dharman.

Brit.

/ˈdɑːmə/, U.S.

/ˈdɑrmə/

Forms:

α. 1700s dherma, 1700s– dharma, 1800s– dharmma.

β. 1800s dhurm, 1800s– dharm.

Also with capital initial.

Origin: A borrowing from Sanskrit. Etymon: Sanskrit dharma.

Etymology: < Sanskrit dharma (also with vernacular pronunciation dharm ) law, decree, custom, also in various specific religious and philosophical uses, (also) quality, inherent characteristic, alteration (with change of gender) of dharman law, rule, custom < dhṛ- to hold, to fix (e.g. a law) ( < the same Indo-European base as Old Persian dar- to hold, and perhaps also classical Latin firmus firm adj.) + -man , suffix forming abstract nouns (see karma n.).In modern use in languages of India, dharma is often used to translate English religion, and this has in turn influenced English use of the word.

a. In various religious, philosophical, and cultural traditions originating in India: the eternal law of the cosmos, inherent in the very nature of things, and including proper human conduct.In Hinduism, dharma is seen as the cosmic law both upheld by the gods and expressed in right behaviour by humans, including adherence to the social order, and is regarded as one of the goals of life. In Sikhism, it is held to be expressed in performance of duty and the contemplation of the unity of God. In Jainism, it is conceived both as virtue and as a kind of fundamental substance, the medium of motion.In quot. 1785 as a personification.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > customs, values, or beliefs of a society or group > [noun] > of specific society or group

dharma1785

dhamma1837

Arthurianism1854

colonialism1855

zadruga1887

mat1905

outbackery1961

1785 C. Wilkins tr. Inscription on Pillar near Buddal in Asiatick Researches (1789) 1 138 His policy..following the sense of the Véds, was of boundless splendor, and, as it were, a descent of Dhărmă, the Genius of Justice.

1827 Trans. Royal Asiatic Soc. 1 554 Dharma is explained [by Jains] as a substance or thing (dravya) from which may be concluded, as its effect, the soul's ascent to the region above.

1926 Other Lands Apr. 84/2 The missionary is the most dreadful enemy you have to meet, the greatest enemy of dharma and Hindu national life in the present age.

1978 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 7 Oct. 1697/2 They were wholly devoted to the propagation of Sikh dharma.

2002 Hindustan Times 24 Aug. i. 2/3 The Vedas have emphasised more than once that dharma has to be upheld at any cost.

b. Buddhism. Universal truth or law, esp. as proclaimed by the Buddha; Buddhist teaching. Cf. Buddha dharma n. 2, dhamma n. 1.Dharma is regarded as one of the three cornerstones of Buddhist faith; cf. three jewels n.In Theravada Buddhism the related term dhamma n. is typically used.

ΚΠ

1829 Trans. Royal Asiatic Soc. 2 253 S'akya having collected these words of the Buddhas, and secured them in a written form, they are now worshipped under the names Sútra and Dharma.

1850 R. S. Hardy Eastern Monachism i. 5 Expositions of the doctrines of Budha..are called bana, or the Word; and the system itself is called dharmma, or the Truth.

1958 J. Kerouac Dharma Bums i. 5 An oldtime bhikku in modern clothes wandering the world..to turn the wheel of the True Meaning, or Dharma.

2003 J. Burdett Bangkok 8 (2004) ii. 18 We had to seek refuge in the Three Jewels of the Buddha, the dharma and the sangha.

2. In various religious, philosophical, and cultural traditions originating in India: a distinctive aspect of truth or reality; (also) a spiritual path to be followed by a person or group in fulfilment of the eternal law of the cosmos.In Buddhism such aspects are regarded as part of the phenomenal world.In Theravada Buddhism the related term dhamma n. is typically used.

ΚΠ

1829 Trans. Royal Asiatic Soc. 2 253 The aggregation of the nine Dharmas is for ritual purposes.

1975 Amer. Ethnologist 2 174 The Hindu texts are replete with suggestions that one's dharma is not another's dharma, that warriors have different duties and standards from those of priests or goldsmiths.

2000 S. Hamilton Indian Philos. (2001) vi. 90 In proceeding in their investigations, the Abhidharmikas of both schools attributed the ‘not-self’ doctrine in effect exclusively to human beings rather than to all dharmas alike.

Compounds

dharma bum n. a person who lives as a vagrant, or in an apparently aimless or purposeless way, in fulfilment of a higher spiritual duty.Originally in the writings of Jack Kerouac, and used in the title of his third novel, The Dharma Bums (1958).

ΚΠ

1956 J. Kerouac Let. May in Sel. Lett. 1940–56 (1995) 584 It will just have to be the old amorphous ungraspable dharma bums..sidling around the authorities and coming in on the train the other end of the yards, going thru the world unobtrusive.

1992 Esquire July 121/1 Looking out on the sand for the first time, those two Jefferson-era dharma bums did not see what I see, unless Native Americans were stiffed the credit for introducing volleyball to the white man.

2012 N.Y. Times Mag. 15 July 46/1 Roy Choi is the dharma bum of the Los Angeles food scene, a Zen lunatic bard of the city's immigrant streets.

dharma talk n. Buddhism a public talk, usually of a relatively informal nature, regarding some aspect of Buddhist teaching. [Compare Pali dhammakathā ( < dhamma dharma (see dhamma n.) + kathā talk; Buddhist Sanskrit dharmakathā), and also (after Sanskrit) Chinese fǎyǔ ( < fǎ dharma + yǔ talk).]

ΚΠ

1964 Thích Minh Châu tr. Majjhima Nikāya in Chinese Madhyama Āgama & Pāli Majjhima Nikāya ii. v. 171 He gladdens, arouses and pleases that assembly with a dharma talk.

1993 C. J. Beck Nothing Special (1994) v. 161 A life that works rests on these six legs: the five senses plus functional thought. When our lives rest on these six supports, no problem or upset can reach us. It's one thing to hear a dharma talk on these truths, however, and another to live by them.

2021 N.Y. Times Mag. 21 Feb. 55/3 In late January, I went..to a dharma talk called ‘How Technology Shapes Us’.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2021; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	dharma
释义	dharman. Brit. /ˈdɑːmə/, U.S. /ˈdɑrmə/ Forms: α. 1700s dherma, 1700s– dharma, 1800s– dharmma. β. 1800s dhurm, 1800s– dharm. Also with capital initial. Origin: A borrowing from Sanskrit. Etymon: Sanskrit dharma. Etymology: < Sanskrit dharma (also with vernacular pronunciation dharm ) law, decree, custom, also in various specific religious and philosophical uses, (also) quality, inherent characteristic, alteration (with change of gender) of dharman law, rule, custom < dhṛ- to hold, to fix (e.g. a law) ( < the same Indo-European base as Old Persian dar- to hold, and perhaps also classical Latin firmus firm adj.) + -man , suffix forming abstract nouns (see karma n.).In modern use in languages of India, dharma is often used to translate English religion, and this has in turn influenced English use of the word. 1. a. In various religious, philosophical, and cultural traditions originating in India: the eternal law of the cosmos, inherent in the very nature of things, and including proper human conduct.In Hinduism, dharma is seen as the cosmic law both upheld by the gods and expressed in right behaviour by humans, including adherence to the social order, and is regarded as one of the goals of life. In Sikhism, it is held to be expressed in performance of duty and the contemplation of the unity of God. In Jainism, it is conceived both as virtue and as a kind of fundamental substance, the medium of motion.In quot. 1785 as a personification. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > customs, values, or beliefs of a society or group > [noun] > of specific society or group dharma1785 dhamma1837 Arthurianism1854 colonialism1855 zadruga1887 mat1905 outbackery1961 1785 C. Wilkins tr. Inscription on Pillar near Buddal in Asiatick Researches (1789) 1 138 His policy..following the sense of the Véds, was of boundless splendor, and, as it were, a descent of Dhărmă, the Genius of Justice. 1827 Trans. Royal Asiatic Soc. 1 554 Dharma is explained [by Jains] as a substance or thing (dravya) from which may be concluded, as its effect, the soul's ascent to the region above. 1926 Other Lands Apr. 84/2 The missionary is the most dreadful enemy you have to meet, the greatest enemy of dharma and Hindu national life in the present age. 1978 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 7 Oct. 1697/2 They were wholly devoted to the propagation of Sikh dharma. 2002 Hindustan Times 24 Aug. i. 2/3 The Vedas have emphasised more than once that dharma has to be upheld at any cost. b. Buddhism. Universal truth or law, esp. as proclaimed by the Buddha; Buddhist teaching. Cf. Buddha dharma n. 2, dhamma n. 1.Dharma is regarded as one of the three cornerstones of Buddhist faith; cf. three jewels n.In Theravada Buddhism the related term dhamma n. is typically used. ΚΠ 1829 Trans. Royal Asiatic Soc. 2 253 S'akya having collected these words of the Buddhas, and secured them in a written form, they are now worshipped under the names Sútra and Dharma. 1850 R. S. Hardy Eastern Monachism i. 5 Expositions of the doctrines of Budha..are called bana, or the Word; and the system itself is called dharmma, or the Truth. 1958 J. Kerouac Dharma Bums i. 5 An oldtime bhikku in modern clothes wandering the world..to turn the wheel of the True Meaning, or Dharma. 2003 J. Burdett Bangkok 8 (2004) ii. 18 We had to seek refuge in the Three Jewels of the Buddha, the dharma and the sangha. 2. In various religious, philosophical, and cultural traditions originating in India: a distinctive aspect of truth or reality; (also) a spiritual path to be followed by a person or group in fulfilment of the eternal law of the cosmos.In Buddhism such aspects are regarded as part of the phenomenal world.In Theravada Buddhism the related term dhamma n. is typically used. ΚΠ 1829 Trans. Royal Asiatic Soc. 2 253 The aggregation of the nine Dharmas is for ritual purposes. 1975 Amer. Ethnologist 2 174 The Hindu texts are replete with suggestions that one's dharma is not another's dharma, that warriors have different duties and standards from those of priests or goldsmiths. 2000 S. Hamilton Indian Philos. (2001) vi. 90 In proceeding in their investigations, the Abhidharmikas of both schools attributed the ‘not-self’ doctrine in effect exclusively to human beings rather than to all dharmas alike. Compounds dharma bum n. a person who lives as a vagrant, or in an apparently aimless or purposeless way, in fulfilment of a higher spiritual duty.Originally in the writings of Jack Kerouac, and used in the title of his third novel, The Dharma Bums (1958). ΚΠ 1956 J. Kerouac Let. May in Sel. Lett. 1940–56 (1995) 584 It will just have to be the old amorphous ungraspable dharma bums..sidling around the authorities and coming in on the train the other end of the yards, going thru the world unobtrusive. 1992 Esquire July 121/1 Looking out on the sand for the first time, those two Jefferson-era dharma bums did not see what I see, unless Native Americans were stiffed the credit for introducing volleyball to the white man. 2012 N.Y. Times Mag. 15 July 46/1 Roy Choi is the dharma bum of the Los Angeles food scene, a Zen lunatic bard of the city's immigrant streets. dharma talk n. Buddhism a public talk, usually of a relatively informal nature, regarding some aspect of Buddhist teaching. [Compare Pali dhammakathā ( < dhamma dharma (see dhamma n.) + kathā talk; Buddhist Sanskrit dharmakathā), and also (after Sanskrit) Chinese fǎyǔ ( < fǎ dharma + yǔ talk).] ΚΠ 1964 Thích Minh Châu tr. Majjhima Nikāya in Chinese Madhyama Āgama & Pāli Majjhima Nikāya ii. v. 171 He gladdens, arouses and pleases that assembly with a dharma talk. 1993 C. J. Beck Nothing Special (1994) v. 161 A life that works rests on these six legs: the five senses plus functional thought. When our lives rest on these six supports, no problem or upset can reach us. It's one thing to hear a dharma talk on these truths, however, and another to live by them. 2021 N.Y. Times Mag. 21 Feb. 55/3 In late January, I went..to a dharma talk called ‘How Technology Shapes Us’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2021; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1785
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