differentiationn.

Brit.

/ˌdɪfərɛnʃɪˈeɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌdɪfəˌrɛn(t)ʃiˈeɪʃən/

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: French différentiation ; differentiate v., -ation suffix.

Etymology: Partly (i) < French différentiation (1772 in the passage translated in quot. 1776 at sense 1; < post-classical Latin differentiation- , differentiatio (1694 or earlier; < differentiat- , past participial stem of differentiare differentiate v. + classical Latin -iō -ion suffix¹)), and partly (ii) (in later use) < differentiate v. (see -ation suffix).With sense 1 compare later differentiate v. 1. With the specific use in biology in sense 2a, compare French différenciation (1808 in this sense).

1. Mathematics. The operation of obtaining the differential or (now more commonly) the derivative of a function.Together with integration (integration n. 2), differentiation is one of the central elements of the branch of mathematics known as calculus. A primary motivation for its initial development was the problem of finding the tangent to a curve or curved surface, differentiation providing a systematic means of calculating its gradient.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > calculus > [noun] > differential calculus > differentiation

differentiation1776

differentiating1813

Neumann problem1913

1776 tr. J. L. Lagrange in Monthly Rev. 53 App. 549 (title) Concerning a new kind of Calculation relative to..the Integration and Differentiation of variable Quantities.

1831 National Mag. 2 93 In the method of limits, the notion of differentials does not occur at all, and differentiation is performed by differential co-efficients.

1885 H. W. Watson & S. H. Burbury Math. Theory Electr. & Magn. I. 31 Performing the differentiations and substituting, we get [etc.].

1947 Math. Tables & Other Aids Computation 2 226 To illustrate the need for numerical differentiation, suffice it to mention the evaluation of the derivatives of the spherical scattering functions.

1967 Tucson (Arizona) Daily Citizen 17 May 34/8 The calculus and analytic geometry portion of their work involves studying such concepts as integration, differentiation, and polar coordinates.

2010 R. Castelli Nucl. Corrosion Modelling iii. 44 We are expressing the flux as a time rate of change by differentiation.

2. Biology.

a. The process by which cells, tissue, and organs acquire specialized features of form and function, esp. during embryonic development; the result of this process; the fact or state of having undergone this process.cell differentiation, self-differentiation: see the first element.

ΚΠ

1853 G. Busk & T. H. Huxley tr. A. Kölliker Man. Human Histol. I. 402 An entire embryonic nerve-tube, the contents of which were still homogeneous, or had not undergone differentiation [Ger. mit ihrem noch nicht differenzirten Inhalte].

1871 C. Darwin Descent of Man I. ii. 61 [The naturalist] justly considers the differentiation and specialisation of organs as the test of perfection.

1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. xviii. 269 The future differentiation of a particular region at a particular moment may be of two kinds. It may be entirely independent of other organs, in which case we speak of self-differentiation, or it may depend upon some other organ, when it is called dependent differentiation.

1954 H. Harris in H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xxix. 539 Further differentiation and development of the vascular system does not take place in the absence of an adequate circulation of blood.

2008 Times 8 Mar. (Mag.) 24/2 A key goal is to learn more about abnormal cell division and differentiation.

b. The process by which a variety, species, or other taxonomic group of organisms acquires specialized and distinguishing features of form or function in the course of evolution; the fact or state of being distinguished by such differences.

ΚΠ

1857 J. C. Nott & G. R. Gliddon Indigenous Races Earth p. xiv This differentiation of our animals into an almost indefinite number of varieties in species which have..a wide geographical distribution, is a feature which prevails very extensively upon the two continents of America.

1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species v. 169 In a district where many species of any genus are found—that is, where there has been much former variation and differentiation, or where the manufactory of new specific form has been actively at work—there, on an average, we now find most varieties or incipient species.

1880 A. R. Wallace Island Life 278 Long continued isolation would often lead to the differentiation of species.

1922 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 16 Sept. 5/7 Modification and differentiation of the species must accordingly have been extremely rapid.

1967 Times 17 Nov. 5/6 The extent to which the new find will throw light on the differentiation of the species which include men and apes will depend on a detailed comparison of the new skull.

2011 E. O. Wiley & B. S. Lieberman Phylogenetics (ed. 2) i. 12 If a vicariance event truly divides the preexisting geographic range of a biota, eventually many of the component species affected will undergo differentiation and speciation.

a. The action or process of developing so as to form a system of distinct components; specialization; an instance of this.role differentiation, social differentiation: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [noun] > differentiation or distinguishing

discretiona1398

specification1615

discrepation1616

differentiation1855

differentiation1857

distinctificationa1866

1855 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. ii. xxvi. 333 Those..differentiations and integrations which constitute mental development.

1874 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds 23 The Roman alphabet has been further enriched by the differentiation of various forms of the same letter.

1900 N.Y. Times 12 May 308/3 The tendencies of the modern novel are toward the differentiation into specific types of expression.

1967 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 73 298/2 Such matters as urbanization and literacy have consequences for the degree of pluralistic differentiation within a polity.

2010 D. A. Rothery Planets: Very Short Introd. iii. 75 The discrepancy is too large to be radiogenic heat, so internal differentiation may still be occurring.

b. Linguistics. Of speech sounds, the meanings of synonymous words, etc.: the process of becoming (more) different or more clearly differentiated; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [noun] > differentiation or distinguishing

discretiona1398

specification1615

discrepation1616

differentiation1855

differentiation1857

distinctificationa1866

1857 H. Spencer in Westm. Rev. 67 456 Another phase under which we may contemplate the development of language is the differentiation of words of allied meanings.

1880 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 1 426 Are they pronouns, or are they forms that preceded the differentiation of the pronoun?

1934 M. K. Pope From Lat. to Mod. French ii. i. 64 Differentiation is at times due to the same instinct, as for instance when plosive + plosive is differentiated to fricative + plosive.

1968 Slavonic & East European Rev. 46 311 The differentiation in Ruthenian of the Polonism moc from East Slavonic moč' is still continued in modern Ukrainian.

2007 Oceanic Linguistics 46 27 Some doublets may have arisen..as a result of a sound change in progress, with semantic differentiation of phonological variants.

4. The action or an act of distinguishing one thing from another, or of making a distinction between two or more things; discrimination, distinction.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > [noun] > action of

distinctiona1340

division?c1425

decerninga1535

dignotion1578

differencing1598

discern1599

discernment1615

discrimination1621

refinement1712

differentiation1872

distinguishing1882

differentiating1887

1872 Canad. Naturalist 6 237 Ranking next in importance to his definition of the Silurian System was his differentiation of the Permians.

1895 Trans. Highland & Agric. Soc. Scotl. 7 372 He makes no differentiation between leguminous plants and others as regards their ability to assimilate free nitrogen.

1921 M. H. Hunter Outl. Public Finance v. 97 Students of fiscal problems..must make a differentiation between the compulsory payments to the state and other compulsory payments.

1950 Daily Mirror 5 Sept. 2/1 If war breaks out the bullet makes no differentiation between a Regular and me. Why then cause envy among us now?

2003 S. Shamdasani Jung & Making of Mod. Psychol. (2005) 160 His differentiation between compensatory dreams, diagnostic dreams,..and ‘Freudian’ dreams.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	differentiation
释义	differentiationn. Brit. /ˌdɪfərɛnʃɪˈeɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌdɪfəˌrɛn(t)ʃiˈeɪʃən/ Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: French différentiation ; differentiate v., -ation suffix. Etymology: Partly (i) < French différentiation (1772 in the passage translated in quot. 1776 at sense 1; < post-classical Latin differentiation- , differentiatio (1694 or earlier; < differentiat- , past participial stem of differentiare differentiate v. + classical Latin -iō -ion suffix¹)), and partly (ii) (in later use) < differentiate v. (see -ation suffix).With sense 1 compare later differentiate v. 1. With the specific use in biology in sense 2a, compare French différenciation (1808 in this sense). 1. Mathematics. The operation of obtaining the differential or (now more commonly) the derivative of a function.Together with integration (integration n. 2), differentiation is one of the central elements of the branch of mathematics known as calculus. A primary motivation for its initial development was the problem of finding the tangent to a curve or curved surface, differentiation providing a systematic means of calculating its gradient. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > calculus > [noun] > differential calculus > differentiation differentiation1776 differentiating1813 Neumann problem1913 1776 tr. J. L. Lagrange in Monthly Rev. 53 App. 549 (title) Concerning a new kind of Calculation relative to..the Integration and Differentiation of variable Quantities. 1831 National Mag. 2 93 In the method of limits, the notion of differentials does not occur at all, and differentiation is performed by differential co-efficients. 1885 H. W. Watson & S. H. Burbury Math. Theory Electr. & Magn. I. 31 Performing the differentiations and substituting, we get [etc.]. 1947 Math. Tables & Other Aids Computation 2 226 To illustrate the need for numerical differentiation, suffice it to mention the evaluation of the derivatives of the spherical scattering functions. 1967 Tucson (Arizona) Daily Citizen 17 May 34/8 The calculus and analytic geometry portion of their work involves studying such concepts as integration, differentiation, and polar coordinates. 2010 R. Castelli Nucl. Corrosion Modelling iii. 44 We are expressing the flux as a time rate of change by differentiation. 2. Biology. a. The process by which cells, tissue, and organs acquire specialized features of form and function, esp. during embryonic development; the result of this process; the fact or state of having undergone this process.cell differentiation, self-differentiation: see the first element. ΚΠ 1853 G. Busk & T. H. Huxley tr. A. Kölliker Man. Human Histol. I. 402 An entire embryonic nerve-tube, the contents of which were still homogeneous, or had not undergone differentiation [Ger. mit ihrem noch nicht differenzirten Inhalte]. 1871 C. Darwin Descent of Man I. ii. 61 [The naturalist] justly considers the differentiation and specialisation of organs as the test of perfection. 1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. xviii. 269 The future differentiation of a particular region at a particular moment may be of two kinds. It may be entirely independent of other organs, in which case we speak of self-differentiation, or it may depend upon some other organ, when it is called dependent differentiation. 1954 H. Harris in H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xxix. 539 Further differentiation and development of the vascular system does not take place in the absence of an adequate circulation of blood. 2008 Times 8 Mar. (Mag.) 24/2 A key goal is to learn more about abnormal cell division and differentiation. b. The process by which a variety, species, or other taxonomic group of organisms acquires specialized and distinguishing features of form or function in the course of evolution; the fact or state of being distinguished by such differences. ΚΠ 1857 J. C. Nott & G. R. Gliddon Indigenous Races Earth p. xiv This differentiation of our animals into an almost indefinite number of varieties in species which have..a wide geographical distribution, is a feature which prevails very extensively upon the two continents of America. 1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species v. 169 In a district where many species of any genus are found—that is, where there has been much former variation and differentiation, or where the manufactory of new specific form has been actively at work—there, on an average, we now find most varieties or incipient species. 1880 A. R. Wallace Island Life 278 Long continued isolation would often lead to the differentiation of species. 1922 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 16 Sept. 5/7 Modification and differentiation of the species must accordingly have been extremely rapid. 1967 Times 17 Nov. 5/6 The extent to which the new find will throw light on the differentiation of the species which include men and apes will depend on a detailed comparison of the new skull. 2011 E. O. Wiley & B. S. Lieberman Phylogenetics (ed. 2) i. 12 If a vicariance event truly divides the preexisting geographic range of a biota, eventually many of the component species affected will undergo differentiation and speciation. 3. a. The action or process of developing so as to form a system of distinct components; specialization; an instance of this.role differentiation, social differentiation: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [noun] > differentiation or distinguishing discretiona1398 specification1615 discrepation1616 differentiation1855 differentiation1857 distinctificationa1866 1855 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. ii. xxvi. 333 Those..differentiations and integrations which constitute mental development. 1874 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds 23 The Roman alphabet has been further enriched by the differentiation of various forms of the same letter. 1900 N.Y. Times 12 May 308/3 The tendencies of the modern novel are toward the differentiation into specific types of expression. 1967 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 73 298/2 Such matters as urbanization and literacy have consequences for the degree of pluralistic differentiation within a polity. 2010 D. A. Rothery Planets: Very Short Introd. iii. 75 The discrepancy is too large to be radiogenic heat, so internal differentiation may still be occurring. b. Linguistics. Of speech sounds, the meanings of synonymous words, etc.: the process of becoming (more) different or more clearly differentiated; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [noun] > differentiation or distinguishing discretiona1398 specification1615 discrepation1616 differentiation1855 differentiation1857 distinctificationa1866 1857 H. Spencer in Westm. Rev. 67 456 Another phase under which we may contemplate the development of language is the differentiation of words of allied meanings. 1880 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 1 426 Are they pronouns, or are they forms that preceded the differentiation of the pronoun? 1934 M. K. Pope From Lat. to Mod. French ii. i. 64 Differentiation is at times due to the same instinct, as for instance when plosive + plosive is differentiated to fricative + plosive. 1968 Slavonic & East European Rev. 46 311 The differentiation in Ruthenian of the Polonism moc from East Slavonic moč' is still continued in modern Ukrainian. 2007 Oceanic Linguistics 46 27 Some doublets may have arisen..as a result of a sound change in progress, with semantic differentiation of phonological variants. 4. The action or an act of distinguishing one thing from another, or of making a distinction between two or more things; discrimination, distinction. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > [noun] > action of distinctiona1340 division?c1425 decerninga1535 dignotion1578 differencing1598 discern1599 discernment1615 discrimination1621 refinement1712 differentiation1872 distinguishing1882 differentiating1887 1872 Canad. Naturalist 6 237 Ranking next in importance to his definition of the Silurian System was his differentiation of the Permians. 1895 Trans. Highland & Agric. Soc. Scotl. 7 372 He makes no differentiation between leguminous plants and others as regards their ability to assimilate free nitrogen. 1921 M. H. Hunter Outl. Public Finance v. 97 Students of fiscal problems..must make a differentiation between the compulsory payments to the state and other compulsory payments. 1950 Daily Mirror 5 Sept. 2/1 If war breaks out the bullet makes no differentiation between a Regular and me. Why then cause envy among us now? 2003 S. Shamdasani Jung & Making of Mod. Psychol. (2005) 160 His differentiation between compensatory dreams, diagnostic dreams,..and ‘Freudian’ dreams. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1776
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