dilemman.

/dɪˈlɛmə/

/dʌɪˈlɛmə/

Forms: Also β. 1500s–1600s (after French) dilemme ( dylem).

Etymology: < Latin dilemma, < Greek δίλημμα double proposition, < δι- , twice (di- comb. form) + λῆμμα assumption, premiss: see lemma n.¹

1. In Rhetoric. A form of argument involving an adversary in the choice of two (or, loosely, more) alternatives, either of which is (or appears) equally unfavourable to him. (The alternatives are commonly spoken of as the ‘horns’ of the dilemma.) Hence in Logic, a hypothetical syllogism having a conjunctive or ‘conditional’ major premiss and a disjunctive minor (or, one premiss conjunctive and the other disjunctive).Very different views have been taken by different logicians as to what syllogisms are properly dilemmas; several of the arguments commonly so called being considered by some writers to be only ordinary conjunctive syllogisms, constructive or destructive. See Fowler, Deductive Logic, v. §4.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > logical argument > [noun] > types of logical argument > dilemma

dilemma1523

horned syllogism (argument, etc.)1548

1523 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 36 They are..excommunicated..w^th a dilemma made concerninge the..Mayor's..perplexitie.

1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Ij Dilemma, otherwise..called a horned Argument, is when the reason consisteth of repugnaunt membres, so that what so euer you graunt, you fall into the snare.

1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 101 A Dilemma, that Bishop Morton..used, to raise vp the Beneuolence to higher Rates; and some called it his Forke, and some his Crotch... That if they met with any that were sparing, they should tell them, That they must needs haue, because they laid vp: and if they were spenders, they must needs haue, because it was seene in their Port and manner of liuing.

1638 W. Chillingworth Relig. Protestants i. ii. §154 Thus haue we cast off your dilemma, and broken both the hornes of it.

1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. Proem 11 A Dilemma is an argumentation from two members, whereof both are attended with incommoditie.

1725 I. Watts Logick iii. ii. §6 A Dilemma becomes faulty or ineffectual..when it may be retorted with equal force upon him who utters it.

1849 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 2) §78. 284 The Dilemma is a complex argument, partaking both of the conditional and disjunctive argument.

a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) I. xviii. 351 An hypothetico-disjunctive syllogism is called the dilemma or horned syllogism.

a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1860) III. xviii. 352 If the disjunction has only two members, the syllogism is then called a dilemma..in the strict and proper signification. If..three..members, it is called trilemma, etc.

1887 T. Fowler Elem. Deduct. Logic 121 In disputation, the adversary who is refuted by a dilemma is said to be ‘fixed on the horns of a dilemma’; he is said to rebut the dilemma, if he meet it by another with an opposite conclusion.

1887 T. Fowler Elem. Deduct. Logic 122 It seems less arbitrary and more systematic to define dilemma as ‘a syllogism of which one premiss is a conjunctive and the other a disjunctive proposition’.

β. 1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1307/2 This bishop, hauing heard all these excuses, vsed this dilemme.1616 J. Lane Contin. Squire's Tale (Douce 170) (1888) i. viii. 121 I see his saftie and thine maie not bee, but as Dylems or Contraries agree.

2. Hence, in popular use: A choice between two (or, loosely, several) alternatives, which are or appear equally unfavourable; a position of doubt or perplexity, a ‘fix’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > types of difficulty > [noun] > difficulty or perplexity

disjointc1374

dulcarnona1413

perplexitive1465

disjunct1553

quandary?1576

dilemma1590

distraction1602

trilemma1672

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > state of uncertainty, suspense > [noun] > dilemma

a cleft stick1574

quandary?1576

dilemma1590

crotch1622

Morton's Fork1964

the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > [noun] > an act of choosing > a difficult choice

dilemma1590

strait1611

1590 R. Greene Neuer too Late i. 22 Euery motion was intangled with a dilemma:..the loue of Francisco..gaue such fierce assaults to the bulwarke of her affection..the feare of her fathers displeasure..draue her to meditate thus.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) iv. v. 79 In perplexitie, and doubtfull delemma .

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iv. 153 He is reduced to this doleful Dilemma; either voluntarily, by resigning, to depose himself; or violently, by detrusion, to be deposed by others.

1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 297 Kosciusko was..reduced to the unpleasant dilemma of being obliged either to kill the father or give up the daughter.

1841–44 R. W. Emerson Exper. in Wks. (1906) I. 189 In the dilemma of a swimmer among drowning men, who all catch at him.

1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. II. liii. 332 They were..in the dilemma of either violating the Constitution or losing a golden opportunity.

Compounds

dilemma-making n.

ΚΠ

1895 Westm. Gaz. 16 Apr. 3/3 Dilemma-making is at best a somewhat puerile..form of dialectic.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

dilemmav.

Etymology: < dilemma n.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: diˈlemma.

rare.

1. transitive. To place in a dilemma; past participle= in a dilemma or ‘fix’.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > state of uncertainty, suspense > keep in suspense [verb (transitive)] > place in a dilemma

to take (have, etc.) at a why-nota1612

dilemma1656

1656 S. Hunton Golden Law 44 Both sides are Dilemma'd, and stand postur'd like Lots wife.

1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 325 Now we were dilemma'd, not knowing what to wish.

a1849 E. A. Poe Marginalia in Wks. (1864) III. 485 Like a novel-hero dilemma'd, I made up my mind to be guided by circumstances.

†2. intransitive. To be in a dilemma; to hesitate or be in doubt between two alternatives. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > state of uncertainty, suspense > be in suspense [verb (intransitive)] > hesitate between alternatives

halt1382

dilemma1687

bedrift1837

pendulate1837

vacillate1841

to be in (also of, occasionally on) two minds (also in twenty minds, in (also of) several minds, etc.)1853

to be torn between1871

to play pendulum1893

1687 R. L'Estrange Answer to Let. to Dissenter 39 He runs away with the Fact, for Granted; Dilemma's upon it, and so leaves the Matter.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

单词	dilemma
释义	dilemman. /dɪˈlɛmə//dʌɪˈlɛmə/ Forms: Also β. 1500s–1600s (after French) dilemme ( dylem). Etymology: < Latin dilemma, < Greek δίλημμα double proposition, < δι- , twice (di- comb. form) + λῆμμα assumption, premiss: see lemma n.¹ 1. In Rhetoric. A form of argument involving an adversary in the choice of two (or, loosely, more) alternatives, either of which is (or appears) equally unfavourable to him. (The alternatives are commonly spoken of as the ‘horns’ of the dilemma.) Hence in Logic, a hypothetical syllogism having a conjunctive or ‘conditional’ major premiss and a disjunctive minor (or, one premiss conjunctive and the other disjunctive).Very different views have been taken by different logicians as to what syllogisms are properly dilemmas; several of the arguments commonly so called being considered by some writers to be only ordinary conjunctive syllogisms, constructive or destructive. See Fowler, Deductive Logic, v. §4. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > logical argument > [noun] > types of logical argument > dilemma dilemma1523 horned syllogism (argument, etc.)1548 1523 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 36 They are..excommunicated..w^th a dilemma made concerninge the..Mayor's..perplexitie. 1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Ij Dilemma, otherwise..called a horned Argument, is when the reason consisteth of repugnaunt membres, so that what so euer you graunt, you fall into the snare. 1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 101 A Dilemma, that Bishop Morton..used, to raise vp the Beneuolence to higher Rates; and some called it his Forke, and some his Crotch... That if they met with any that were sparing, they should tell them, That they must needs haue, because they laid vp: and if they were spenders, they must needs haue, because it was seene in their Port and manner of liuing. 1638 W. Chillingworth Relig. Protestants i. ii. §154 Thus haue we cast off your dilemma, and broken both the hornes of it. 1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. Proem 11 A Dilemma is an argumentation from two members, whereof both are attended with incommoditie. 1725 I. Watts Logick iii. ii. §6 A Dilemma becomes faulty or ineffectual..when it may be retorted with equal force upon him who utters it. 1849 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 2) §78. 284 The Dilemma is a complex argument, partaking both of the conditional and disjunctive argument. a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) I. xviii. 351 An hypothetico-disjunctive syllogism is called the dilemma or horned syllogism. a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1860) III. xviii. 352 If the disjunction has only two members, the syllogism is then called a dilemma..in the strict and proper signification. If..three..members, it is called trilemma, etc. 1887 T. Fowler Elem. Deduct. Logic 121 In disputation, the adversary who is refuted by a dilemma is said to be ‘fixed on the horns of a dilemma’; he is said to rebut the dilemma, if he meet it by another with an opposite conclusion. 1887 T. Fowler Elem. Deduct. Logic 122 It seems less arbitrary and more systematic to define dilemma as ‘a syllogism of which one premiss is a conjunctive and the other a disjunctive proposition’. β. 1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1307/2 This bishop, hauing heard all these excuses, vsed this dilemme.1616 J. Lane Contin. Squire's Tale (Douce 170) (1888) i. viii. 121 I see his saftie and thine maie not bee, but as Dylems or Contraries agree. 2. Hence, in popular use: A choice between two (or, loosely, several) alternatives, which are or appear equally unfavourable; a position of doubt or perplexity, a ‘fix’. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > types of difficulty > [noun] > difficulty or perplexity disjointc1374 dulcarnona1413 perplexitive1465 disjunct1553 quandary?1576 dilemma1590 distraction1602 trilemma1672 the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > state of uncertainty, suspense > [noun] > dilemma a cleft stick1574 quandary?1576 dilemma1590 crotch1622 Morton's Fork1964 the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > [noun] > an act of choosing > a difficult choice dilemma1590 strait1611 1590 R. Greene Neuer too Late i. 22 Euery motion was intangled with a dilemma:..the loue of Francisco..gaue such fierce assaults to the bulwarke of her affection..the feare of her fathers displeasure..draue her to meditate thus. a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) iv. v. 79 In perplexitie, and doubtfull delemma . View more context for this quotation 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iv. 153 He is reduced to this doleful Dilemma; either voluntarily, by resigning, to depose himself; or violently, by detrusion, to be deposed by others. 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 297 Kosciusko was..reduced to the unpleasant dilemma of being obliged either to kill the father or give up the daughter. 1841–44 R. W. Emerson Exper. in Wks. (1906) I. 189 In the dilemma of a swimmer among drowning men, who all catch at him. 1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. II. liii. 332 They were..in the dilemma of either violating the Constitution or losing a golden opportunity. Compounds dilemma-making n. ΚΠ 1895 Westm. Gaz. 16 Apr. 3/3 Dilemma-making is at best a somewhat puerile..form of dialectic. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online June 2021). dilemmav. Etymology: < dilemma n.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: diˈlemma. rare. 1. transitive. To place in a dilemma; past participle= in a dilemma or ‘fix’. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > state of uncertainty, suspense > keep in suspense [verb (transitive)] > place in a dilemma to take (have, etc.) at a why-nota1612 dilemma1656 1656 S. Hunton Golden Law 44 Both sides are Dilemma'd, and stand postur'd like Lots wife. 1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 325 Now we were dilemma'd, not knowing what to wish. a1849 E. A. Poe Marginalia in Wks. (1864) III. 485 Like a novel-hero dilemma'd, I made up my mind to be guided by circumstances. †2. intransitive. To be in a dilemma; to hesitate or be in doubt between two alternatives. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > state of uncertainty, suspense > be in suspense [verb (intransitive)] > hesitate between alternatives halt1382 dilemma1687 bedrift1837 pendulate1837 vacillate1841 to be in (also of, occasionally on) two minds (also in twenty minds, in (also of) several minds, etc.)1853 to be torn between1871 to play pendulum1893 1687 R. L'Estrange Answer to Let. to Dissenter 39 He runs away with the Fact, for Granted; Dilemma's upon it, and so leaves the Matter. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online June 2021). < n.1523v.1656
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