to make shoice of such as are proper for their purpose. 1794 W. B. Stevens 19 Nov. (1965) 206 He seems to be quandaryed (that's not a dictionary word I believe). 1831 L. E. Landon I. xiv. 125 As I once heard a little child say, ‘Oh, mamma, I always speak to Mrs. S. in such dictionary words!’ 1858 R. S. Surtees i. 1 His fine dictionary words and laboured expletives. 1946 2 Dec. 31/2 [They] prefer meaningless combinations of letters to dictionary words. 2003 J. Anward in C. Goodwin viii. 196 If the actual word is not a dictionary word, only phonological similarity is held to be relevant. Derivatives 1854 50 317 Battling, grammarless and dictionaryless, with a work in a strange idiom. 1995 R. Ohly in M. Pütz iv. 288 The African communities remained ‘dictionaryless’ although several middle-size dictionaries were at hand at that time. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.adj.c1480 |
