abacusn.

Brit.

/ˈabəkəs/, U.S.

/ˈæbəkəs/

Inflections: Plural abacuses, abaci Brit.

/ˈabəsʌɪ/, U.S.

/ˈæbəˌsaɪ/.

Forms: Middle English agabus, Middle English– abacus.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin abacus.

Etymology: < classical Latin abacus slab-topped table, sideboard, slab at the top of a column, counting-board or sand table, board for playing games on, in post-classical Latin also the art of arithmetic (beginning of the 12th cent.) < ancient Greek ἄβακ-, ἄβαξ counting-board, plate, in Hellenistic Greek also board sprinkled with sand or dust for drawing geometrical diagrams, dice-board, of unknown origin; perhaps a loanword. Compare Middle French, French abaque counting board (c1160in Old French in an apparently isolated attestation; subsequently from 1701), the art of arithmetic (1267 as abac), upper part of the capital of a column (1561), Catalan àbac (1489), Spanish abaco (1605), Portuguese abaco (1548), Italian abaco (13th cent.).In form agabus with metathesis of consonants.

a. A board or tray strewn with sand in which numbers, letters, diagrams, etc., can be traced and erased. Cf. sandboard n. 1, sand-table n. (a) at sand n.² Compounds 2a. Now rare (historical in later use).

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > teaching aids > specific

abacusa1387

fescue1513

wand1589

feasetraw1595

pointer1658

sandboard1817

letter card1819

object chart1866

teaching specimen1881

realia1894

filmstrip1896

visual aid1911

flash card1923

flannelgraph1944

teaching machine1958

manipulative1965

kit1968

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 69 Girebertus..took Agabus [L. abacum] of Sarsyns and ȝaf rules þerynne... Abacus is a table wiþ þe whiche schappes beþ portrayed and i-peynt in powdre, and abacus is a craft of geometrie [no direct equivalent of this sentence in L. original].

1701 W. Kennett Cowell's Interpreter (new ed.) sig. B1/1 Abacus, Arithmetick, or the Art of numbering, from the Abacus or Table, on which they set down their Figures.

1825 ‘Mod. Greek’ Mod. Athens ix. 269 The smooth grassy sod answered all the purposes of the abacus, and the cows generously supplied him in a substitute for the sand.

1888 B. W. Richardson Son of Star II. xxviii. 266 They make an abacus..at his feet, and one of them draws out with his stylus the changes that he may suggest.

1972 Country Life 6 Jan. 31/2 I was also interested in the 19th-century sand tray or abacus in the north aisle. This was used for teaching children to write with a wooden stick on the sand.

2001 R. J. Wilson Stamping through Math. 16 The abacus has appeared in different forms around the world, originally as a sand tray with pebbles.

b. Any of various devices on which calculation or counting is performed manually: esp. a frame with rows of wires or grooves along which beads are slid to perform calculations; (also) a table on which quantities are reckoned by means of counters, which are either loose or fixed to lines (now rare).The ancient abacus usually contained grooves with beads sliding in them. The type with wires or rods with beads mounted on them appears to have spread from China and is widely used commercially in India, Africa, and the Far East (formerly also in the Soviet Union) (cf. soroban n., suan-pan n.); it was also used in the West in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an aid for teaching children.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematical instruments > [noun] > arithmetical instrument > abacus

abacus1686

suan-pan1736

bead-frame1858

soroban1891

counting-frame1920

1686 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 16 66 The Figure and use of their Abacus or counting Board..which I find pretty near to agree with that of the Antient Romans..save only that, instead of pinns and sliding Groves of the Romane, the Chinese Abacus hath Strings or Wires and Beads, to slide upon them; and that, instead of four pinns for Digits or Unites, the Chinese hath 5 beades.

1693 A. Pitfield tr. S. de la Loubère New Hist. Relation Kingdom Siam I. i. facing p. 11 (caption) The Chinese Abacus or Arithmetical Instrument for Counting [illustration shows a frame with wires and beads].

1728 Philos. Trans. 1726–7 (Royal Soc.) 34 173 All these Operations (I say) may be much more easily and readily perform'd, and with equal accuracy, by an Instrument I have contrived call'd Abacus, or the Counting-Table.

1769 T. Snelling (title) A view of the origin, nature, and use of jettons or counters..with a Sketch of the Manner of Reckoning with them, and its Affinity with that of the Roman Abacus, the Chinese Soan Pan, and the Russian Shtchota.

1820 J. Grant Hist. Eng. Church & Dissenters xxxi. 416 Arithmetic is taught [in Samuel Wilderspin's Infant School] by little cubes of wood, or a Chinese abacus, with coloured balls.

1825 Ann. Philos. New Ser. 9 147 A box of rods, named the Rhabdological Abacus... These rods were invented by Mr. Goodwyn for the purpose of facilitating the multiplication of long numbers of frequent occurrence.

1829 W. Wilson Man. Instr. Infants' Schools 239 Count the balls on the abacus after the master.

1873 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) vii. 327 The science of calculation by nine figures and zero, which was gradually superseding the abacus or ball-frame, with its counters.

1911 R. H. Montgomery Amer. Business Man. I. vii. 262 Later came the abacus, a modification used by the Romans, which was merely a board covered with fine sand and ruled with parallel lines.

1945 Life 21 May 56/2 There's a general store where the storekeeper adds up the prices with quick fingers on the abacus.

2006 Hindustan Times (Nexis) 7 Apr. With a coloured abacus in hand, a child could deliver the result mentally in few seconds.

2. Architecture. The upper member of the capital of a column, supporting the architrave.The form of the abacus differs: for example, in the Tuscan, Doric, and Ionic orders, it is a square or rectangular flat plate, but in the Corinthian and Composite orders, it is variously cut and ornamented.Occasionally the abacus contains an inscription.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > capital > parts of

abacus1563

echinus1563

plinth1563

fusarole1664

fuse1715

coussinet1728

rind1728

abaciscus1778

horn1847

1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. sig. Dii The Abacus, that lieth vpon Voluta, is iust .4. square flat like to a trencher.

1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge i. 93 9 partes and an halfe: whereof one and an halfe makes abacus, and the other 8 downwards make voluta or the scrowle M.

1664 J. Evelyn Acct. Archit. in tr. R. Fréart Parallel Antient Archit. 129 The Abacus..is that quadrangular piece..serving in stead of a Corona or drip to the Capitel.

1669 R. Pricke Mauclerc's New Treat. Archit. i. sig. B The Capital..is divided into three parts, whereof one part is to be for the Abacus of the Capital, another for the Boultin.

1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture II. 45/2 Over the Capitals of their Columns another Abacus or Plinth.

1761 M. Raper in Philos. Trans. 1760 (Royal Soc.) 51 797 The pointed abacus shews the architecture to be Greek.

1827 E. Thomason Let. 11 Apr. in Mem. (1845) I. 291 The model of the capital is to be the same as those inside of the Pantheon at Rome, and..the bell and abacus are to be of marble.

1854 Archaeologia 36 8 Each group of figures has the name in an inscription on the abacus, or on the capitals themselves.

a1878 G. G. Scott Lect. Mediæval Archit. (1879) I. 127 The crochet capital, which is magnificently developed beneath round abaci.

1916 Archit. Rec. Mar. 247/1 In the capitals of the exterior pilasters..we find the rose at the abacus center inverted and projecting its full diameter.

1959 Hesperia 28 121 The inscription on the abacus begins 0.077 m. down from the top.

1986 P. Newman Bath 81 With its windowless wall, Doric columns, abaci and..cornice supporting an attic storey.

2006 M. Chyutin Archit. & Utopia in Temple Era iii. 75 On top of the abacus at the façade of the Entrance Hall, a thick beam was laid.

3. Ancient Greek History and Roman History. A sideboard.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > sideboard > [noun]

dresser1352

dresser board1352

cupboardc1380

dressing board1380

dressing knife boarda1425

sideboard?c1663

buffet1718

abacus1785

credenza1834

1664 F. Gouldman Copious Dict. ii Abacus,..a Cupboard: a Dresser or Kitchin-board.

1700 P. Danet Compl. Dict. Greek & Rom. Antiq. at Coena Acroamatica There was..a Cup-board called Abacus, upon which they set Glasses, Fruits, &c.]

1785 E. Owen in tr. Juvenal Satires I. iii. 52 (note) The abacus or cupboard was of real marble (a cheap stone in Italy).

1834 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last Days of Pompeii II. iv. iii. 244 Upon the abacus,..large vases and various ornaments of silver were ranged.

1853 A. Soyer Pantropheon 264 The most precious plate is arranged before the arrival of the guests, on the abacus, or sideboard.

1908 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 12 32 For their display he had a small sideboard... This was a remote imitation of the elaborate abacus in homes of wealth.

1994 A. Wallace-Hadrill Houses & Society in Pompeii & Herculaneum i. 14 It is like setting out silverware on your abacus (sideboard): some pieces you arrange to form pairs, some to contrast.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	abacus
释义	abacusn. Brit. /ˈabəkəs/, U.S. /ˈæbəkəs/ Inflections: Plural abacuses, abaci Brit. /ˈabəsʌɪ/, U.S. /ˈæbəˌsaɪ/. Forms: Middle English agabus, Middle English– abacus. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin abacus. Etymology: < classical Latin abacus slab-topped table, sideboard, slab at the top of a column, counting-board or sand table, board for playing games on, in post-classical Latin also the art of arithmetic (beginning of the 12th cent.) < ancient Greek ἄβακ-, ἄβαξ counting-board, plate, in Hellenistic Greek also board sprinkled with sand or dust for drawing geometrical diagrams, dice-board, of unknown origin; perhaps a loanword. Compare Middle French, French abaque counting board (c1160in Old French in an apparently isolated attestation; subsequently from 1701), the art of arithmetic (1267 as abac), upper part of the capital of a column (1561), Catalan àbac (1489), Spanish abaco (1605), Portuguese abaco (1548), Italian abaco (13th cent.).In form agabus with metathesis of consonants. 1. a. A board or tray strewn with sand in which numbers, letters, diagrams, etc., can be traced and erased. Cf. sandboard n. 1, sand-table n. (a) at sand n.² Compounds 2a. Now rare (historical in later use). ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > teaching aids > specific abacusa1387 fescue1513 wand1589 feasetraw1595 pointer1658 sandboard1817 letter card1819 object chart1866 teaching specimen1881 realia1894 filmstrip1896 visual aid1911 flash card1923 flannelgraph1944 teaching machine1958 manipulative1965 kit1968 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 69 Girebertus..took Agabus [L. abacum] of Sarsyns and ȝaf rules þerynne... Abacus is a table wiþ þe whiche schappes beþ portrayed and i-peynt in powdre, and abacus is a craft of geometrie [no direct equivalent of this sentence in L. original]. 1701 W. Kennett Cowell's Interpreter (new ed.) sig. B1/1 Abacus, Arithmetick, or the Art of numbering, from the Abacus or Table, on which they set down their Figures. 1825 ‘Mod. Greek’ Mod. Athens ix. 269 The smooth grassy sod answered all the purposes of the abacus, and the cows generously supplied him in a substitute for the sand. 1888 B. W. Richardson Son of Star II. xxviii. 266 They make an abacus..at his feet, and one of them draws out with his stylus the changes that he may suggest. 1972 Country Life 6 Jan. 31/2 I was also interested in the 19th-century sand tray or abacus in the north aisle. This was used for teaching children to write with a wooden stick on the sand. 2001 R. J. Wilson Stamping through Math. 16 The abacus has appeared in different forms around the world, originally as a sand tray with pebbles. b. Any of various devices on which calculation or counting is performed manually: esp. a frame with rows of wires or grooves along which beads are slid to perform calculations; (also) a table on which quantities are reckoned by means of counters, which are either loose or fixed to lines (now rare).The ancient abacus usually contained grooves with beads sliding in them. The type with wires or rods with beads mounted on them appears to have spread from China and is widely used commercially in India, Africa, and the Far East (formerly also in the Soviet Union) (cf. soroban n., suan-pan n.); it was also used in the West in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an aid for teaching children. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical instruments > [noun] > arithmetical instrument > abacus abacus1686 suan-pan1736 bead-frame1858 soroban1891 counting-frame1920 1686 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 16 66 The Figure and use of their Abacus or counting Board..which I find pretty near to agree with that of the Antient Romans..save only that, instead of pinns and sliding Groves of the Romane, the Chinese Abacus hath Strings or Wires and Beads, to slide upon them; and that, instead of four pinns for Digits or Unites, the Chinese hath 5 beades. 1693 A. Pitfield tr. S. de la Loubère New Hist. Relation Kingdom Siam I. i. facing p. 11 (caption) The Chinese Abacus or Arithmetical Instrument for Counting [illustration shows a frame with wires and beads]. 1728 Philos. Trans. 1726–7 (Royal Soc.) 34 173 All these Operations (I say) may be much more easily and readily perform'd, and with equal accuracy, by an Instrument I have contrived call'd Abacus, or the Counting-Table. 1769 T. Snelling (title) A view of the origin, nature, and use of jettons or counters..with a Sketch of the Manner of Reckoning with them, and its Affinity with that of the Roman Abacus, the Chinese Soan Pan, and the Russian Shtchota. 1820 J. Grant Hist. Eng. Church & Dissenters xxxi. 416 Arithmetic is taught [in Samuel Wilderspin's Infant School] by little cubes of wood, or a Chinese abacus, with coloured balls. 1825 Ann. Philos. New Ser. 9 147 A box of rods, named the Rhabdological Abacus... These rods were invented by Mr. Goodwyn for the purpose of facilitating the multiplication of long numbers of frequent occurrence. 1829 W. Wilson Man. Instr. Infants' Schools 239 Count the balls on the abacus after the master. 1873 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) vii. 327 The science of calculation by nine figures and zero, which was gradually superseding the abacus or ball-frame, with its counters. 1911 R. H. Montgomery Amer. Business Man. I. vii. 262 Later came the abacus, a modification used by the Romans, which was merely a board covered with fine sand and ruled with parallel lines. 1945 Life 21 May 56/2 There's a general store where the storekeeper adds up the prices with quick fingers on the abacus. 2006 Hindustan Times (Nexis) 7 Apr. With a coloured abacus in hand, a child could deliver the result mentally in few seconds. 2. Architecture. The upper member of the capital of a column, supporting the architrave.The form of the abacus differs: for example, in the Tuscan, Doric, and Ionic orders, it is a square or rectangular flat plate, but in the Corinthian and Composite orders, it is variously cut and ornamented.Occasionally the abacus contains an inscription. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > capital > parts of abacus1563 echinus1563 plinth1563 fusarole1664 fuse1715 coussinet1728 rind1728 abaciscus1778 horn1847 1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. sig. Dii The Abacus, that lieth vpon Voluta, is iust .4. square flat like to a trencher. 1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge i. 93 9 partes and an halfe: whereof one and an halfe makes abacus, and the other 8 downwards make voluta or the scrowle M. 1664 J. Evelyn Acct. Archit. in tr. R. Fréart Parallel Antient Archit. 129 The Abacus..is that quadrangular piece..serving in stead of a Corona or drip to the Capitel. 1669 R. Pricke Mauclerc's New Treat. Archit. i. sig. B The Capital..is divided into three parts, whereof one part is to be for the Abacus of the Capital, another for the Boultin. 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture II. 45/2 Over the Capitals of their Columns another Abacus or Plinth. 1761 M. Raper in Philos. Trans. 1760 (Royal Soc.) 51 797 The pointed abacus shews the architecture to be Greek. 1827 E. Thomason Let. 11 Apr. in Mem. (1845) I. 291 The model of the capital is to be the same as those inside of the Pantheon at Rome, and..the bell and abacus are to be of marble. 1854 Archaeologia 36 8 Each group of figures has the name in an inscription on the abacus, or on the capitals themselves. a1878 G. G. Scott Lect. Mediæval Archit. (1879) I. 127 The crochet capital, which is magnificently developed beneath round abaci. 1916 Archit. Rec. Mar. 247/1 In the capitals of the exterior pilasters..we find the rose at the abacus center inverted and projecting its full diameter. 1959 Hesperia 28 121 The inscription on the abacus begins 0.077 m. down from the top. 1986 P. Newman Bath 81 With its windowless wall, Doric columns, abaci and..cornice supporting an attic storey. 2006 M. Chyutin Archit. & Utopia in Temple Era iii. 75 On top of the abacus at the façade of the Entrance Hall, a thick beam was laid. 3. Ancient Greek History and Roman History. A sideboard. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > sideboard > [noun] dresser1352 dresser board1352 cupboardc1380 dressing board1380 dressing knife boarda1425 sideboard?c1663 buffet1718 abacus1785 credenza1834 1664 F. Gouldman Copious Dict. ii Abacus,..a Cupboard: a Dresser or Kitchin-board. 1700 P. Danet Compl. Dict. Greek & Rom. Antiq. at Coena Acroamatica There was..a Cup-board called Abacus, upon which they set Glasses, Fruits, &c.] 1785 E. Owen in tr. Juvenal Satires I. iii. 52 (note) The abacus or cupboard was of real marble (a cheap stone in Italy). 1834 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last Days of Pompeii II. iv. iii. 244 Upon the abacus,..large vases and various ornaments of silver were ranged. 1853 A. Soyer Pantropheon 264 The most precious plate is arranged before the arrival of the guests, on the abacus, or sideboard. 1908 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. 12 32 For their display he had a small sideboard... This was a remote imitation of the elaborate abacus in homes of wealth. 1994 A. Wallace-Hadrill Houses & Society in Pompeii & Herculaneum i. 14 It is like setting out silverware on your abacus (sideboard): some pieces you arrange to form pairs, some to contrast. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.a1387
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