abackadv.

Brit.

/əˈbak/, U.S.

/əˈbæk/

Forms:

α. Old English onbæc, Old English on bæc, Old English onbæcc, Old English on bæcc, Old English on bæcg (Northumbrian), Old English on bec (chiefly non-West Saxon), early Middle English o bacch ( Ormulum), Middle English o bak, Middle English o-bak, Middle English obak, Middle English obake, Middle English on bak, Middle English on bakke, Middle English on backe (in a late copy).

β. early Middle English abac, early Middle English a-bach, early Middle English a bach, early Middle English abakk, early Middle English a-bakke, early Middle English a bakke, early Middle English abec, Middle English a-bak, Middle English abak, Middle English a bak, Middle English a-bake, Middle English abake, Middle English–1700s a-backe, Middle English–1700s abacke, Middle English– a-back, late Middle English– aback, 1500s a backe, 1500s a bake, 1500s–1700s a back; also Scottish pre-1700 abaik, pre-1700 abak, pre-1700 a bak, pre-1700 abake.

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: on prep., back n.¹

Etymology: < on prep. + back n.¹ With sense 3 compare earlier abackstays adv.The β. forms show reduction of the unaccented prefix on- to a- (see a- prefix³, and compare a prep.¹). Compare also about adv. Often written as two words up to the 17th cent., and occasionally even later (compare a prep.¹); still sometimes written with a hyphen. (Word division in Old English and Middle English examples frequently reflects editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.)

1. In a backward direction; to or towards the rear; back. Also figurative and in extended use: from the scene of action, away, to a distance; to a former place or position. Now rare (poetic and regional).

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [adverb]

abackOE

ruglingc1225

abackwardc1275

backwarda1300

hindwarda1300

arsewardly1530

arseward1553

rearward1604

retrogradea1620

aversively?1624

arsewards1648

retrogradely1658

regressively1755

backlings1786

tailwise1825

rearwards1835

bass-ackwardsa1865

arseling1887

bass-ackward1902

ass-backwards1934

backasswards1951

backassward1961

OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) iv. 10 Gang þu sceocca onbæc.

OE West Saxon Gospels: John (Corpus Cambr.) vi. 66 Manega his leorningcnihtas [perh. read leorningcnihta] cyrdon onbæc [L. abierunt retro] & ne eodun mid him.

OE Nativity of Virgin (Hatton) in B. Assmann Angelsächsische Homilien u. Heiligenleben (1889) 125 Heo þa up eode.., swa heo on bæc ne beseah, ne æfter hyre yldrum ne murnde.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 11389 Ga wiþerr gast o bacch fra me.

a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 239 (MED) Mid halie meiden, mid al þan þe þer midenarde for his lufe werpeð abec.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 877 Ȝif riȝt goþ forþ & abak wrong, Betere is mi wop þane þi song.

c1300 St. Martin (Laud) l. 185 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 454 (MED) Heore hors weren of him a-dradde..And ornen a-bach.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 2789 Þe wite was aboue, as al þat folc ysey, & Drof þen rede al abac out of þe putte ney.

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) 3040 (MED) With strengþe þay reculede þat host a-bak.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 57 (MED) Go o bak after me, Sathanas..þu [sc. Peter] sauerist not þing þat is of God, but of men.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Boke yf Eneydos xxiii. sig. Fvii The sterres also and all the fyrmamente she maketh to retorne abacke.

1508 W. Dunbar Goldyn Targe (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems (1998) I. 189 Syne went abak reboytit of thair pray.

c1530 Enterlude of Youth p. ii Abacke felowes and gyue me rome.

a1600 King & Barkur 46 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 6 The tanner lokyd a bake tho, The heydes began to fall.

c1626 H. Bisset Rolment Courtis (1920) I. 112 To repell and beir a bak utheris.

1762 F. Fawkes Compl. Family Bible II. Jer. iv. 28 I have spoken it, I have purposed it, and will not repent, neither will I turn aback from it.

1789 D. Sillar Poems 47 Sae aff frae Sufy drew aback, A hint a corner o' the stack.

1828 S. T. Coleridge Two Founts in Bijou 203 To shrink aback, and cower upon his urn.

1864 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia IV. xv. v. 72 Alas, Belleisle had his Accident in the Harz; and all went aback, from that time.

1887 W. Morris tr. Homer Odyssey I. x. 183 The herded kine as full-fed of grass withal They come aback to the midden.

1905 Riots in Georgetown 20 On Friday morning, he said, the cane cutters..went aback to work.

1955 E. Pound Classic Anthol. iii. 162 Red and white yield We bear a-back to barn.

2006 L. Wang & J. Yu in L. Jiao et al. Adv. in Nat. Computation 535 Variables..go aback to normal values later.

2. In a position which is to the rear or behind; in a backward position; in the rear. Also figurative and in extended use: away from the front or scene of action, at a distance, aloof. Now rare.Apparently not attested in Middle English and uncommon subsequently except in to hold aback (see Phrases 2), to lie aback (see Phrases 3).

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > position at the back > [adverb]

baftc885

afterwardOE

afterOE

at-hind1016

abackOE

behindc1220

backc1300

arrear1393

hinda1400

baftsc1400

dererec1410

abaft1495

ahind1768

retrally1825

a-rear1849

OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) i. Introd. 4 Min þæt ungesælige mod..gemyneþ, hwilc hit ær wæs on mynstre: hu hit him on bæc let & forhogode eall þas gewitendlican þing.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 78 To keip aback slachtir.

1606 W. Arthur & H. Charteris Rollock's Lect. 1st & 2nd Epist. Paul to Thessalonians (1 Thess.) ix. 102 When he is aback, the Devill holdes him aback.

1788 J. Macaulay Poems Var. Subj. 189 May..Mars, wi' a' his butcher train, Aye bide aback.

1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise I. i. 87 A temple fair We came to, set aback midst towering trees.

1878 J. Miller Songs Italy 122 Front and aback there is nothing but flood.

1905 H. B. M. Watson Twisted Eglantine xiii. 226 The whole was set aback from the road, in ample grounds and amid umbrageous trees.

3. Nautical. With the front surface of a sail exposed to the wind so that the sail, if square, is pressed back against the mast, or if fore-and-aft, is filled from the opposite side; having a sail pressed back in this way.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of sails, spars, or rigging > [adverb] > with wind on front of sail

astays1622

aback1661

1661 T. Allin Jrnl. 1 Sept. (1939) (modernized text) I. 52 We laid aback [MS at back] until the tide was done.

1681 Exact Acct. Bloody Fight (single sheet) I laid my Sails aback, and called to them, they answered, they yielded the Ship.

1697 Jumper in London Gaz. mmmcccxv. 1 I braced my main topsails aback.

1762 W. Falconer Shipwreck ii. 36 Away there, low'r the mizen-yard on deck! He calls, and brace the foremost yards aback!

1790 R. Beatson Naval & Mil. Mem. II. 58 The Revenge was necessitated to throw her sails all aback.

1847 J. C. Ross Voy. Antarctic Reg. II. 217 We instantly hove all aback to diminish the violence of the shock.

1883 Man. Seamanship for Boys' Training Ships Royal Navy (1886) 147 Making a stern board. It is effected by throwing the sails aback.

1913 Mariner′s Mirror 3 87/1 To chapel a ship round..is to let her go round on her heel and come up again on the original tack, after getting aback in a light wind.

1958 J. Gunn Sea Menace i. 8 The gusting winds caught the sails aback, pressing them against the masts.

2004 M. Wood Sailing Tall ii. 22 This would have put aback what sails we had still set and put so much strain on the forestays as to dismast her.

4. Chiefly regional (originally Scottish). In the past; ago; = back adv. 11.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the past > [adverb] > ago

agoc1350

sitha1375

hencea1382

sithena1400

agone1420

sin1490

sithence1537

since1555

syne1573

ygo1579

aback1768

back1797

pass1971

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess i. 29 Eight days aback, a post came frae himsell.

1824 G. Smith Douglas Travestie 108 Had he but just made ae mistak', This lang sax thousand years aback, We then might chance to gie'm the glake, Or see'm out-witted.

1887 M. Cruger Vanderheyde Manor-House xviii. 226 She comed home, she did, jest a little while aback.

1912 Irish Monthly 40 483 It's no use talkin' of Mr. Reginald, no use cryin' over milk that was spilt these years aback!

1971 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 27 Feb. 4/7 You gave evidence some days aback about the accused promising to make some restitution.

2007 A. Agar Queensland Ringer (2008) v. 40 Weren't it you I saw ride that grey mare over on Wondala a couple of years aback?

Phrases

P1. to put aback: see put v. Phrasal verbs 1.

P2. to hold aback: see hold v. Phrasal verbs.

P3. to lie aback: see lie v.¹ Phrasal verbs.

P4. to take aback: see take v. Phrasal verbs 1.

P5. aback of: (a) at the back of, behind (cf. back of at back adv. 15) (in later use chiefly Scottish, English regional, U.S. regional, and Caribbean); (b) on the back of (now rare).

ΚΠ

1743 C. Knowles Acct. Exped. Carthagena App. 50 On the other side the Harbour's Mouth was a Fascine Battery of fifteen Guns, called the Barradera; in a small Bay a back of that, another Battery of four Guns.

1783 W. Fleming Jrnl. in Kentucky 8 Jan. in N. D. Mereness Trav. Amer. Colonies (1916) 663 Fern Creek is lost in ponds and low flat land a back of the Falls.

1836 D. B. Edward Hist. Texas v. 79 Those districts..aback of the older settled ones.

1849 Gloss. Prov. Words Teesdale 1 Aback, prep. Behind; as, stand aback o' me.

1869 Fraser's Mag. Sept. 353/2 He wor letting me hev a ride aback of his horse.

1876 W. Morris Story of Sigurd ii. 150 So he leapeth aback of Greyfell, and rideth the desert bare.

1894 H. Caine Manxman i. xi. 50 Just aback of the lighthouse.

1908 J. Lumsden Doun i' th' Loudons 80 Be aff, ye limmer, unman men nae mair, A-back o' granny, is the post for you!

1909 Every Where Apr. 87/1 Their evident enjoyment while riding aback of their maternal parent.

1920 J. S. Fletcher Scarhaven Keep xxix. 294 I know a man just aback of here that'll run up to the town with a message.

1993 F. Collymore Snag 24 Then Mark would dress and Joe and he would go out on the little strip of pasture aback of the house.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	aback
释义	† abackn. Forms: 1500s abac, 1600s aback, 1600s abacke. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin abacus. Etymology: < classical Latin abacus slab at the top of a column, which may contain an inscription (see abacus n.). Compare earlier abacus n. 2. Obsolete. rare. A square section or area, sometimes containing an inscription. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written text > an inscription > [noun] > inscribed tablet, slab, or plate tableOE tabletc1350 titlea1382 tablature1578 aback1592 plate1668 breastplate1773 stela1776 stele1820 brass plate1836 palimpsest1876 plaque1922 1592 R. Dallington tr. F. Colonna Hypnerotomachia f. 21 Shewing foorth a fayre and sweet composed Lyllie in the hollowing of the Abac or Plynth, from the which the tender stalkes did turne round together, vnder the compasse of the square Abac. 1604 B. Jonson His Pt. Royall Entertainem. 218 In the centre, or midst of the Pegme, there was an Aback, or Square, wherein this Elogie was written. 1633 W. Drummond Entertainm. Charles King of Great Brit. 11 The face of the Arch had an Abacke or Square with this inscription. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2020). abackadv. Brit. /əˈbak/, U.S. /əˈbæk/ Forms: α. Old English onbæc, Old English on bæc, Old English onbæcc, Old English on bæcc, Old English on bæcg (Northumbrian), Old English on bec (chiefly non-West Saxon), early Middle English o bacch ( Ormulum), Middle English o bak, Middle English o-bak, Middle English obak, Middle English obake, Middle English on bak, Middle English on bakke, Middle English on backe (in a late copy). β. early Middle English abac, early Middle English a-bach, early Middle English a bach, early Middle English abakk, early Middle English a-bakke, early Middle English a bakke, early Middle English abec, Middle English a-bak, Middle English abak, Middle English a bak, Middle English a-bake, Middle English abake, Middle English–1700s a-backe, Middle English–1700s abacke, Middle English– a-back, late Middle English– aback, 1500s a backe, 1500s a bake, 1500s–1700s a back; also Scottish pre-1700 abaik, pre-1700 abak, pre-1700 a bak, pre-1700 abake. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: on prep., back n.¹ Etymology: < on prep. + back n.¹ With sense 3 compare earlier abackstays adv.The β. forms show reduction of the unaccented prefix on- to a- (see a- prefix³, and compare a prep.¹). Compare also about adv. Often written as two words up to the 17th cent., and occasionally even later (compare a prep.¹); still sometimes written with a hyphen. (Word division in Old English and Middle English examples frequently reflects editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.) 1. In a backward direction; to or towards the rear; back. Also figurative and in extended use: from the scene of action, away, to a distance; to a former place or position. Now rare (poetic and regional). ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [adverb] abackOE ruglingc1225 abackwardc1275 backwarda1300 hindwarda1300 arsewardly1530 arseward1553 rearward1604 retrogradea1620 aversively?1624 arsewards1648 retrogradely1658 regressively1755 backlings1786 tailwise1825 rearwards1835 bass-ackwardsa1865 arseling1887 bass-ackward1902 ass-backwards1934 backasswards1951 backassward1961 OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) iv. 10 Gang þu sceocca onbæc. OE West Saxon Gospels: John (Corpus Cambr.) vi. 66 Manega his leorningcnihtas [perh. read leorningcnihta] cyrdon onbæc [L. abierunt retro] & ne eodun mid him. OE Nativity of Virgin (Hatton) in B. Assmann Angelsächsische Homilien u. Heiligenleben (1889) 125 Heo þa up eode.., swa heo on bæc ne beseah, ne æfter hyre yldrum ne murnde. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 11389 Ga wiþerr gast o bacch fra me. a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 239 (MED) Mid halie meiden, mid al þan þe þer midenarde for his lufe werpeð abec. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 877 Ȝif riȝt goþ forþ & abak wrong, Betere is mi wop þane þi song. c1300 St. Martin (Laud) l. 185 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 454 (MED) Heore hors weren of him a-dradde..And ornen a-bach. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 2789 Þe wite was aboue, as al þat folc ysey, & Drof þen rede al abac out of þe putte ney. c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) 3040 (MED) With strengþe þay reculede þat host a-bak. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 57 (MED) Go o bak after me, Sathanas..þu [sc. Peter] sauerist not þing þat is of God, but of men. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Boke yf Eneydos xxiii. sig. Fvii The sterres also and all the fyrmamente she maketh to retorne abacke. 1508 W. Dunbar Goldyn Targe (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems (1998) I. 189 Syne went abak reboytit of thair pray. c1530 Enterlude of Youth p. ii Abacke felowes and gyue me rome. a1600 King & Barkur 46 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 6 The tanner lokyd a bake tho, The heydes began to fall. c1626 H. Bisset Rolment Courtis (1920) I. 112 To repell and beir a bak utheris. 1762 F. Fawkes Compl. Family Bible II. Jer. iv. 28 I have spoken it, I have purposed it, and will not repent, neither will I turn aback from it. 1789 D. Sillar Poems 47 Sae aff frae Sufy drew aback, A hint a corner o' the stack. 1828 S. T. Coleridge Two Founts in Bijou 203 To shrink aback, and cower upon his urn. 1864 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia IV. xv. v. 72 Alas, Belleisle had his Accident in the Harz; and all went aback, from that time. 1887 W. Morris tr. Homer Odyssey I. x. 183 The herded kine as full-fed of grass withal They come aback to the midden. 1905 Riots in Georgetown 20 On Friday morning, he said, the cane cutters..went aback to work. 1955 E. Pound Classic Anthol. iii. 162 Red and white yield We bear a-back to barn. 2006 L. Wang & J. Yu in L. Jiao et al. Adv. in Nat. Computation 535 Variables..go aback to normal values later. 2. In a position which is to the rear or behind; in a backward position; in the rear. Also figurative and in extended use: away from the front or scene of action, at a distance, aloof. Now rare.Apparently not attested in Middle English and uncommon subsequently except in to hold aback (see Phrases 2), to lie aback (see Phrases 3). ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > position at the back > [adverb] baftc885 afterwardOE afterOE at-hind1016 abackOE behindc1220 backc1300 arrear1393 hinda1400 baftsc1400 dererec1410 abaft1495 ahind1768 retrally1825 a-rear1849 OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) i. Introd. 4 Min þæt ungesælige mod..gemyneþ, hwilc hit ær wæs on mynstre: hu hit him on bæc let & forhogode eall þas gewitendlican þing. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 78 To keip aback slachtir. 1606 W. Arthur & H. Charteris Rollock's Lect. 1st & 2nd Epist. Paul to Thessalonians (1 Thess.) ix. 102 When he is aback, the Devill holdes him aback. 1788 J. Macaulay Poems Var. Subj. 189 May..Mars, wi' a' his butcher train, Aye bide aback. 1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise I. i. 87 A temple fair We came to, set aback midst towering trees. 1878 J. Miller Songs Italy 122 Front and aback there is nothing but flood. 1905 H. B. M. Watson Twisted Eglantine xiii. 226 The whole was set aback from the road, in ample grounds and amid umbrageous trees. 3. Nautical. With the front surface of a sail exposed to the wind so that the sail, if square, is pressed back against the mast, or if fore-and-aft, is filled from the opposite side; having a sail pressed back in this way. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of sails, spars, or rigging > [adverb] > with wind on front of sail astays1622 aback1661 1661 T. Allin Jrnl. 1 Sept. (1939) (modernized text) I. 52 We laid aback [MS at back] until the tide was done. 1681 Exact Acct. Bloody Fight (single sheet) I laid my Sails aback, and called to them, they answered, they yielded the Ship. 1697 Jumper in London Gaz. mmmcccxv. 1 I braced my main topsails aback. 1762 W. Falconer Shipwreck ii. 36 Away there, low'r the mizen-yard on deck! He calls, and brace the foremost yards aback! 1790 R. Beatson Naval & Mil. Mem. II. 58 The Revenge was necessitated to throw her sails all aback. 1847 J. C. Ross Voy. Antarctic Reg. II. 217 We instantly hove all aback to diminish the violence of the shock. 1883 Man. Seamanship for Boys' Training Ships Royal Navy (1886) 147 Making a stern board. It is effected by throwing the sails aback. 1913 Mariner′s Mirror 3 87/1 To chapel a ship round..is to let her go round on her heel and come up again on the original tack, after getting aback in a light wind. 1958 J. Gunn Sea Menace i. 8 The gusting winds caught the sails aback, pressing them against the masts. 2004 M. Wood Sailing Tall ii. 22 This would have put aback what sails we had still set and put so much strain on the forestays as to dismast her. 4. Chiefly regional (originally Scottish). In the past; ago; = back adv. 11. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the past > [adverb] > ago agoc1350 sitha1375 hencea1382 sithena1400 agone1420 sin1490 sithence1537 since1555 syne1573 ygo1579 aback1768 back1797 pass1971 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess i. 29 Eight days aback, a post came frae himsell. 1824 G. Smith Douglas Travestie 108 Had he but just made ae mistak', This lang sax thousand years aback, We then might chance to gie'm the glake, Or see'm out-witted. 1887 M. Cruger Vanderheyde Manor-House xviii. 226 She comed home, she did, jest a little while aback. 1912 Irish Monthly 40 483 It's no use talkin' of Mr. Reginald, no use cryin' over milk that was spilt these years aback! 1971 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 27 Feb. 4/7 You gave evidence some days aback about the accused promising to make some restitution. 2007 A. Agar Queensland Ringer (2008) v. 40 Weren't it you I saw ride that grey mare over on Wondala a couple of years aback? Phrases P1. to put aback: see put v. Phrasal verbs 1. P2. to hold aback: see hold v. Phrasal verbs. P3. to lie aback: see lie v.¹ Phrasal verbs. P4. to take aback: see take v. Phrasal verbs 1. P5. aback of: (a) at the back of, behind (cf. back of at back adv. 15) (in later use chiefly Scottish, English regional, U.S. regional, and Caribbean); (b) on the back of (now rare). ΚΠ 1743 C. Knowles Acct. Exped. Carthagena App. 50 On the other side the Harbour's Mouth was a Fascine Battery of fifteen Guns, called the Barradera; in a small Bay a back of that, another Battery of four Guns. 1783 W. Fleming Jrnl. in Kentucky 8 Jan. in N. D. Mereness Trav. Amer. Colonies (1916) 663 Fern Creek is lost in ponds and low flat land a back of the Falls. 1836 D. B. Edward Hist. Texas v. 79 Those districts..aback of the older settled ones. 1849 Gloss. Prov. Words Teesdale 1 Aback, prep. Behind; as, stand aback o' me. 1869 Fraser's Mag. Sept. 353/2 He wor letting me hev a ride aback of his horse. 1876 W. Morris Story of Sigurd ii. 150 So he leapeth aback of Greyfell, and rideth the desert bare. 1894 H. Caine Manxman i. xi. 50 Just aback of the lighthouse. 1908 J. Lumsden Doun i' th' Loudons 80 Be aff, ye limmer, unman men nae mair, A-back o' granny, is the post for you! 1909 Every Where Apr. 87/1 Their evident enjoyment while riding aback of their maternal parent. 1920 J. S. Fletcher Scarhaven Keep xxix. 294 I know a man just aback of here that'll run up to the town with a message. 1993 F. Collymore Snag 24 Then Mark would dress and Joe and he would go out on the little strip of pasture aback of the house. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1592adv.OE
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† abackn.

abackadv.

Phrases