duken.

Brit.

/djuːk/,

/dʒuːk/, U.S.

/d(j)uk/,

/dʒuk/

Forms: Middle English–1500s duc, (Middle English dux), Middle English duk, Middle English– duke. (Also Middle English duyk, Middle English–1500s duck, ducke, Middle English douk, douke, douc, deuk, Middle English dukke, dwk, dwke, doke, doyk, duche, Middle English–1500s dewke, duque, duce, Scottish duik.)

Etymology: Middle English duc, duk, < French duc, in Old French nominative dux, ducs, dus (11–12th cent. in Littré), early < Latin dux, duc-em, leader, commander, general. (If the Latin word had come down in Old French, its form would have been dois, doix: compare croix, noix, Old French crois, nois < Latin crucem, nucem.)

†1.

a. A leader; a leader of an army, a captain or general; a chief, ruler. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > [noun] > those in authority > person in authority > head or chief

headeOE

headmanOE

headsmanOE

masterlinga1200

dukec1275

chevetaine1297

chief1297

headlingc1300

principalc1325

captainc1380

primatec1384

chieftainc1400

master-man1424

principate1483

grand captain1531

headmaster?1545

knap of the casec1555

capitano1594

muqaddam1598

mudaliyar1662

reis1677

sachem1684

doge1705

prytanis1790

gam1827

main guy1882

oga1917

ras1935

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 136 Þa sende Asscanius þe wes lauerd & dux.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 134 Þe ȝet leouede Asscanius þe on þan londe was duc.

c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. I. 340 A duk þat shal reule my folk of Israel.

c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 137 Jesus Crist duke of our batel.

1382 J. Wyclif Psalms lxxix. 10 [lxxx. 9] Duke of the weie thou were in his siȝt.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. iii. 1112 Þe ram..is duke and defendour of oþere scheep.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 17979 Sathan..duke of deeþ & prynce of helle.

1430–40 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes (1554) vii. ix. 173 a Duke Moses, by god was made their gyde.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 460 Dukis and reulers of the chirche.

a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 185 Þe comones risen ageyn þe kyng and þe lordes..Her duke was Wat Tyler, a proude knaue and malapert.

1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1822) iv. 339 Na man may be callit duke, bot he alanerlie be quhias avise the army is led.

1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. i. 12 The great Duke that in dreadfull awe Vpon Mount Horeb learn'd th' eternall Lawe.

1869 Daily News 26 Jan. Now-a-days Dukes do not lead. Dux a non ducendo is the true political etymology of the title.]

b. Rendering Latin dux, a provincial military commander, under the later emperors.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > [noun] > of specific forces

praetor?a1439

aga1542

emir1542

imperator1590

crownerc1600

ban1614

sardar1615

duke1652

dey1656

hetman1710

stratopedarch1788

commandant1791

tuchun1917

war-lord1922

myriarch1949

1652 M. Nedham tr. J. Selden Of Dominion of Sea 234 The Counts or Dukes of the Midland parts and the Count of the Sea-Coast or Saxon Shore, had distinct charges.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xvii. 44 Under their orders thirty-five military commanders were stationed in the provinces..All these provincial generals were therefore dukes; but no more than ten among them were dignified with the rank of counts or companions, a title of honour, or rather of favour, which had been recently invented in the court of Constantine.

1836 Penny Cycl. V. 445/2 Three other principal officers are mentioned—the Comes littoris Saxonici per Britanniam..the Comes Britanniarum (Count of Britain), and the Dux Britanniarum (Duke of Britain). We have translated the words Comes and Dux, by Count and Duke, after Horsley.

c. In the Old Testament rendering dux of the Vulgate, ἡγεμών of the Septuagint, in sense ‘chief or leader of a tribe’.

ΚΠ

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Gen. xxxvi. 40 Thes thanne the names of the dukis [a1425 L.V. duykis] of Esau..the duke [v.r. duyk] Thanna, the duke Alua, the duke Jezeth [etc.]..thes the dukys [v.r. duykis] of Edom, the dwellers in the loond of his empire. [So 1611 and R.V. 1885; Coverd. has ‘prynce, prynces’.]

a. In some European countries: A sovereign prince, the ruler of a small state called a duchy.Five dukes (with six grand-dukes) ruled states included in the German Empire after 1870. Two Italian dukes (and one grand-duke) remained as rulers of independent states down to 1860.(In this sense, the name is partly derived from the late Roman use of dux ( 1b), partly the English rendering (through medieval Latin dux, French duc, Italian duca) of German herzog, Old High German herizogo, Old English heretoga, lit. ‘leader of warlike host’. Throughout the Frankish empire, the Merovingian kings appointed duces to superintend several frontier comitatus (the dux being superior to the comes). These duces of Aquitaine, Allemania, etc. were purely official. But in the half of Germany not under the Franks there still existed ‘dukes’ of another kind. The Teutonic herizogo was originally the temporary war-chief of a tribe, as opposed to the civil chief or king. He occasionally made himself permanent head of the volksstam, while still retaining his title (e.g. in Bavaria). In Germany, this class of ‘duke’ came to an end when Charlemagne destroyed the last independent German states. Under the Carolingians, the dux was, east and west of the Rhine alike, an official ruling a province. But, in the decay of this dynasty, the dukes everywhere became hereditary and practically independent. Hence came, in the West, the dukes of Aquitaine, Burgundy, Normandy, etc.; in the East, those of Franconia, Saxony, Suabia, etc. In France, however, the monarchy gradually reabsorbed the duchies, which by 1500 were all amalgamated with the crown, the title of ‘duke’ having become merely that of the highest rank of nobility, with no sovereign rights. (See sense 3) In Germany, on the other hand, the Duke of Bavaria or of Saxony was practically independent, the emperor having little or no power over him. The early Italian duca came direct from the Old Teutonic herizogo, the dukes of Benevento and Spoleto having been chiefs of Lombard war-bands who carved new states out of Roman Italy. In England, before the Norman Conquest, dux was an ordinary translation of ealdorman in Latin charters; but did not become vernacular. From the Conquest till Edward III, ealdorman or eorl was rendered by comes, and dux, duc, duk, was known only as a foreign title; even William and Robert are known to the Old English Chronicle only as ‘earls’ of Normandy.)

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > other independent rulers > [noun] > ruler of duchy

duke1129

1066 Anglo-Saxon Chron. Wyllelm eorl of Normandiȝe.

1124 Anglo-Saxon Chron. Þes eorles sunu Rotbert of Normandi.]

1129 Anglo-Saxon Chron. Mid him helden ða of Rome . and se duc of Sicilie.

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 7498 Þys noble duc Willam hym let crouny kyng At Londone amidewinter day.

13.. Guy W. (A.) 2372 Þe douke wers bifallen is, For miche of his folk he les.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxii. 477 Wenynge that reynawd had not durst hange the duche richarde.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 1 William the Conquerour, Duke of Normandie..began his dominion ouer this Realme.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. ii. 58 Thy father was the Duke of Millaine and A Prince of power.

1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. IV. 57 The emperor Leopold I. and John III. king of Poland, met..attended by a great number of electors, dukes, princes and nobles, to congratulate each other after they had successfully raised the siege of Vienna.

1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 295/1 The government of Modena is the most absolute in Italy..the present duke, Francis IV. of Este, is..the last descendant of the houses both of Este and Cibo.

1897 N.E.D. at Duke Mod. H.R.H. Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, and Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

†b. Used to render the Venetian doge n. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > head of government > [noun] > in a republic > in Italian republics

dukea1549

doge1549

gonfalonier1586

priora1630

abbot1734

a1549 A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (1870) xxiv. 183 The Duke of Venys is chosen for terme of hys lyfe.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) iv. i. 214 The Duke and Senators of Venice greete you.

1643 C. Herle Answer to Fernes Reply 45 What better is His Majesty then a Duke of Venice?

1821 Ld. Byron Marino Faliero (2nd issue) i. ii. 12 'Tis not well In Venice' Duke to say so.

c. Loosely used as the translation of the Russian knjaz′, prince: see French duc. See also Grand Duke n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > other independent rulers > [noun] > grand-duke

Great Duke1555

duke1614

Grand Duke1698

1614 J. Selden Titles of Honor 208 Remember what is in the first booke of the Duke of Muscouie, for a Duke vncrowned, yet supreme Prince.

1679 in J. Fletcher Loyal Subj. (new ed.) Dramatis Personae, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Fifty Comedies & Trag. sig. Kk4/1 Great Duke of Moscovia.

a. In Great Britain and some other countries: A hereditary title of nobility, ranking next below that of prince. royal duke, a duke who is a member of the royal family, taking precedence of the other dukes.After the great feudatory dukes of France, or most of them, had come to be merely the greatest nobles of the country, the title was imitated in England and other countries. In England it was introduced by Edward III, who in 1337 created the Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, and in 1351 the king's cousin Henry, Duke of Lancaster, which title at his death in 1361 was conferred on his son-in-law, John of Gaunt, the king's third surviving son, the title of Duke of Clarence being at the same time conferred upon the second son Lionel. Under Richard II and in subsequent reigns, the dignity was gradually extended outside the Royal Family, this being especially the case after the death of Queen Elizabeth, under whom the rank had been for some time extinguished.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > duke or duchess > [noun] > duke

duke1389

1352 Patent Roll 25 Edw. III i. m. 18 Lord's Jrnls. (1829) LXI. 748 Prefato Henrico nomen ducis Lancastrie inponimus et ipsum de nomine ducis dicti loci..investimus.

1337 Rot. Cart. 11 Edw. III No. 60 in Lord's Jrnls. (1829) LXI. 743 Pro Edwardo duce Cornubie.

1337 Rot. Cart. 11 Edw. III No. 60 in Lord's Jrnls. (1829) LXI. 743 Eidem filio nostro nomen & honorem ducis Cornubie de communi assensu & consilio..dedimus.

1351–2 Act 25 Edw. III stat. v. Preamb. Nostre Seignur le Roi del assent des Prelatz, Ducs, Countes, Barons, & de tout le comunalte de son Roialme dEngleterre [etc.].

1352 Patent Roll 25 Edw. III i. m. 18 Lord's Jrnls. (1829) LXI. 748 Pro Henrico duce Lancastrie.]

1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 23 Duckes, Erles, Barouns, and Bachelers of ye londe.

1399 Rolls of Parl. III. 452/1 The Lordes..ajuggen..that the Dukes of Aumarle Surrey and Excestre..lese and forgo fro hem and her heirs thes names that thei have now as Dukes.

1472 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 587 To the right hyghe and myghty prince..my lord the Dwke of Norffolk.

1556 tr. J. de Flores Histoire de Aurelio & Isabelle sig. L The quene and manney duques, earles, and grete lordes besoughte him.

1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 7 Thys yere sir Edmonde Langle and sir Thomas Wodstoke ware made duckes.

1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 52 The dewke of Norffoke and the yerle of Sorré hys sonne ware comyttyd unto the tower of London.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) i. i. 121 For Suffolkes Duke, may he be suffocate, That dims the Honor of this Warlike Isle.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. i. xii. 397.

1850 A. W. Fonblanque in Life & Labours (1874) i. 106 The Duke of Wellington, the ‘Iron Duke’, the ‘hero of a hundred fights’.

1852 Ld. Tennyson Ode Wellington i. 5 Bury the Great Duke With an empire's lamentation.

b. slang. A man of showy demeanour or appearance.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > fashionableness > [noun] > dandy

popa1500

miniona1513

prick-me-daintya1529

puppy?1544

velvet-coat1549

skipjack1554

coxcomb1567

musk cat?1567

physbuttocke1570

Adonis?1571

Adon1590

foretop1597

musk-cod1600

pretty fellow1600

sparkc1600

spangle-baby1602

flash1605

barber-monger1608

cocoloch1610

dapperling1611

fantastica1613

feather-cock1612

trig1612

jack-a-dandy?1617

gimcrack1623

satinist1639

powder puffa1653

fop1676

prig1676

foplinga1681

cockcomb1684

beau garçona1687

shape1688

duke1699

nab1699

smirk1699

beau1700

petty master1706

moppet1707

Tom Astoner1707

dapper1709

petit maître1711

buck1725

toupee1727

toupet1728

toupet-man1748

jemmy1753

jessamy1753

macaroni1764

majoc1770

monkeyrony1773

dandyc1780

elegant1780

muscadin1794

incroyable1797

beauty man1800

bang-up1811

natty1818

ruffian1818

exquisite1819

heavy swell1819

marvellous1819

bit of stuff1828

merveilleux1830

fat1832

squirt1844

dandyling1846

ineffable1859

guinea pig1860

Dundreary swell1862

masher1872

dude1877

mash1879

dudette1883

dand1886

heavy gunner1890

posh1890

nut1904

smoothie1929

fancy-pants1930

saga boy1941

fancy Dan1943

1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Rum-duke, a jolly handsom Man.

1763 Brit. Mag. 4 372 I..soon acquired the appellations of a rum duke, a queer dog, and a choice spirit.

1785 in F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue

c. Duke of Exeter's daughter: see daughter n. Phrases 2.to dine with Duke Humphrey: see dine v. Phrases 1.

d. The Duke's: short for ( (a) the Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment); (b) the Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment).

ΚΠ

1900 Westm. Gaz. 20 July 5/1 The force that was engaged..was composed of the Duke of Cambridge's Own and the Irish and Belfast Yeomanry. The Dukes were 125 strong.

1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words s.v. Nicknames Duke's, The, the Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment).

†4. The castle or rook at chess. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > chess > [noun] > pieces > rook or castle

rookc1330

judge?1523

tower1562

duke1625

castlea1649

1625 T. Middleton Game at Chæss Induct. 54 Dukes? they're called Rooks by some.

1656 F. Beale tr. G. Greco Royall Game Chesse-play 7 The Rocks, Rookes, or Dukes walk forward, backward, and side-wayes.

†5. The great eagle-owl ( Bubo maximus). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Strigiformes or owl > [noun] > family Strigidae > bubo bubo

horn-owl1601

horn-coot1650

duke1656

eagle owl1678

stock owla1688

Grand Duke1796

1656 tr. J. A. Comenius Latinæ Linguæ Janua Reserata: Gate Lat. Tongue Unlocked xvi. §137 The boading Owl, the Horn-Owl, or Duke, the mournful Howlet, the sad Scrietch-Owl.

6. Name of a kind of cherry.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > stone fruit > [noun] > cherry > types of

black cherry1530

geana1533

Plinian1577

cherrylet1605

agriot1611

morel1611

cœur-cherry1626

bigarreau1629

May-cherry1629

morello1629

duracine1655

black heart1664

duke1664

red-hearta1678

prince royal1686

May duke1718

ox-heart1731

sand cherry1778

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > stone fruit > cherry > types of cherry

black cherry1530

geana1533

Plinian1577

mazzard1578

mazardc1595

merry1595

Flanders cherry1597

heart cherry1599

cherrylet1605

agriot1611

morel1611

cœur-cherry1626

bigarreau1629

May-cherry1629

morello1629

urinal cherry1629

white-heart cherry1629

duracine1655

heart1658

black heart1664

carnation1664

duke1664

honey cherrya1671

nonsuch1674

merise1675

red-hearta1678

prince royal1686

lukeward1707

white-heart1707

May duke1718

Royal Ann1724

ox-heart1731

ratafia1777

choke-cherry1785

mountain cherry1811

rum cherry1818

sour cherry1884

Napoleon1886

Napoleon cherry1933

1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 68 in Sylva Cherries..Duke, Flanders, Heart.

1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Cherry The Duke and archduke on a good wall are most years ripe before the end of the month.

1883 G. Allen Colin Clout's Cal. 117 The common dwarf cherry..is the ancestor of morellos, dukes, and the Kentish kind.

7. slang. Also dook. The hand or fist. Usually plural. Also in Boxing, to get (have, etc.) the duke [ < the practice of raising the victor's arm] , to be awarded the verdict; conversely, to lose the duke.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > extremities > hand > [noun]

handeOE

cleche?c1225

fista1300

dallea1500

clutcha1529

gripea1555

famble1567

claw1577

golla1586

patte1586

manus1598

pickers and stealers1604

fore-foota1616

pud1654

daddle?1725

fin1785

mauley1789

feeler1825

maniple1829

flipper1832

flapper1834

grappler1852

duke1874

mitt1893

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > boxing > box [verb (intransitive)] > be awarded verdict

to get (have, etc.) the duke1874

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > extremities > hand > [noun] > fist

fista900

nievec1300

gripea1555

fistock1567

neufe1602

mauler1820

mallet1821

fives1825

duke1874

knobblies1898

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > boxing > box [verb (intransitive)] > be awarded verdict > not

to lose the duke1874

1874 Hotten's Slang Dict. (rev. ed.) 153 ‘Put up your dooks’ is a kind invitation to fight.

1879 Macmillan's Mag. 40 501 (Farmer) I said I would not go at all if he put his dukes (hands) on me.

1894 J. D. Astley Fifty Years of my Life I. 142 There were many officers in the Guards well known to be fairly clever with their ‘dukes’.

1898 J. D. Brayshaw Slum Silhouettes i. 3 'E could 'andle 'is dooks, an' no error: the way 'e set abaht Bill was a fair treat.

1934 D. Runyon in Collier's 24 Nov. 8/3 Ledoux gets the duke by unanimous vote of the officials.

1936 J. Tully Bruiser 22 Well, even if I lose the duke I got forty percent of five hundred, ain't I?

1952 E. Partridge From Sanskrit to Brazil 4 He can handle his fives or dooks..or hands, i.e. he can box well.

1963 J. Mitford Amer. Way of Death vi. 191 The funeral men are always ready with dukes up to go to the offensive.

1986 Ring Aug. 58/2 Nilo Alamag, 131¹/ ₄, won a unanimous duke over Albert Saxon 131¹/ ₄, 10.

Compounds

duke gold n. ? = ducat gold.

ΚΠ

1683 J. Pettus tr. L. Ercker ii. i. 100 in Fleta Minor i All Goldish oars..have good Duke gold [Ger. gedigen Golt].

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	duke
释义	duken. Brit. /djuːk/, /dʒuːk/, U.S. /d(j)uk/, /dʒuk/ Forms: Middle English–1500s duc, (Middle English dux), Middle English duk, Middle English– duke. (Also Middle English duyk, Middle English–1500s duck, ducke, Middle English douk, douke, douc, deuk, Middle English dukke, dwk, dwke, doke, doyk, duche, Middle English–1500s dewke, duque, duce, Scottish duik.) Etymology: Middle English duc, duk, < French duc, in Old French nominative dux, ducs, dus (11–12th cent. in Littré), early < Latin dux, duc-em, leader, commander, general. (If the Latin word had come down in Old French, its form would have been dois, doix: compare croix, noix, Old French crois, nois < Latin crucem, nucem.) †1. a. A leader; a leader of an army, a captain or general; a chief, ruler. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > [noun] > those in authority > person in authority > head or chief headeOE headmanOE headsmanOE masterlinga1200 dukec1275 chevetaine1297 chief1297 headlingc1300 principalc1325 captainc1380 primatec1384 chieftainc1400 master-man1424 principate1483 grand captain1531 headmaster?1545 knap of the casec1555 capitano1594 muqaddam1598 mudaliyar1662 reis1677 sachem1684 doge1705 prytanis1790 gam1827 main guy1882 oga1917 ras1935 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 136 Þa sende Asscanius þe wes lauerd & dux. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 134 Þe ȝet leouede Asscanius þe on þan londe was duc. c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. I. 340 A duk þat shal reule my folk of Israel. c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 137 Jesus Crist duke of our batel. 1382 J. Wyclif Psalms lxxix. 10 [lxxx. 9] Duke of the weie thou were in his siȝt. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. iii. 1112 Þe ram..is duke and defendour of oþere scheep. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 17979 Sathan..duke of deeþ & prynce of helle. 1430–40 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes (1554) vii. ix. 173 a Duke Moses, by god was made their gyde. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 460 Dukis and reulers of the chirche. a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 185 Þe comones risen ageyn þe kyng and þe lordes..Her duke was Wat Tyler, a proude knaue and malapert. 1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1822) iv. 339 Na man may be callit duke, bot he alanerlie be quhias avise the army is led. 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. i. 12 The great Duke that in dreadfull awe Vpon Mount Horeb learn'd th' eternall Lawe. 1869 Daily News 26 Jan. Now-a-days Dukes do not lead. Dux a non ducendo is the true political etymology of the title.] b. Rendering Latin dux, a provincial military commander, under the later emperors. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > [noun] > of specific forces praetor?a1439 aga1542 emir1542 imperator1590 crownerc1600 ban1614 sardar1615 duke1652 dey1656 hetman1710 stratopedarch1788 commandant1791 tuchun1917 war-lord1922 myriarch1949 1652 M. Nedham tr. J. Selden Of Dominion of Sea 234 The Counts or Dukes of the Midland parts and the Count of the Sea-Coast or Saxon Shore, had distinct charges. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xvii. 44 Under their orders thirty-five military commanders were stationed in the provinces..All these provincial generals were therefore dukes; but no more than ten among them were dignified with the rank of counts or companions, a title of honour, or rather of favour, which had been recently invented in the court of Constantine. 1836 Penny Cycl. V. 445/2 Three other principal officers are mentioned—the Comes littoris Saxonici per Britanniam..the Comes Britanniarum (Count of Britain), and the Dux Britanniarum (Duke of Britain). We have translated the words Comes and Dux, by Count and Duke, after Horsley. c. In the Old Testament rendering dux of the Vulgate, ἡγεμών of the Septuagint, in sense ‘chief or leader of a tribe’. ΚΠ 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Gen. xxxvi. 40 Thes thanne the names of the dukis [a1425 L.V. duykis] of Esau..the duke [v.r. duyk] Thanna, the duke Alua, the duke Jezeth [etc.]..thes the dukys [v.r. duykis] of Edom, the dwellers in the loond of his empire. [So 1611 and R.V. 1885; Coverd. has ‘prynce, prynces’.] 2. a. In some European countries: A sovereign prince, the ruler of a small state called a duchy.Five dukes (with six grand-dukes) ruled states included in the German Empire after 1870. Two Italian dukes (and one grand-duke) remained as rulers of independent states down to 1860.(In this sense, the name is partly derived from the late Roman use of dux ( 1b), partly the English rendering (through medieval Latin dux, French duc, Italian duca) of German herzog, Old High German herizogo, Old English heretoga, lit. ‘leader of warlike host’. Throughout the Frankish empire, the Merovingian kings appointed duces to superintend several frontier comitatus (the dux being superior to the comes). These duces of Aquitaine, Allemania, etc. were purely official. But in the half of Germany not under the Franks there still existed ‘dukes’ of another kind. The Teutonic herizogo was originally the temporary war-chief of a tribe, as opposed to the civil chief or king. He occasionally made himself permanent head of the volksstam, while still retaining his title (e.g. in Bavaria). In Germany, this class of ‘duke’ came to an end when Charlemagne destroyed the last independent German states. Under the Carolingians, the dux was, east and west of the Rhine alike, an official ruling a province. But, in the decay of this dynasty, the dukes everywhere became hereditary and practically independent. Hence came, in the West, the dukes of Aquitaine, Burgundy, Normandy, etc.; in the East, those of Franconia, Saxony, Suabia, etc. In France, however, the monarchy gradually reabsorbed the duchies, which by 1500 were all amalgamated with the crown, the title of ‘duke’ having become merely that of the highest rank of nobility, with no sovereign rights. (See sense 3) In Germany, on the other hand, the Duke of Bavaria or of Saxony was practically independent, the emperor having little or no power over him. The early Italian duca came direct from the Old Teutonic herizogo, the dukes of Benevento and Spoleto having been chiefs of Lombard war-bands who carved new states out of Roman Italy. In England, before the Norman Conquest, dux was an ordinary translation of ealdorman in Latin charters; but did not become vernacular. From the Conquest till Edward III, ealdorman or eorl was rendered by comes, and dux, duc, duk, was known only as a foreign title; even William and Robert are known to the Old English Chronicle only as ‘earls’ of Normandy.) ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > other independent rulers > [noun] > ruler of duchy duke1129 1066 Anglo-Saxon Chron. Wyllelm eorl of Normandiȝe. 1124 Anglo-Saxon Chron. Þes eorles sunu Rotbert of Normandi.] 1129 Anglo-Saxon Chron. Mid him helden ða of Rome . and se duc of Sicilie. 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 7498 Þys noble duc Willam hym let crouny kyng At Londone amidewinter day. 13.. Guy W. (A.) 2372 Þe douke wers bifallen is, For miche of his folk he les. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxii. 477 Wenynge that reynawd had not durst hange the duche richarde. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 1 William the Conquerour, Duke of Normandie..began his dominion ouer this Realme. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. ii. 58 Thy father was the Duke of Millaine and A Prince of power. View more context for this quotation 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. IV. 57 The emperor Leopold I. and John III. king of Poland, met..attended by a great number of electors, dukes, princes and nobles, to congratulate each other after they had successfully raised the siege of Vienna. 1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 295/1 The government of Modena is the most absolute in Italy..the present duke, Francis IV. of Este, is..the last descendant of the houses both of Este and Cibo. 1897 N.E.D. at Duke Mod. H.R.H. Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, and Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. †b. Used to render the Venetian doge n. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > head of government > [noun] > in a republic > in Italian republics dukea1549 doge1549 gonfalonier1586 priora1630 abbot1734 a1549 A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (1870) xxiv. 183 The Duke of Venys is chosen for terme of hys lyfe. a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) iv. i. 214 The Duke and Senators of Venice greete you. View more context for this quotation 1643 C. Herle Answer to Fernes Reply 45 What better is His Majesty then a Duke of Venice? 1821 Ld. Byron Marino Faliero (2nd issue) i. ii. 12 'Tis not well In Venice' Duke to say so. c. Loosely used as the translation of the Russian knjaz′, prince: see French duc. See also Grand Duke n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > other independent rulers > [noun] > grand-duke Great Duke1555 duke1614 Grand Duke1698 1614 J. Selden Titles of Honor 208 Remember what is in the first booke of the Duke of Muscouie, for a Duke vncrowned, yet supreme Prince. 1679 in J. Fletcher Loyal Subj. (new ed.) Dramatis Personae, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Fifty Comedies & Trag. sig. Kk4/1 Great Duke of Moscovia. 3. a. In Great Britain and some other countries: A hereditary title of nobility, ranking next below that of prince. royal duke, a duke who is a member of the royal family, taking precedence of the other dukes.After the great feudatory dukes of France, or most of them, had come to be merely the greatest nobles of the country, the title was imitated in England and other countries. In England it was introduced by Edward III, who in 1337 created the Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, and in 1351 the king's cousin Henry, Duke of Lancaster, which title at his death in 1361 was conferred on his son-in-law, John of Gaunt, the king's third surviving son, the title of Duke of Clarence being at the same time conferred upon the second son Lionel. Under Richard II and in subsequent reigns, the dignity was gradually extended outside the Royal Family, this being especially the case after the death of Queen Elizabeth, under whom the rank had been for some time extinguished. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > duke or duchess > [noun] > duke duke1389 1352 Patent Roll 25 Edw. III i. m. 18 Lord's Jrnls. (1829) LXI. 748 Prefato Henrico nomen ducis Lancastrie inponimus et ipsum de nomine ducis dicti loci..investimus. 1337 Rot. Cart. 11 Edw. III No. 60 in Lord's Jrnls. (1829) LXI. 743 Pro Edwardo duce Cornubie. 1337 Rot. Cart. 11 Edw. III No. 60 in Lord's Jrnls. (1829) LXI. 743 Eidem filio nostro nomen & honorem ducis Cornubie de communi assensu & consilio..dedimus. 1351–2 Act 25 Edw. III stat. v. Preamb. Nostre Seignur le Roi del assent des Prelatz, Ducs, Countes, Barons, & de tout le comunalte de son Roialme dEngleterre [etc.]. 1352 Patent Roll 25 Edw. III i. m. 18 Lord's Jrnls. (1829) LXI. 748 Pro Henrico duce Lancastrie.] 1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 23 Duckes, Erles, Barouns, and Bachelers of ye londe. 1399 Rolls of Parl. III. 452/1 The Lordes..ajuggen..that the Dukes of Aumarle Surrey and Excestre..lese and forgo fro hem and her heirs thes names that thei have now as Dukes. 1472 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 587 To the right hyghe and myghty prince..my lord the Dwke of Norffolk. 1556 tr. J. de Flores Histoire de Aurelio & Isabelle sig. L The quene and manney duques, earles, and grete lordes besoughte him. 1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 7 Thys yere sir Edmonde Langle and sir Thomas Wodstoke ware made duckes. 1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 52 The dewke of Norffoke and the yerle of Sorré hys sonne ware comyttyd unto the tower of London. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) i. i. 121 For Suffolkes Duke, may he be suffocate, That dims the Honor of this Warlike Isle. View more context for this quotation 1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. i. xii. 397. 1850 A. W. Fonblanque in Life & Labours (1874) i. 106 The Duke of Wellington, the ‘Iron Duke’, the ‘hero of a hundred fights’. 1852 Ld. Tennyson Ode Wellington i. 5 Bury the Great Duke With an empire's lamentation. b. slang. A man of showy demeanour or appearance. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > fashionableness > [noun] > dandy popa1500 miniona1513 prick-me-daintya1529 puppy?1544 velvet-coat1549 skipjack1554 coxcomb1567 musk cat?1567 physbuttocke1570 Adonis?1571 Adon1590 foretop1597 musk-cod1600 pretty fellow1600 sparkc1600 spangle-baby1602 flash1605 barber-monger1608 cocoloch1610 dapperling1611 fantastica1613 feather-cock1612 trig1612 jack-a-dandy?1617 gimcrack1623 satinist1639 powder puffa1653 fop1676 prig1676 foplinga1681 cockcomb1684 beau garçona1687 shape1688 duke1699 nab1699 smirk1699 beau1700 petty master1706 moppet1707 Tom Astoner1707 dapper1709 petit maître1711 buck1725 toupee1727 toupet1728 toupet-man1748 jemmy1753 jessamy1753 macaroni1764 majoc1770 monkeyrony1773 dandyc1780 elegant1780 muscadin1794 incroyable1797 beauty man1800 bang-up1811 natty1818 ruffian1818 exquisite1819 heavy swell1819 marvellous1819 bit of stuff1828 merveilleux1830 fat1832 squirt1844 dandyling1846 ineffable1859 guinea pig1860 Dundreary swell1862 masher1872 dude1877 mash1879 dudette1883 dand1886 heavy gunner1890 posh1890 nut1904 smoothie1929 fancy-pants1930 saga boy1941 fancy Dan1943 1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Rum-duke, a jolly handsom Man. 1763 Brit. Mag. 4 372 I..soon acquired the appellations of a rum duke, a queer dog, and a choice spirit. 1785 in F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue c. Duke of Exeter's daughter: see daughter n. Phrases 2.to dine with Duke Humphrey: see dine v. Phrases 1. d. The Duke's: short for ( (a) the Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment); (b) the Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment). ΚΠ 1900 Westm. Gaz. 20 July 5/1 The force that was engaged..was composed of the Duke of Cambridge's Own and the Irish and Belfast Yeomanry. The Dukes were 125 strong. 1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words s.v. Nicknames Duke's, The, the Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment). †4. The castle or rook at chess. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > chess > [noun] > pieces > rook or castle rookc1330 judge?1523 tower1562 duke1625 castlea1649 1625 T. Middleton Game at Chæss Induct. 54 Dukes? they're called Rooks by some. 1656 F. Beale tr. G. Greco Royall Game Chesse-play 7 The Rocks, Rookes, or Dukes walk forward, backward, and side-wayes. †5. The great eagle-owl ( Bubo maximus). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Strigiformes or owl > [noun] > family Strigidae > bubo bubo horn-owl1601 horn-coot1650 duke1656 eagle owl1678 stock owla1688 Grand Duke1796 1656 tr. J. A. Comenius Latinæ Linguæ Janua Reserata: Gate Lat. Tongue Unlocked xvi. §137 The boading Owl, the Horn-Owl, or Duke, the mournful Howlet, the sad Scrietch-Owl. 6. Name of a kind of cherry. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > stone fruit > [noun] > cherry > types of black cherry1530 geana1533 Plinian1577 cherrylet1605 agriot1611 morel1611 cœur-cherry1626 bigarreau1629 May-cherry1629 morello1629 duracine1655 black heart1664 duke1664 red-hearta1678 prince royal1686 May duke1718 ox-heart1731 sand cherry1778 the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > stone fruit > cherry > types of cherry black cherry1530 geana1533 Plinian1577 mazzard1578 mazardc1595 merry1595 Flanders cherry1597 heart cherry1599 cherrylet1605 agriot1611 morel1611 cœur-cherry1626 bigarreau1629 May-cherry1629 morello1629 urinal cherry1629 white-heart cherry1629 duracine1655 heart1658 black heart1664 carnation1664 duke1664 honey cherrya1671 nonsuch1674 merise1675 red-hearta1678 prince royal1686 lukeward1707 white-heart1707 May duke1718 Royal Ann1724 ox-heart1731 ratafia1777 choke-cherry1785 mountain cherry1811 rum cherry1818 sour cherry1884 Napoleon1886 Napoleon cherry1933 1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 68 in Sylva Cherries..Duke, Flanders, Heart. 1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Cherry The Duke and archduke on a good wall are most years ripe before the end of the month. 1883 G. Allen Colin Clout's Cal. 117 The common dwarf cherry..is the ancestor of morellos, dukes, and the Kentish kind. 7. slang. Also dook. The hand or fist. Usually plural. Also in Boxing, to get (have, etc.) the duke [ < the practice of raising the victor's arm] , to be awarded the verdict; conversely, to lose the duke. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > extremities > hand > [noun] handeOE cleche?c1225 fista1300 dallea1500 clutcha1529 gripea1555 famble1567 claw1577 golla1586 patte1586 manus1598 pickers and stealers1604 fore-foota1616 pud1654 daddle?1725 fin1785 mauley1789 feeler1825 maniple1829 flipper1832 flapper1834 grappler1852 duke1874 mitt1893 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > boxing > box [verb (intransitive)] > be awarded verdict to get (have, etc.) the duke1874 the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > extremities > hand > [noun] > fist fista900 nievec1300 gripea1555 fistock1567 neufe1602 mauler1820 mallet1821 fives1825 duke1874 knobblies1898 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > boxing > box [verb (intransitive)] > be awarded verdict > not to lose the duke1874 1874 Hotten's Slang Dict. (rev. ed.) 153 ‘Put up your dooks’ is a kind invitation to fight. 1879 Macmillan's Mag. 40 501 (Farmer) I said I would not go at all if he put his dukes (hands) on me. 1894 J. D. Astley Fifty Years of my Life I. 142 There were many officers in the Guards well known to be fairly clever with their ‘dukes’. 1898 J. D. Brayshaw Slum Silhouettes i. 3 'E could 'andle 'is dooks, an' no error: the way 'e set abaht Bill was a fair treat. 1934 D. Runyon in Collier's 24 Nov. 8/3 Ledoux gets the duke by unanimous vote of the officials. 1936 J. Tully Bruiser 22 Well, even if I lose the duke I got forty percent of five hundred, ain't I? 1952 E. Partridge From Sanskrit to Brazil 4 He can handle his fives or dooks..or hands, i.e. he can box well. 1963 J. Mitford Amer. Way of Death vi. 191 The funeral men are always ready with dukes up to go to the offensive. 1986 Ring Aug. 58/2 Nilo Alamag, 131¹/ ₄, won a unanimous duke over Albert Saxon 131¹/ ₄, 10. Compounds duke gold n. ? = ducat gold. ΚΠ 1683 J. Pettus tr. L. Ercker ii. i. 100 in Fleta Minor i All Goldish oars..have good Duke gold [Ger. gedigen Golt]. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022). dukev. Brit. /djuːk/, /dʒuːk/, U.S. /d(j)uk/, /dʒuk/ Etymology: < duke n. 1. †a. transitive. To make (a person) a duke or leader. Obsolete. nonce-word. ΚΠ 1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. cvi^v Thow salbe..dukit in our duchery. 1606 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iii. 111 Iust-Duked Iosvah, cheeres the Abramides To Canaans Conquest. b. intransitive (also transitive with it). To play the part of a duke, act as a duke; to court dukes. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iii. i. 360 Lord Angelo Dukes it well in his absence. View more context for this quotation 1690 J. Crowne Eng. Frier iii. 24 Ay, Sister, as young Maids go a Maying we'l go a Squiring, a Knighting, a Lording, a Duking. 1894 Ld. Wolseley Life Marlborough I. 293 During his [sc. Monmouth's] previous visit to the West, during what was locally known as ‘The Dukeing Days’. 2. transitive. To shake hands with. slang. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > courtesy > courteous act or expression > use courteous actions or expressions to [verb (transitive)] > greet or salute > shake hands with or a person's hand strain1518 wringa1535 to shake (a person's) hand1540 pumphandle1851 duke1865 pump1912 handshake1920 1865 Leaves from Diary Celebrated Burglar 134 Amongst the foremost to ‘duke’ me upon entering was Squib Dixon. 1911 G. Bronson-Howard Enemy to Society xi. 342 Morgenstein..held out his hand. ‘Duke me, Steve!’ he said huskily. ‘You're a regular fella!’ 1929 D. Runyon in Cosmopolitan Oct. 65/1 The old judge does himself proud, what with kissing Madame La Gimp's baby plenty, and duking the proud old Spanish nobleman. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1993; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1129v.1508
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duken.

Compounds

dukev.