dirkn.

Brit.

/dəːk/, U.S.

/dərk/

Forms: 1600s 1800s durk, 1600s dork, 1600s durke, 1700s– dirk; Scottish pre-1700 1700s–1800s durk, 1700s– dirk, pre-1700 dowrk.

Origin: Of unknown origin.

Etymology: Origin unknown. Perhaps (althouɡh the phonoloɡy is problematic) < German Dolch (mid 15th cent. in a source from Austria as †tollich; compare †tolchen (1514 in a source from Switzerland)), early modern Dutch dolch, dolck (early 16th cent.; Dutch dolk), or Middle Low German dolk (16th cent.; also dollich), all in the sense ‘dagger’, of uncertain origin (see note). Compare also (both probably < Middle Dutch or Middle Low German) Swedish dolk (1548 as †dolch), Danish dolk (16th cent.).German Dolch , Dutch dolk , Middle Low German dolk , etc. are perhaps ultimately < an alteration of the Germanic base of Old English dalc brooch, clasp, bracelet, Old Icelandic dálkr pin, cloak pin (see dalk n.¹) by association with classical Latin dolo dagger, stiletto, pike. For a borrowing of classical Latin dolo into a Germanic language compare Middle Dutch dolle dagger (c1350; < classical Latin dolo ), dolleken small dagger (1573; < dolle (see above) + -ken , diminutive suffix: see -kin suffix), and also Middle French dollekin small dagger (1396; 1450 as dollequin ), which appears to be a borrowing < Middle Dutch and if so would imply earlier currency of the Dutch diminutive form. Compare also Polish tulich (1564), Czech tulich (1594) dagger, both < German. Compare further Scottish Gaelic duirc and Irish duirc (1732 or earlier), both in the same sense, and probably < English (the usual word for a dirk in Scottish Gaelic is biodag ). Form history. Early spellings of this word have -ow- and (chiefly) -u- . The current standard spelling dirk is first attested in the 18th cent. and appears to reflect the falling together of -ir- and -ur- in English (compare e.g. variants at dirt n.). It appears to have been popularized by its use in Johnson (1755):1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Dirk, a kind of Dagger used in the Highlands of Scotland.

A dagger designed chiefly as a thrusting weapon: spec. (a) a long dagger formerly carried as a sidearm by men in the Highlands of Scotland, subsequently worn as a ceremonial weapon by soldiers, esp. officers, pipers, and drummers in Scottish Highland regiments; (now also) a small ornamental dagger worn tucked into the top of the kilt hose as part of traditional Scottish Highland dress; cf. skene-dhu n. at skene n.¹ Compounds; (b) a type of dagger formerly carried by sailors as a fighting weapon, subsequently worn as part of the uniform of officers in the armed forces, esp. the navy (now historical).The naval dirk is presented to junior officers in the Royal Navy as a badge of office. It was formerly part of the uniforms of officers in the Navy Department of the Russian Empire and the Soviet navy, and subsequently became an element of the uniform of officers in other forces, as e.g. the Russian and Polish army and air force.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > sharp weapon > side arms > knife or dagger > [noun]

saxa800

knifec1175

pricka1350

awla1387

daggerc1386

puncheonc1425

custil1447

punch?1480

murdererc1500

pointela1522

poniard1533

pounce1545

poignado?a1549

slaughmess1548

dirk1557

pistolesea1566

parazone1623

coutel1647

chiv1673

couteau1677

cuttoe1678

sticker1772

cultel1824

skewer1838

snicker1847

shiv1915

chib1929

1557 in W. Mackay & H. C. Boyd Rec. Inverness (1911) I. 9 Mans McGillmichell is jugit in amerciament for the wranguse drawin of ane dowrk to Andro Dempster, and briking of the dowrk at the said Androis heid.

1681 S. Colvil Mock Poem (1695) 4 Some had Halbards, some had Durks, Some had crooked swords like Turks.

1746 Rep. Cond. Sir J. Cope 184 They had sent a Detachment of about three hundred Men, towards Abrothe for Arms they expected to be landed there; Some few of their Men, as yet, arm'd only with Durk, Sword, and Pistol.

1786 R. Burns Poems 34 Her tartan petticoat she'll kilt, An' durk an' pistol at her belt, She'll tak the streets.

1830 W. Scott Lett. Demonol. & Witchcraft x. 396 We saw the dirk and broadsword of Rorio Mhor.

1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple I. iv. 41 I..wrote another [letter] asking for a remittance to purchase my dirk and cocked hat.

1920 Times 21 Aug. 6/3 A man [sc. in Poland] is considered a soldier when a dirk is bound round his waist and, if possible, a military cap on his head.

1967 Big Spring (Texas) Daily Herald 30 July 1 d/3 One of the elderly Gill's proudest possessions was a slender, bone-handled dirk which is encased in a worn leather scabbard.

1991 A. Blair More Tea at Miss Cranston's xi, in Miss Cranston's Omnibus (1998) 343 Oh, he got his kilt and all his orders, silver button jacket, tartan socks..and a dirk for his sock.

2017 Sc. Daily Mail (Nexis) 24 Oct. Included in the lot are several letters, his naval officer's sword and midshipman's dirk.

Compounds

C1. attributive, instrumental, similative, etc., as dirk-maker, dirk-hilt, dirk-blade, dirk-shaped, etc.

ΚΠ

1593 Edinb. Test. XXV. f. 48, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Durk William Andersone durkmaker.

1680 G. Mackenzie Sci. Herauldry i. i. 5 Thus a second son of Struan Robertson, for killing of a Wolf in Stocket Forrest by a durk in the Kings presence, got the Name of Skein, which signifies a durk in Irish, and three durk-points in for Pale for his Arms.

1817 Star 11 Jan. Having a dirk stick in my hand, I decided instantly to risk myself, and fly to prevent the murder of my friends.

1845 J. S. Stuart & C. E. Stuart Costume of Clans p. xxxiv Ivory dirk hilts, elegantly turned or wrought by the hand.

1900 Glasgow Herald 16 Jan. 9/1 The Black Watch made a gallant effort to cross the wet morass and storm the breastwork..by placing their feet on bayonets and dirk blades inserted in the joints of the masonry.

1950 Daily Mail 18 Apr. 6/3 Simpson would lay his dirk-scabbard on the table in front of him with a significant glance.

2000 Times (Nexis) 15 July A dirk-shaped brooch set with agates and citrines.

C2.

dirk-hand n. now historical the hand with which a person uses a dirk or dagger.

ΚΠ

1837 J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott IV. v. 163 Its bottom is of glass, that he who quaffed might keep his eye the while upon the dirk hand of his companion.

1903 N.Y. Times 31 May (Mag.) 9/2 I promised you you should be free, if it was not by my dirk hand.

1991 D. Gabaldon Outlander (2004) 142 If ye have no targe to shelter your dirk hand, then you favor the right side.

dirk-knife n. now chiefly North American a knife resembling a dirk, spec. a large folding pocket knife with a long, straight blade like that of a dirk or dagger, typically carried as a weapon.

ΚΠ

1580 in W. Mackay & H. C. Boyd Rec. Inverness (1911) I. 279 He..drew ane greit durk knyff..and gaif me thre streikis.

1821 Southern (Milledgeville, Georgia) Recorder 9 Jan. An act of the Legislature of Alabama..lays a tax of one dollar on every dirk, sword cane, pocket or side pistol, and dirk knife.

1870 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Daily Sentinel 1 June Further search discovered a large dirk-knife clotted with blood, lying on the bridge.

1921 Roswell (New Mexico) Daily Rec. 12 Oct. 1/6 Clarence..told of selling a long dirk knife to the accused man.

2016 Mass. Lawyers Weekly (Nexis) 13 Apr. A ban on possessing dirk knives and police batons on Second Amendment grounds.

Derivatives

dirk-like adj. that resembles a dirk or dagger, esp. in being pointed and sharp.

ΚΠ

1819 J. G. Lockhart Peter's Lett. to Kinsfolk III. lvii. 24 None of those close-kissing boots, finally, with their dirk-like sharpness of toe.

1951 Berkshire Evening Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.) 15 Oct. 12/5 Wilson allegedly tied him to a tree and plunged a dirk-like knife into his back.

2012 Stirling Observer (Nexis) 8 June 25 The powerful blows administered by those dirk-like beaks surely break the nuts into really tiny fragments.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

dirkv.

Brit.

/dəːk/, U.S.

/dərk/

Forms: see dirk n.

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: dirk n.

Etymology: < dirk n.

Originally Scottish

transitive. To stab (a person) with a dirk. Also more generally: to stab (someone).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > injure [verb (transitive)] > wound > wound with sharp weapon

woundc760

stickOE

snese?c1225

stokea1300

steekc1300

bearc1330

stangc1340

chop1362

broach1377

foinc1380

strikec1390

borea1400

dag?a1400

gorea1400

gridea1400

staira1400

through-girdc1405

thrustc1410

runc1425

to run throughc1425

traversec1425

spitc1430

through-seeka1500

stitch1527

falchiona1529

stab1530

to stab (a person) in1530

stob?1530

rutc1540

rove?c1550

push1551

foxa1566

stoga1572

poniard1593

dirk1599

bestab1600

poach1602

stiletto1613

stocka1640

inrun1653

stoccado1677

dagger1694

whip1699

bayonetc1700

tomahawk1711

stug1722

chiv1725

kittle1786

sabre1790

halberd1825

jab1825

skewer1837

sword1863

poke1866

spear1869

whinger1892

pig-stick1902

shiv1926

society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > cut of sharp weapon > use of knives > stab with knife [verb (transitive)]

poniard1593

dirk1599

dagger1694

shank1949

1599 in C. Innes Bk. Thanes Cawdor (1859) 219 Tua haling ilk ane of thame and the third standing befoir, durkit and slew the said umquhill Donald, Doull, [etc.].

a1689 W. Cleland Coll. Poems (1697) 13 For a misobliging word, She'll durk her neighbour ov'r the boord.

1774 D. Graham Impartial Hist. Rebellion (ed. 3) 6 Mischievous weapons, antick and droll, Was both for cleaving and for clieking, And durking too, their way of speaking.

1859 T. B. Aldrich Ballad of Babie Bell & Other Poems 100 Only a little lingering fear of heaven Holds me from dirking you between the ribs!

1908 Illustr. London News 7 Mar. 340/3 Gwynne, the hero, suggests..that his Lordship has been dirked by a chorus-girl, ‘perhaps with the carving-knife’.

2014 Herald Sun (Austral.) (Nexis) 23 Apr. 22 When Caesar..got dirked by Brutus.., it was as if the Bard wrote the script.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	dirk
释义	dirkn. Brit. /dəːk/, U.S. /dərk/ Forms: 1600s 1800s durk, 1600s dork, 1600s durke, 1700s– dirk; Scottish pre-1700 1700s–1800s durk, 1700s– dirk, pre-1700 dowrk. Origin: Of unknown origin. Etymology: Origin unknown. Perhaps (althouɡh the phonoloɡy is problematic) < German Dolch (mid 15th cent. in a source from Austria as †tollich; compare †tolchen (1514 in a source from Switzerland)), early modern Dutch dolch, dolck (early 16th cent.; Dutch dolk), or Middle Low German dolk (16th cent.; also dollich), all in the sense ‘dagger’, of uncertain origin (see note). Compare also (both probably < Middle Dutch or Middle Low German) Swedish dolk (1548 as †dolch), Danish dolk (16th cent.).German Dolch , Dutch dolk , Middle Low German dolk , etc. are perhaps ultimately < an alteration of the Germanic base of Old English dalc brooch, clasp, bracelet, Old Icelandic dálkr pin, cloak pin (see dalk n.¹) by association with classical Latin dolo dagger, stiletto, pike. For a borrowing of classical Latin dolo into a Germanic language compare Middle Dutch dolle dagger (c1350; < classical Latin dolo ), dolleken small dagger (1573; < dolle (see above) + -ken , diminutive suffix: see -kin suffix), and also Middle French dollekin small dagger (1396; 1450 as dollequin ), which appears to be a borrowing < Middle Dutch and if so would imply earlier currency of the Dutch diminutive form. Compare also Polish tulich (1564), Czech tulich (1594) dagger, both < German. Compare further Scottish Gaelic duirc and Irish duirc (1732 or earlier), both in the same sense, and probably < English (the usual word for a dirk in Scottish Gaelic is biodag ). Form history. Early spellings of this word have -ow- and (chiefly) -u- . The current standard spelling dirk is first attested in the 18th cent. and appears to reflect the falling together of -ir- and -ur- in English (compare e.g. variants at dirt n.). It appears to have been popularized by its use in Johnson (1755):1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Dirk, a kind of Dagger used in the Highlands of Scotland. A dagger designed chiefly as a thrusting weapon: spec. (a) a long dagger formerly carried as a sidearm by men in the Highlands of Scotland, subsequently worn as a ceremonial weapon by soldiers, esp. officers, pipers, and drummers in Scottish Highland regiments; (now also) a small ornamental dagger worn tucked into the top of the kilt hose as part of traditional Scottish Highland dress; cf. skene-dhu n. at skene n.¹ Compounds; (b) a type of dagger formerly carried by sailors as a fighting weapon, subsequently worn as part of the uniform of officers in the armed forces, esp. the navy (now historical).The naval dirk is presented to junior officers in the Royal Navy as a badge of office. It was formerly part of the uniforms of officers in the Navy Department of the Russian Empire and the Soviet navy, and subsequently became an element of the uniform of officers in other forces, as e.g. the Russian and Polish army and air force. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > sharp weapon > side arms > knife or dagger > [noun] saxa800 knifec1175 pricka1350 awla1387 daggerc1386 puncheonc1425 custil1447 punch?1480 murdererc1500 pointela1522 poniard1533 pounce1545 poignado?a1549 slaughmess1548 dirk1557 pistolesea1566 parazone1623 coutel1647 chiv1673 couteau1677 cuttoe1678 sticker1772 cultel1824 skewer1838 snicker1847 shiv1915 chib1929 1557 in W. Mackay & H. C. Boyd Rec. Inverness (1911) I. 9 Mans McGillmichell is jugit in amerciament for the wranguse drawin of ane dowrk to Andro Dempster, and briking of the dowrk at the said Androis heid. 1681 S. Colvil Mock Poem (1695) 4 Some had Halbards, some had Durks, Some had crooked swords like Turks. 1746 Rep. Cond. Sir J. Cope 184 They had sent a Detachment of about three hundred Men, towards Abrothe for Arms they expected to be landed there; Some few of their Men, as yet, arm'd only with Durk, Sword, and Pistol. 1786 R. Burns Poems 34 Her tartan petticoat she'll kilt, An' durk an' pistol at her belt, She'll tak the streets. 1830 W. Scott Lett. Demonol. & Witchcraft x. 396 We saw the dirk and broadsword of Rorio Mhor. 1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple I. iv. 41 I..wrote another [letter] asking for a remittance to purchase my dirk and cocked hat. 1920 Times 21 Aug. 6/3 A man [sc. in Poland] is considered a soldier when a dirk is bound round his waist and, if possible, a military cap on his head. 1967 Big Spring (Texas) Daily Herald 30 July 1 d/3 One of the elderly Gill's proudest possessions was a slender, bone-handled dirk which is encased in a worn leather scabbard. 1991 A. Blair More Tea at Miss Cranston's xi, in Miss Cranston's Omnibus (1998) 343 Oh, he got his kilt and all his orders, silver button jacket, tartan socks..and a dirk for his sock. 2017 Sc. Daily Mail (Nexis) 24 Oct. Included in the lot are several letters, his naval officer's sword and midshipman's dirk. Compounds C1. attributive, instrumental, similative, etc., as dirk-maker, dirk-hilt, dirk-blade, dirk-shaped, etc. ΚΠ 1593 Edinb. Test. XXV. f. 48, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Durk William Andersone durkmaker. 1680 G. Mackenzie Sci. Herauldry i. i. 5 Thus a second son of Struan Robertson, for killing of a Wolf in Stocket Forrest by a durk in the Kings presence, got the Name of Skein, which signifies a durk in Irish, and three durk-points in for Pale for his Arms. 1817 Star 11 Jan. Having a dirk stick in my hand, I decided instantly to risk myself, and fly to prevent the murder of my friends. 1845 J. S. Stuart & C. E. Stuart Costume of Clans p. xxxiv Ivory dirk hilts, elegantly turned or wrought by the hand. 1900 Glasgow Herald 16 Jan. 9/1 The Black Watch made a gallant effort to cross the wet morass and storm the breastwork..by placing their feet on bayonets and dirk blades inserted in the joints of the masonry. 1950 Daily Mail 18 Apr. 6/3 Simpson would lay his dirk-scabbard on the table in front of him with a significant glance. 2000 Times (Nexis) 15 July A dirk-shaped brooch set with agates and citrines. C2. dirk-hand n. now historical the hand with which a person uses a dirk or dagger. ΚΠ 1837 J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott IV. v. 163 Its bottom is of glass, that he who quaffed might keep his eye the while upon the dirk hand of his companion. 1903 N.Y. Times 31 May (Mag.) 9/2 I promised you you should be free, if it was not by my dirk hand. 1991 D. Gabaldon Outlander (2004) 142 If ye have no targe to shelter your dirk hand, then you favor the right side. dirk-knife n. now chiefly North American a knife resembling a dirk, spec. a large folding pocket knife with a long, straight blade like that of a dirk or dagger, typically carried as a weapon. ΚΠ 1580 in W. Mackay & H. C. Boyd Rec. Inverness (1911) I. 279 He..drew ane greit durk knyff..and gaif me thre streikis. 1821 Southern (Milledgeville, Georgia) Recorder 9 Jan. An act of the Legislature of Alabama..lays a tax of one dollar on every dirk, sword cane, pocket or side pistol, and dirk knife. 1870 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Daily Sentinel 1 June Further search discovered a large dirk-knife clotted with blood, lying on the bridge. 1921 Roswell (New Mexico) Daily Rec. 12 Oct. 1/6 Clarence..told of selling a long dirk knife to the accused man. 2016 Mass. Lawyers Weekly (Nexis) 13 Apr. A ban on possessing dirk knives and police batons on Second Amendment grounds. Derivatives dirk-like adj. that resembles a dirk or dagger, esp. in being pointed and sharp. ΚΠ 1819 J. G. Lockhart Peter's Lett. to Kinsfolk III. lvii. 24 None of those close-kissing boots, finally, with their dirk-like sharpness of toe. 1951 Berkshire Evening Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.) 15 Oct. 12/5 Wilson allegedly tied him to a tree and plunged a dirk-like knife into his back. 2012 Stirling Observer (Nexis) 8 June 25 The powerful blows administered by those dirk-like beaks surely break the nuts into really tiny fragments. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022). dirkv. Brit. /dəːk/, U.S. /dərk/ Forms: see dirk n. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: dirk n. Etymology: < dirk n. Originally Scottish transitive. To stab (a person) with a dirk. Also more generally: to stab (someone). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > injure [verb (transitive)] > wound > wound with sharp weapon woundc760 stickOE snese?c1225 stokea1300 steekc1300 bearc1330 stangc1340 chop1362 broach1377 foinc1380 strikec1390 borea1400 dag?a1400 gorea1400 gridea1400 staira1400 through-girdc1405 thrustc1410 runc1425 to run throughc1425 traversec1425 spitc1430 through-seeka1500 stitch1527 falchiona1529 stab1530 to stab (a person) in1530 stob?1530 rutc1540 rove?c1550 push1551 foxa1566 stoga1572 poniard1593 dirk1599 bestab1600 poach1602 stiletto1613 stocka1640 inrun1653 stoccado1677 dagger1694 whip1699 bayonetc1700 tomahawk1711 stug1722 chiv1725 kittle1786 sabre1790 halberd1825 jab1825 skewer1837 sword1863 poke1866 spear1869 whinger1892 pig-stick1902 shiv1926 society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > cut of sharp weapon > use of knives > stab with knife [verb (transitive)] poniard1593 dirk1599 dagger1694 shank1949 1599 in C. Innes Bk. Thanes Cawdor (1859) 219 Tua haling ilk ane of thame and the third standing befoir, durkit and slew the said umquhill Donald, Doull, [etc.]. a1689 W. Cleland Coll. Poems (1697) 13 For a misobliging word, She'll durk her neighbour ov'r the boord. 1774 D. Graham Impartial Hist. Rebellion (ed. 3) 6 Mischievous weapons, antick and droll, Was both for cleaving and for clieking, And durking too, their way of speaking. 1859 T. B. Aldrich Ballad of Babie Bell & Other Poems 100 Only a little lingering fear of heaven Holds me from dirking you between the ribs! 1908 Illustr. London News 7 Mar. 340/3 Gwynne, the hero, suggests..that his Lordship has been dirked by a chorus-girl, ‘perhaps with the carving-knife’. 2014 Herald Sun (Austral.) (Nexis) 23 Apr. 22 When Caesar..got dirked by Brutus.., it was as if the Bard wrote the script. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1557v.1599
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