Dunkirkn.

Brit.

/dʌnˈkəːk/,

/dʌŋˈkəːk/, U.S.

/ˌdənˈkərk/,

/ˈdənˌkərk/

Forms: 1500s–1600s Dunkerke, 1600s Dunkark, 1600s Dunkerk, 1600s Dunkirke, 1600s– Dunkirk.

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Dunkirk.

Etymology: < Dunkirk (French Dunkerque, Dutch Duinkerken, regional (Flanders) Duunkerke), the name of a town and port in French Flanders, on the north coast of France.The place name is attested in English contexts from the mid 15th cent. or earlier. The pronunciation given in N.E.D. (1897) has stress on the first syllable.

†1. A privateer operating from the port of Dunkirk, esp. in the service of the Habsburg monarchy during the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648); a ship commanded and crewed by privateers of this kind; = Dunkirker n. Obsolete (historical and rare after 17th cent.).she-Dunkirk: see she pron.¹, n., and adj. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > privateer or pirate ship > [noun] > privateer

Dunkirker1588

Dunkirk1599

she-Dunkirk1623

Dunker1630

privateer?1641

private man of war1646

caper1657

letter(s) of mart ship1695

caperera1698

letter of marque ship1703

letter(s) of mart man1704

letter of marque1768

shaving-mill1781

ship-privateer1799

sea-wolf1884

1599 T. Dallam Diary in J. T. Bent Early Voy. Levant (1893) i. 6 Word was brought that presently..3 or 4 sayle of Dunkerkes had her in chace.

1607 T. Walkington Optick Glasse 89 Like to roving Dunkirkes, or robbing pyrats.

1629 Churchwardens' Accts. Kirton-in-Lindsey in Antiquary (1888) Dec. 21 A trawler..that was taken with Dunkerkes.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Kent 59 Some of the swiftest Dunkirks and Ostenders, whose wings in a fair flight have failed them, overtaken by our Frigots.

1888 Athenæum 17 Mar. 335/1 Of persons robbed on the sea by Dunkirks we have several examples [in the Doncaster records].

2. A military action similar to the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 (see Dunkirk evacuation n. at Compounds 2). Also: an event or situation reminiscent of this evacuation, esp. in being a defining moment in something's history or progress, or in representing a defeat or low point before subsequent improvement. Cf. to do a Dunkirk at Phrases, Compounds 1b.

ΚΠ

1941 Univ. Chicago Law Rev. 8 221 Mr. Arnold's victory here, while not perhaps Italian in character, can hardly rate above a Dunkirk. A glorious evacuation may leave hope of a resurgence.

1941 Time 9 June 9/2 In far too many items we are still lagging behind and..there may well be more Dunkirks.

1949 Pittsburgh Courier 27 Aug. 22/4 Is the East-West game a barometer to the waning of the popularity of Negro baseball? Is the game meeting its Dunkirk?

1969 Guardian 18 July 20/8 The Church of England faces ‘an ecclesiastical Dunkirk’ unless it recognises the contribution young people can make.

2011 S. Zaloga Armored Attack 1944 xi. 417/1 Hitler's plan was for a rapid panzer thrust to seize Antwerp.., perhaps precipitating another Dunkirk.

Phrases

to do a Dunkirk.

a. To evacuate armed forces in manner similar to the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 (see Dunkirk evacuation n. at Compounds 2).

ΚΠ

1941 Newcastle (New S. Wales) Sun 28 Apr. 4/3 Napoleon was just as much master of Europe as Hitler is to-day, but ultimately after the disaster of Corunna, when the British had to do a ‘Dunkirk’, Wellington got a toe hold in the peninsula north of Lisbon.

1949 D. J. L. Fitzgerald Hist. Irish Guards in Second World War v. 187 They planned to fall back on Cape Bon and there to ‘do a Dunkirk’.

1986 A. M. Sperber Murrow (1998) 349 He urged that..the U.S. Navy do a Dunkirk: Line up everybody at the narrow waist of Korea, get out the ships, and take them home.

b. In extended use: to retreat, back away, or be forced to withdraw, esp. in order to avoid disaster.

ΚΠ

1942 News (Frederick, Maryland) 21 Mar. 10/6 A repetition of the name brought another application of the pitchfork after which Stull wisely did a Dunkirk.

1979 Commerc. Motor 5 Jan. 27/1 Having ‘done a Dunkirk’, the corporation will nevertheless exploit the European transport industry on sound commercial lines whenever the opportunity occurs.

1998 Sun Herald (Sydney) (Nexis) 19 Apr. (Motoring section) 2 By 1957, the Brits were doing a Dunkirk in Australia as Holden's arrival reduced the Empire brands to just 12 per cent of registrations.

Compounds

C1. attributive.

a. Designating a privateer or privateer ship operating from the port of Dunkirk, as Dunkirk privateer, Dunkirk ship, etc. See sense 1. Now historical.

ΚΠ

1631 Contin. Weekely Intelligence 29 Nov. 9 12. Dunkerk men of warre met them by the way.

1641 Counters Disc. 1 Never did a Dunkirk Frigat watch a Newcastle Collier, nor a jealous wife a wanton husband, nor yet a Cat a poore Mouse, as we looked after desperate debtors.

1761 Scots Mag. Aug. 444/1 The Loup, a Dunkirk privateer, of 12 guns, 8 swivels, and 70 men, taken July 17. off Holy Island, and brought into Yarmouth.

1859 Royal Cornwall Gaz. 22 July 7/3 The famous Dunkirk sailor, John Barth, was elevated, on account of his courage and ability, to the rank of commodore.

1922 Canad. Mag. Aug. 291/1 The Dunkirk squadron, under a noted privateer named Thurot, creating a diversion.

2009 Past & Present Feb. 101 The owners of a Dunkirk privateer, La Thérèse, decided to release the captain.

b. With the sense ‘characteristic or reminiscent of the evacuation of Dunkirk’. Cf. sense 2, Dunkirk spirit n. at Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1955 Economist 28 May 758/2 The Dunkirk attitude..breeds the most petty nationalism when applied to sports.

1972 Argus (Fremont, Calif.) 28 Apr. 22/5 A frenzied Dunkirk withdrawal of remaining American troops would have created a worse reaction than resuming bombing.

1976 Conservation News Nov. 11/1 Reacting to a crisis in Dunkirk manner, many people have shown that they can indeed save considerable quantities..once their minds are given to it.

2012 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 17 May 30 Alden has described the result as Birmingham Conservatives' own ‘Dunkirk’ moment, a low point from which they must return.

C2.

Dunkirk evacuation n. the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force and other Allied troops from the port and beaches of Dunkirk at the end of May and beginning of June, 1940; (also) any similar or comparable evacuation.Around 335,000 Allied troops were evacuated by warships, requisitioned civilian ships, and a host of small boats, under constant attack from the air, after German advances in northern France had reached the English Channel and split Allied forces. Although a defeat from a military point of view, the success of the evacuation raised British morale (see Dunkirk spirit n.).

ΚΠ

1940 Scotsman 1 June 9/1 (headline) Dunkirk evacuation. Great part of Allied Forces now safe.

1940 Times 10 June 4/2 The Dean of St. Paul's announced that the Day of National Prayer might well be a turning point: so it would appear after the miracle of the Dunkirk evacuation.

1948 Hansard Commons 28 Mar. 2853 He asked me to bring about what he called a ‘Dunkirk evacuation’ of Palestine.

2007 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 26 Jan. 12 An unsung hero who masterminded the Dunkirk evacuation and the D-Day landings in Normandy has finally received recognition for his achievements.

Dunkirk spirit n. British stoicism and determination in a difficult or dangerous situation, especially as displayed by a group of people acting together.

ΚΠ

1942 Economist 28 Mar. 420/2 It is rather a Dunkirk spirit that has prevailed. the Germans have been rallied, not by the thought of easy success, but by the ideal of total sacrifice.

1956 ‘J. Christopher’ Death of Grass vii. 113 If the country only shows the Dunkirk spirit, we can pull through.

1984 ‘Tiresias’ Notes from Overground 20 We commuters have the Dunkirk spirit all right... We thrive on adversity.

2008 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 8 July 20 The ‘Dunkirk Spirit’ helped to turn the Grove School's annual summer fair into a fund raising success story after it was hit by driving rain.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	dunkirk
释义	Dunkirkn. Brit. /dʌnˈkəːk/, /dʌŋˈkəːk/, U.S. /ˌdənˈkərk/, /ˈdənˌkərk/ Forms: 1500s–1600s Dunkerke, 1600s Dunkark, 1600s Dunkerk, 1600s Dunkirke, 1600s– Dunkirk. Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Dunkirk. Etymology: < Dunkirk (French Dunkerque, Dutch Duinkerken, regional (Flanders) Duunkerke), the name of a town and port in French Flanders, on the north coast of France.The place name is attested in English contexts from the mid 15th cent. or earlier. The pronunciation given in N.E.D. (1897) has stress on the first syllable. †1. A privateer operating from the port of Dunkirk, esp. in the service of the Habsburg monarchy during the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648); a ship commanded and crewed by privateers of this kind; = Dunkirker n. Obsolete (historical and rare after 17th cent.).she-Dunkirk: see she pron.¹, n., and adj. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > privateer or pirate ship > [noun] > privateer Dunkirker1588 Dunkirk1599 she-Dunkirk1623 Dunker1630 privateer?1641 private man of war1646 caper1657 letter(s) of mart ship1695 caperera1698 letter of marque ship1703 letter(s) of mart man1704 letter of marque1768 shaving-mill1781 ship-privateer1799 sea-wolf1884 1599 T. Dallam Diary in J. T. Bent Early Voy. Levant (1893) i. 6 Word was brought that presently..3 or 4 sayle of Dunkerkes had her in chace. 1607 T. Walkington Optick Glasse 89 Like to roving Dunkirkes, or robbing pyrats. 1629 Churchwardens' Accts. Kirton-in-Lindsey in Antiquary (1888) Dec. 21 A trawler..that was taken with Dunkerkes. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Kent 59 Some of the swiftest Dunkirks and Ostenders, whose wings in a fair flight have failed them, overtaken by our Frigots. 1888 Athenæum 17 Mar. 335/1 Of persons robbed on the sea by Dunkirks we have several examples [in the Doncaster records]. 2. A military action similar to the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 (see Dunkirk evacuation n. at Compounds 2). Also: an event or situation reminiscent of this evacuation, esp. in being a defining moment in something's history or progress, or in representing a defeat or low point before subsequent improvement. Cf. to do a Dunkirk at Phrases, Compounds 1b. ΚΠ 1941 Univ. Chicago Law Rev. 8 221 Mr. Arnold's victory here, while not perhaps Italian in character, can hardly rate above a Dunkirk. A glorious evacuation may leave hope of a resurgence. 1941 Time 9 June 9/2 In far too many items we are still lagging behind and..there may well be more Dunkirks. 1949 Pittsburgh Courier 27 Aug. 22/4 Is the East-West game a barometer to the waning of the popularity of Negro baseball? Is the game meeting its Dunkirk? 1969 Guardian 18 July 20/8 The Church of England faces ‘an ecclesiastical Dunkirk’ unless it recognises the contribution young people can make. 2011 S. Zaloga Armored Attack 1944 xi. 417/1 Hitler's plan was for a rapid panzer thrust to seize Antwerp.., perhaps precipitating another Dunkirk. Phrases to do a Dunkirk. a. To evacuate armed forces in manner similar to the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 (see Dunkirk evacuation n. at Compounds 2). ΚΠ 1941 Newcastle (New S. Wales) Sun 28 Apr. 4/3 Napoleon was just as much master of Europe as Hitler is to-day, but ultimately after the disaster of Corunna, when the British had to do a ‘Dunkirk’, Wellington got a toe hold in the peninsula north of Lisbon. 1949 D. J. L. Fitzgerald Hist. Irish Guards in Second World War v. 187 They planned to fall back on Cape Bon and there to ‘do a Dunkirk’. 1986 A. M. Sperber Murrow (1998) 349 He urged that..the U.S. Navy do a Dunkirk: Line up everybody at the narrow waist of Korea, get out the ships, and take them home. b. In extended use: to retreat, back away, or be forced to withdraw, esp. in order to avoid disaster. ΚΠ 1942 News (Frederick, Maryland) 21 Mar. 10/6 A repetition of the name brought another application of the pitchfork after which Stull wisely did a Dunkirk. 1979 Commerc. Motor 5 Jan. 27/1 Having ‘done a Dunkirk’, the corporation will nevertheless exploit the European transport industry on sound commercial lines whenever the opportunity occurs. 1998 Sun Herald (Sydney) (Nexis) 19 Apr. (Motoring section) 2 By 1957, the Brits were doing a Dunkirk in Australia as Holden's arrival reduced the Empire brands to just 12 per cent of registrations. Compounds C1. attributive. a. Designating a privateer or privateer ship operating from the port of Dunkirk, as Dunkirk privateer, Dunkirk ship, etc. See sense 1. Now historical. ΚΠ 1631 Contin. Weekely Intelligence 29 Nov. 9 12. Dunkerk men of warre met them by the way. 1641 Counters Disc. 1 Never did a Dunkirk Frigat watch a Newcastle Collier, nor a jealous wife a wanton husband, nor yet a Cat a poore Mouse, as we looked after desperate debtors. 1761 Scots Mag. Aug. 444/1 The Loup, a Dunkirk privateer, of 12 guns, 8 swivels, and 70 men, taken July 17. off Holy Island, and brought into Yarmouth. 1859 Royal Cornwall Gaz. 22 July 7/3 The famous Dunkirk sailor, John Barth, was elevated, on account of his courage and ability, to the rank of commodore. 1922 Canad. Mag. Aug. 291/1 The Dunkirk squadron, under a noted privateer named Thurot, creating a diversion. 2009 Past & Present Feb. 101 The owners of a Dunkirk privateer, La Thérèse, decided to release the captain. b. With the sense ‘characteristic or reminiscent of the evacuation of Dunkirk’. Cf. sense 2, Dunkirk spirit n. at Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1955 Economist 28 May 758/2 The Dunkirk attitude..breeds the most petty nationalism when applied to sports. 1972 Argus (Fremont, Calif.) 28 Apr. 22/5 A frenzied Dunkirk withdrawal of remaining American troops would have created a worse reaction than resuming bombing. 1976 Conservation News Nov. 11/1 Reacting to a crisis in Dunkirk manner, many people have shown that they can indeed save considerable quantities..once their minds are given to it. 2012 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 17 May 30 Alden has described the result as Birmingham Conservatives' own ‘Dunkirk’ moment, a low point from which they must return. C2. Dunkirk evacuation n. the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force and other Allied troops from the port and beaches of Dunkirk at the end of May and beginning of June, 1940; (also) any similar or comparable evacuation.Around 335,000 Allied troops were evacuated by warships, requisitioned civilian ships, and a host of small boats, under constant attack from the air, after German advances in northern France had reached the English Channel and split Allied forces. Although a defeat from a military point of view, the success of the evacuation raised British morale (see Dunkirk spirit n.). ΚΠ 1940 Scotsman 1 June 9/1 (headline) Dunkirk evacuation. Great part of Allied Forces now safe. 1940 Times 10 June 4/2 The Dean of St. Paul's announced that the Day of National Prayer might well be a turning point: so it would appear after the miracle of the Dunkirk evacuation. 1948 Hansard Commons 28 Mar. 2853 He asked me to bring about what he called a ‘Dunkirk evacuation’ of Palestine. 2007 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 26 Jan. 12 An unsung hero who masterminded the Dunkirk evacuation and the D-Day landings in Normandy has finally received recognition for his achievements. Dunkirk spirit n. British stoicism and determination in a difficult or dangerous situation, especially as displayed by a group of people acting together. ΚΠ 1942 Economist 28 Mar. 420/2 It is rather a Dunkirk spirit that has prevailed. the Germans have been rallied, not by the thought of easy success, but by the ideal of total sacrifice. 1956 ‘J. Christopher’ Death of Grass vii. 113 If the country only shows the Dunkirk spirit, we can pull through. 1984 ‘Tiresias’ Notes from Overground 20 We commuters have the Dunkirk spirit all right... We thrive on adversity. 2008 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 8 July 20 The ‘Dunkirk Spirit’ helped to turn the Grove School's annual summer fair into a fund raising success story after it was hit by driving rain. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1599
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