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单词 e
释义

En.1

Brit. /iː/, U.S. /i/
Forms: E (capital), e (lower case).
Etymology: Letter form. The fifth letter of the Roman alphabet, representing historically the Semitic ?, which originally expressed a (voiced glottal fricative) sound resembling that of h , but was adopted by the Greeks (and from them by the Romans) as a vowel. Letter name. e is usual as the name of the letter in classical Latin, and hence in English. In ancient Greek the name of the letter was εἶ . The letter came to be used in Attic only for a short vowel, the open and close long counterparts being represented by the originally consonantal letter η (see eta n.1) and by the digraph spelling ει respectively. In medieval Greek the new name ἒ ψιλόν , lit. ‘bare e’ (see epsilon n.), was adopted, in order to distinguish this letter from uses of the digraph αι representing the same sound, as the result of monophthongization of an earlier diphthong. Sound. In classical Latin e is used for the short sound /ɛ/ and for the (phonetically closer) long vowel /eː/. In Old English the letter was likewise used for both short and long e , /e/ and /eː/; the long and short sounds were not normally distinguished in the orthography of Old English. In modern English e typically represents: (i) British English /ɛ/, U.S. English /ɛ/, as in pet , red . (ii) British English /iː/, U.S. English /i/, as in be , he , acne , or (doubled) bee , see . (iii) (before r ) British English /əː/, U.S. English /ər/, as in pert , alert . (iv) (before r ) British English /ɪə/, U.S. English /ɪ(ə)/, as in here . (v) (before r ) British English /ɛː/, U.S. English /ɛ(ə)/, as in there . (vi) (before r ) British English /ɑː/, U.S. English /ɑr/, as in sergeant or (in most varieties of British English) clerk . (vii) (occasionally, before n ) British English /ɪ/, U.S. English /ɪ/, as in English , England . (viii) (sometimes, in words borrowed into modern English from other languages) British English /eɪ/, U.S. English /eɪ/, as in latte , calle , anime ; frequently written é , especially in borrowings from French, as in café , pâté . (ix) (in unstressed syllables) British English /ə/, U.S. English /ə/, as in father , in British English sometimes varying with /ɪ/, as in added , remain (in instances such as remain also varying with /i/ in U.S. English). Where e is written before n , often syllabic /n/ is pronounced, as in sadden , moment . Silent final e. When it occurs at the end of a word following a consonant, e is almost invariably silent; the main exceptions occur in words borrowed into modern English from other languages, as discussed at (viii) above. However, when it occurs in this position it has a number of different orthographic functions: (1) Indicating that the vowel in the preceding syllable is (from a historical perspective) long, as in wine (compare win ), paste (compare past ), where this is not already indicated by a digraph spelling, as in e.g. soon , mean . (In some cases final e is retained in spelling where a vowel has since become short, as in infinite , rapine .) (2) Indicating the quality of a preceding consonant: (i) (sometimes) indicating that a preceding (fricative) consonant is voiced, as in cheese , sheathe ; (ii) indicating that c is pronounced /s/, as in ice ; (iii) indicating that g is pronounced /dʒ/, as in age , manage . (3) After certain consonants where orthographic convention requires final e but there is no disambiguating function: (i) after v , as in give , curve ; (ii) after l or r preceded by a consonant, as in settle , double , mitre ; (iii) after s or z preceded by a consonant, as in purse , pulse , corpse , bronze , furze . (4) In some anomalous cases of diverse origin, as are , were , come , done , gone , some , one , none . Silent final e is usually omitted before suffixes beginning with a vowel, as in moving ; it is sometimes retained before -able , as in the variant spellings moveable , loveable , unmistakeable . It is usually retained before suffixes beginning with a consonant, although there are exceptions such as nursling ; where the root word ends in dge many choose not to retain the e , as in the variant spellings abridgment , acknowledgment , fledgling , judgment . Use in digraphs and trigraphs. E is also the first letter in many vowel digraphs and trigraphs, most of which have more than one pronunciation; the most typical uses are: (1) ea , representing: (i) British English /iː/, U.S. English /i/, as in bead , each , sea . (ii) (less commonly) British English /eɪ/, U.S. English /eɪ/, as in break , great , steak . (iii) (where, historically, processes of vowel shortening have taken place) British English /ɛ/, U.S. English /ɛ/, as in thread , dead , stead . (iv) before r there are four different pronunciations: (a) British English /ɪə/, U.S. English /ɪ(ə)/, as in ear ; (b) British English /ɛː/, U.S. English /ɛ(ə)/, as in pear ; (c) British English /əː/, U.S. English /ə/, as in earth ; (d) British English /ɑː/, U.S. English /ɑ/, as in heart . (2) eau (in words of French origin), representing: (i) British English /juː/, U.S. English /ju/, in beauty and its derivatives. (ii) British English /əʊ/, U.S. English /oʊ/, as in bureau , tableau . (3) ee , representing: (i) British English /iː/, U.S. English /i/, as in feel , queen ; sometimes British English /i/, U.S. English /i/, as in coffee . (ii) (occasionally) British English /ɪ/, U.S. English /ɪ/, as in breeches or (some pronunciations of) been (in U.S. English also sometimes /bɛn/). (iii) (before r ) British English /iː/, U.S. English /i/, as in beer , peer . (4) ei , representing: (i) (chiefly in the combination cei ) British English /iː/, U.S. English /i/, as in ceiling , receive (compare also some Scots words, as teind ). (ii) British English /eɪ/, U.S. English /eɪ/, as in vein . (iii) varying between British English /ʌɪ/, U.S. English /aɪ/, and British English /iː/, U.S. English /i/, in either , neither . (iv) (in some words of German or Greek origin) British English /ʌɪ/, U.S. English /aɪ/, as in eiderdown , ophicleide . (v) (in unstressed syllables) British English /ə/, /ɪ/, U.S. English /ə/, as in foreign , sovereign . (5) eo , representing: (i) British English /iː/, U.S. English /i/, in people , feoff . (ii) British English /ɛ/, U.S. English /ɛ/, in leopard . (iii) British English /əʊ/, U.S. English /oʊ/, in yeoman . (6) eu , representing: (i) British English /juː/, U.S. English /ju/, as in euphony . (ii) (before r ) British English /jʊə/ or /jɔː/, U.S. English /jə/ or /jʊ/, as in European . (7) ew , representing: (i) British English /juː/, U.S. English /ju/, as in few , pew , or (in British English and sometimes in U.S. English) new . (ii) British English /uː/, U.S. English /u/, as in crew or (sometimes in U.S. English) new . (8) ey , representing: (i) British English /eɪ/, U.S. English /eɪ/, as in obey , they , prey . (ii) British English /iː/, U.S. English /i/, as in key , money , donkey . (iii) British English /ʌɪ/, U.S. English /aɪ/, in eye and its derivatives. Main developments within English. The following gives a very brief outline of the origins and development of the main sounds represented by e in English. The sounds e and ē ( /e/ and /eː/) in Old English largely continue sounds with the same values in Germanic. Short e was of widespread occurrence, and frequently reflects the same sound in Indo-European. Long ē was found in West Saxon largely in the past tenses of strong verbs (Class VII ), but also in some root words such as mēd meed n.; in dialects other than West Saxon ē was also found where West Saxon had the sound normally denoted called ǣ 1 (on which see A n.), and in Kentish ē was also found where the other dialects had ǣ 2 (see A n.). The vowel symbol e also occurs frequently in Old English as the first element of the digraphs ea and eo; these have traditionally been interpreted as representing two pairs of diphthongs, ea and ēa, eo and ēo, although more recently there has been considerable scholarly controversy concerning how to interpret these spellings (as representing either diphthongs or diacritic spellings indicating the quality of a neighbouring sound), especially in certain phonetic contexts (particularly when following a palatal consonant). In Middle English the short sound e remained except when lengthened in various contexts (on which see further below). The long vowel also largely remained, with differing incidence in different dialects, as described above; its incidence was increased by merger of the reflex of ēo, and by (somewhat sporadic) lengthening of i in open syllables in early Middle English, as also by borrowing of words from early Scandinavian and French with equivalent sounds. However, in speaking of Middle English, this sound ( /eː/) is normally called close ē, to distinguish it from open ē ( /ɛː/), which was partly the reflex of Old English ǣ (i.e. ǣ1 and ǣ2 wherever they were not identical to Old English ē) and of ēa (which had merged with this), and partly the result of lengthening of short e in open syllables in early Middle English, considerably augmented by borrowing of words from early Scandinavian, French, and Latin with equivalent sounds. In early modern English, as a result of the Great Vowel Shift, both close ē (frequently written ee) and open ē (frequently written ea) were raised; the two sounds eventually merged at the raised pronunciation /iː/ (i.e. the pronunciation that had been shown by ī before the shift). Words such as break, great, steak show rare failure of the raising; different outputs are also found where either sound was influenced by r, as shown by e.g. here (originally with close ē), or spear, there, pear (originally with open ē). A change affecting short e in late Middle English is lowering to a before a following r, as shown by e.g. sergeant; the change was of variable application, especially where a Latin or French word was available as a prestigious model blocking or reversing the change, as shown e.g. by the varying pronunciations of clerk in different varieties of English today. Loss of final e spread gradually but was largely complete even in London varieties by the early 15th cent. After the sound had ceased to be pronounced, silent e was in the 16th cent. very frequently added to almost any word ending phonetically with a consonant. When the preceding vowel was short and accented, the final consonant was doubled, as in bludde for blood, or bedde for bed; a silent e after a single consonant thus implied that the preceding vowel was long.With sense 2a compare classical Latin e representing a point in a geometrical figure, in post-classical Latin also used to represent five obols (a636 in Isidore) and the number five (14th cent. in a British source); compare also the earlier use (in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts) of the letter e (in an alphabetical sequence of so-called paving letters) to indicate the fifth word in the parsing of Latin text, as part of a practice sometimes referred to as syntactical glossing. With sense 2b compare post-classical Latin e, denoting a musical note (1351 in a British source).
I. The letter E (e).
1. The letter, and the sound it represents.
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society > communication > writing > written character > [noun] > letter
staffc888
bookstaffOE
Kc1000
Yc1000
Zc1000
AOE
EOE
GOE
MOE
ROE
letterc1225
print1340
tawc1400
Wc1465
J1591
stave1866
alphabet1972
X-
OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 5 Of ðam syndon fif vocales, þæt synd clypiendlice: a, e, i, o, u. Ðas fif stafas æteowiað heora naman þurh hi sylfe.
OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 32 Gemænelice naman maciað heora vocativvm on scortne e.
c1175 Names of Letters in N. R. Ker Catal. MSS containing Anglo-Saxon (1957) 337 B be uel bei, C ce uel cei, D de uel dei, E e.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 4314 Þe firrste staff [of iesoys] iss nemmnedd .I... Þatt oþerr staff iss nemmnedd .E.
a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 485 If þe child a woman be, When it es born it says ‘e. e.’..þe first letter..of Eve.
?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) f. 187 (MED) Of þe lettre E.
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 111 How knowest the secunde? That is the wheche hath an E longe... How knowest the thrydde coniugacion? That at hath an E schorte..in the jnfinityf mode.
a1500 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 95 (MED) The thyrd letter is an E, I lykyn to Emanuell.
1550 W. Salesbury Briefe & Playne Introd. British Tong sig. B.iv The diuersitie of pronunciation of e, in these Englyshe wordes subscribed hereafter, wyll also make them to haue diuerse significations.
1612 E. Grimeston tr. L. T. de Mayerne Gen. Hist. Spaine i. 5 The Spaniards comming afterwards to imbrace the Roman tongue, added an E, and called it Espania.
1649 C. Raue Disc. Orientall Tongues (new ed.) 127 If it were an e before, hath it not the sound of two e now?
1743 A. Pope Dunciad (rev. ed.) i. 39 Dunce with an e, therefore Dunceiad with an e.
1761 D. Fenning Royal Eng. Dict. at Oe A diphthong borrowed from the Greeks, pronounced like an e.
1826 J. Bosworth Compend. Gram. Anglo-Saxon Lang. v. 37 Ȝ is also often found before an e or ea.
1865 C. M. Yonge Clever Woman I. x. 249 I can very easily alter the L into an E.
1908 L. M. Montgomery Anne of Green Gables iii. 35 If you call me Anne please call me Anne spelled with an e.
1922 A. Birmingham & I. Krapp First Lessons in Speech Improvem. 116 E as in end.
1988 J. Herbert Haunted i. 23 On a chance, he tried the Es. No, not listed under Edbrook, either.
2002 P. Baines & A. Haslam Type & Typogr. iii. 39/2 The letterforms are broad, and the stroke angles on the crossbar of the A and the E are now square.
2.
a. As a distinguishing letter, usually as part of an alphabetical sequence, denoting one of a series of things, a point in a diagram, a sheet in a book, a part of a figure, etc.
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?c1400 in J. O. Halliwell Rara Mathematica (1839) 65 (MED) Þe side of þe quadrat bitwene A and B mote be persede reulefully, in whilk persyng put a chippe..and þis chippe sale hight E.
c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 110 (MED) E [written in the margin to indicate a subdivision of a chapter.]
a1475 in H. J. R. Murray Hist. Chess (1913) 604 (MED) Draw thi roke in E (b8), þen he go into F (d4), þen mate with þi roke in G (b4).
1480 Cronicles Eng. (Caxton) (printer's signature mark) e j.
1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. ciiiv And those shall ye seke by the nombre of youre chapytres, and by the regystre of your letters as A B C D E.
1588 C. Lucar tr. N. Tartaglia 3 Bks. Shooting xxiii. 44 The line F is longer than the line E.
1650 T. Rudd Pract. Geom. ii. 104 There is an unequall sided Quadrangle, as ABCD, which is required to be divided into two parts from the point E, in such sort, that the one part as ABEF, be to the other part FECD, in proportion like as the given line GL is to LM.
1662 Merit & Honour Old Eng. Clergy 81 (margin) e) Caesar de Bello Gal. l. 6.
1725 J. Coats New Dict. Heraldry (rev. ed.) 276 There are nine principal Points in any Escutcheon... A...the Dexter Chief. B. the..Middle Chief. C. the Sinister Chief. D. the Honour Point. E. the Fesse Point [etc.].
1778 W. Pain Carpenter's & Joiner's Repository facing Pl. LI Draw the Flewing of the Jambs c. d. and e. f. to meet at the Point a.
1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. 795/2 Fig. 564. Mr. Coulomb's electrical balance. The needle A..supports, at the end B, a ball of the pith of elder..; the force of attraction or repulsion is ascertained by the torsion of the wire AD, which is measured by a graduated circle E.
1892 Deb. Senate (Canada) 7 Apr. 127/2 Section ‘b’ of that Act is merely taken out of its place and put in sub-section ‘e’ of this Bill in an improved form.
1928 Art & Archaeol. 25 148/2 These ‘accessory elements’..may be prefixed, suffixed, superfixed or subfixed, as is shown in figure 11c, d, e and f.
1965 Lingua 13 349 I propose to examine..in section E those ‘Pelasgian’ etymologies which have been agreed by three or more Pelasgianists.
1999 C. Prisant Antiques Roadshow Primer 179/2 (caption) A. anchor escapement. B. weight. C. barrel. D. main wheel. E. center wheel. F. third wheel. G. dial wheels. H. pendulum.
b. Music. The third note of the diatonic scale of C major, or the fifth note of the relative minor scale of C. Also: a key based on a scale which has E as its keynote.See also ela n., e-la-mi n.
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society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > diatonic scale series > notes in diatonic scale > notes of specific scales
bemola1327
bequarrea1350
rec1550
G1562
E1596
B1597
A1609
Ca1616
middle C1660
A (also C, D etc.) sharp1783
high C1837
H1880
1596 Pathway to Musicke sig. Aivv Note also that what is vnder G sol re vt, the same is vnder Gamma-vt, and what is aboue E la mi, the same is aboue ee la.
1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 7 And seeing you might sing la in D sol re, you might also (altering the tune alitle) sing fa in E la mi.
1639 J. Cruso tr. Sieur Du Praissac Art of Warre Ded. A souldiers Gammaut goes farre beyond E-la.
1676 T. Mace Musick's Monument ii. 188 I have chosen This Lesson in E-la-mi-Key; which is the very (and only) Glory of That whole Tuning.
1724 W. Turner Sound Anatomiz'd 71 Of the natural Capacity of each of the seven Degrees of Sound, that there are but five of them, to wit, A, B, D, E and G, that will admit of a Flat.
?1735 R. Crome Fiddle New Model'd 62 The next four Bars after the double are in E Minor Key.
1848 E. F. Rimbault First Bk. Pianoforte 54 Every black key except B-flat and E-flat.
1885 ‘S. Luska’ As it was Written xiii. 229 A leap of the bow and fingers back to A and E.
1938 Brit. Musician & Musical News Nov. 256/1 The voices remain poised on an E minor chord, above which sounds a harmonic on the double bass.
1989 C. S. Murray Crosstown Traffic vi. 129 In the key of E, the blues is played on E, A, and B, or in the key of C, on C, F and G.
1995 M. Steinberg Symphony 29 Three times we have heard it, piano, descending gently from E-flat through C to the keynote, A-flat.
c. Denoting the second highest of a series of classes to which a ship is assigned by Lloyd's Register based on the quality and condition of its hull. Now historical.Lloyd's Register originally put each ship into one of five classes, A, E, I, O, and U, with those in class A being of the highest quality; these letters were followed by G (good), M (middling), or B (bad), indicating the state of the ship's equipment. Subsequent systems replaced the letters G, M, and B, with numbers (see, e.g., quot. 1829). Cf. A1 adj. 1.
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1764 in Reg. of Ships (Lloyd's) (1963) Albion... E M.
1776 Reg. of Ships (Lloyd's) (1963) Abraham Bg..Lo. Sligo E.1.
1822 Lloyd's Reg. Shipping Gen. Explan. Second Class, marked E. All ships kept in perfect repair, that appear, on survey to have no defects, and are completely calculated to carry a dry cargo with safety.
1829 J. Marshall Statement Var. Proc. Comm. Lloyd's 13 He once sold a ship for a person which was unseaworthy, and he found her marked A. 1, at Lloyd's. He remonstrated, and she was then marked I. 2, and afterwards E. 1.
1835 Edinb. Rev. Jan. 343 At the end of a certain number of years..both the ships referred to above would be degraded to the class E.
1997 M. Stopford Maritime Econ. (ed. 2) xii. 424 Class E: Ships which, though not fit for carrying dry cargo, were considered perfectly safe for carrying cargoes not damaged by the sea.
2007 N. Lagoni Liability of Classif. Societies i. 5 Its [sc. the hull's] class was indicated by the capital letters A, E, I, O or U, according to its construction and condition.
d. Reduplicated as EE, EEE, etc., as an extension of an alphabetical sequence (following E), esp. denoting one of a series of sizes or classes.
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1882 Era (Bradford, Pa.) 29 Nov. (advt.) A, B, C, D, E and EE sizes and half sizes.
1892 G. S. Cole Compl. Dict. Dry Goods 125 Black and white [silks] are made in four sizes, E, EE, F, FF, from fine to coarse in the order named.
1922 Boot & Shoe Recorder 30 Sept. 154/3 The size range is all the way from two to eleven and the widths from AAA to EEE.
1998 Associated Press (Nexis) 11 May She had breast reduction surgery when she was 21 years old and went from an EE cup to 36C.
2008 D. Rye Compl. Idiot's Guide to Financial Aid for College (ed. 2) xvi. 206 Action Plan Bonds are rated on an alpha scale from AAA to EEE... The lowest rating (EEE) indicates doubt about the financial integrity of the issuer.
e. Sociology. Originally: †denoting one of a series of eight (or seven) social classes (where A is the lowest) (see quots. 1887, 1910) (obsolete). Later: denoting the lowest social class; spec. (chiefly British) denoting the lowest-earning socio-economic class for marketing purposes, including casual workers and unemployed people.
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1887 C. Booth in Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 50 332 E. Regular Standard Earnings... A large proportion of the artisans and most other regular wage earners. I also include..the best class of street sellers and general dealers,..small shopkeepers, [etc.].
1910 F. G. D'aeth in Sociol. Rev. 3 270 The present class structure is based upon different standards of life... These varying standards tend to fall into seven groups..A. The Loafer..B. Low-skilled labour..C. Artizan..D. Smaller Shopkeeper and clerk..E. Smaller Business Class..F. Professional and Administrative Class..G. The Rich.
1950 D. C. Jones in Brit. Jrnl. Sociol. 1 51 It will simplify both our analysis and your classification if you begin by thinking in terms of five main social classes, which we have lettered in descending order A, B, C, D, E.
1986 J. C. T. Fairbank in D. W. L. Hukins & R. C. Mulholland Back Pain i. 7 Of those who had to stop or change work [because of back pain], a higher proportion came from social classes D and E.
1994 Independent on Sunday 6 Mar. (Business section) 1/1 Britain's advertising industry is attempting to achieve..a classless society. Out go the traditional socio-economic classifications of A, B, C1, C2, D and E. In come groupings according to media usage.
2014 I. D. Labucay in J. D. James Internet & Google Age 33 Internet penetration is now 38 percent among ABC class households [in the Philippines], in contrast to..class E, where Internet penetration was zero until 2008.
f. Education. Denoting the fifth highest class of academic mark (where A is the highest); (also occasionally) denoting the sixth highest mark where a grading system includes A* (signifying A with a distinction).In the grading of A and (formerly) O levels in the United Kingdom, E is the lowest pass mark. In certain other grading systems it represents a fail.
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society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] > marks > specific marks
accessit1753
honour1774
credit1802
second class1810
firsta1830
first class1830
third class1844
Hons.1850
max1851
second1852
special mention1886
distinction?1890
A1892
E1892
pass mark1894
two-two1895
alpha1898
alpha plus1898
gamma1898
beta1902
delta1911
alpha minus1914
fourth1914
straight A1926
two-one1937
lower second1960
honourable mention2011
1892 Harvard Advocate 14 Apr. 63/1 Not a whit deterred by the fact of three E's and two D's at the mid years, she set out to make Harris take five A's at the finals.
1924 University of Arkansas Bull. Apr. 47 The following grading system is in effect: A, B, C, D (passing grades), E (conditional failure), F (absolute failure).
1941 Understanding Child Jan. 14/2 His marks were mostly D's and E's and he had credit for only one and one-half years to show for three and one-half years of attendance.
1976 10th Rep. Expenditure Comm. 1976–7 (1977) II. 40 in Parl. Papers (H.C. 526-II) XXX. 61 Complete data are not yet available on the numbers obtaining grades D and E at 'O' level (which were introduced in England and Wales only last year).
1989 J. Briscoe in A. Livia & L. Mohin Pied Piper 156 I used to have a fantasy about my report coming through the letter box and it having five As and three Bs on it instead of all Ds and Es.
2003 Sunday Mirror (Nexis) 27 Apr. I remember my A-level English teacher..saying to me, ‘You'll be lucky if you scrape through with an E.’
II. Simple abbreviations.
3. Usually in form E. (with point). A substitution in speech and text for various forenames or surnames beginning with this letter.
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1447–8 in S. A. Moore Lett. & Papers J. Shillingford (1871) ii. 116 (MED) The same Cite was resumyd yn to Kyng E. the thriddes hondes by vertu of a jugement.
1472 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 576 Many qwarellys ar pyekyd to get my brodyr E. and me ought of hyr howse. We go not to bed vnchedyn lyghtly.
a1500 ( in C. Monro Lett. Margaret of Anjou (1863) 82 (MED) I hard of the late arriving and commynge of my Maister E. Hull.
1586 J. Dee Jrnl. in True & Faithful Relation Spirits (1659) i. 418 E. K. then came to me and said, I think there is some wicked spirit that would allude me.
1602 R. Wilbraham Jrnl. (1902) 51 Mr Secretarie Cecyll hath divers treaties wherby H. 7, after King E. 6, Q. Marie, disanulled the great liberties of the Hans Townes in England.
a1656 R. Loveday Lett. (1659) 212 Mention me to my Cousin E. as I am a grateful resenter of their last excellent entertainment.
1744 J. Fothergill Let. 22 Feb. in Chain of Friendship (1971) 84 E. Bland had sent me a very little bit, which was the only specimen I had till thine came to hand.
1791 T. Jefferson Let. 18 Aug. in Papers (1986) XXII. 48 Try to arrive here on Tuesday time enough..to come and dine with E. Randolph, Ross &c.
1839 S. Wilberforce Let. 15 June in E. S. Purcell Life Cardinal Manning (1895) I. xiii. 275 I hope he has misconveyed himself to H. E. Manning.
?1855 E. C. Gaskell Lett. (1966) 375 Curious enough there is a Lady Erskine, wife of Lord E, her husband's eldest brother living at Bollington, who tipples & ‘gets squiffy’ just like this Mrs E.
1938 E. Muir Diary 23 Apr. in Autobiogr. (2000) 283 I saw E.'s behaviour as an indirect rebuke to my remissness.
1948 C. Day Lewis Otterbury Incident vi. 74 E. Sidebotham beetled up the ladder to examine the window-sill.
2008 Vanity Fair Nov. 126/2 Even more anxiety-inducing are the paper's science pages,..especially the medical coverage,..with Jane E. Brody digging up the latest rare disease about to hit it big.
4. As an abbreviation of various English words.
a. Also in form E. (with point). East.
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1513 E. Howard Let. 22 Mar. in Lett. & Papers relating to War with France (Navy Rec. Soc.) (1897) 95 The wynd was..heer with us at E. and by S.
1603 True & Large Disc. on Voy. 26 We had a faire winde at E and by S. being about 60. leagues from Cape de bona Esperance.
1623 C. Butler Feminine Monarchie (rev. ed.) ii. sig. E3 Hauing..the foure Coasts, E. S. W. and N., noted in the out-sides.
1748 London Mag. Jan. 33/1 Halesworth, about 16 Miles E. of Eye, has a Market on Tuesday.
1765 W. Nichelson Sundry Remarks & Observ. Voy. East-Indies 122 A ship bound up channel must steer E. ¾S. to make an E. by N. course, which is the alongshore course up channel.
1847 Naut. Gazetteer Oct. 1/2 The town is 8 miles E. of Bridport.
1880 Geol. Rec. 1877 173 A lobed figure extended in N.W., S.E., and E. directions, as if formed by two ellipses crossing at the epicentre.
1946 F. E. Zeuner Dating Past iv. 104 A distinct climatic zonation, from S to N (approaching the ice) as well as from W to E (increasing continentality).
1999 J. Elliot Unexpected Light (2000) i. 42 The village of Barakai (68° E 34° N), the very Bactrian site given by Darius to the Barakaian slaves.
2000 Truck & Driver Nov. 79/5 (advt.) HGV1—Containers (Barking & Tilbury), Night Trunks (E. London).
b. Usually in form E. (with point). Earl.
Π
1598 R. Cecil Let. 6 Nov. in Catal. Select. Stowe MSS (1883) 36 The E. of Essex and myselfe haue had ye happynesse to be the inquisitours.
1601 Arraignm. Earles of Essex & Southampton in Remains Lancaster & Chester (Chetham Soc.) (1873) LXXXIX. i. 2 Though for his p[ar]te he were verie indifferent, yet p[er]haps the E. that stoode by him, might make iuste challenge to some of them.
1682 E. Bohun 2nd Pt. Addr. Free-men & Free-holders of Nation 45 The E's. plea was a meer Law point.
1732 Gentleman's Mag. June 827/1 The E. of Portmore, made a Kt of the Thistle in the Room of the E. of Loudoun, dec.
1760 T. Flloyd Bibliotheca Biographica III. at Russel (William) Accordingly the two earls came, and, together with the e. of Clare, entered into the king's service in Gloucestershire.
1816 Encycl. Perthensis (ed. 2) XI. 364/2 He completed his studies at Oxford, and was afterwards governor to the E. of Devonshire's eldest son.
1866 Catal. 1st Special Exhib. National Portraits on Loan to S. Kensington Mus. II. 85 Hen. Percy, 9th E. of Northumberland.
1975 D. Butler & A. Sloman Brit. Polit. Facts 1900–75 (ed. 4) 31 (table) Caretaker Government, 1945... Scot. O[ffice]. E of Rosebery.
2016 A. King & C. Etty Eng. & Scotl., 1286–1603 Index 234/1 Neville, Richard, E. of Warwick ‘the kingmaker’.
c. In form E (without point). = exa- comb. form .
Π
1975 Metrologia 11 37/1 To adopt the new SI-prefixes for the multiples: peta, symbol P, for 1015, exa, symbol E, for 1018.
1997 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 10501/1 Protons could be accelerated beyond 100 EeV.
2009 Internat. Jrnl. Hydrogen Energy 34 31/1 In 2006, total global primary energy consumption was about 493 EJ.
III. Symbolic uses.
5. Logic. Esp. in syllogistic logic: (used to denote) a universal negative, i.e. a proposition of the form ‘No X is Y’.The universal negative is one of four propositions, the others being denoted by A, I, and O (see those entries).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical proposition > [noun] > condition of being affirmative or negative > a negative proposition > symbol of a negative
O1529
E1551
1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Gvijv In Celarent we se twise .E, whereby we are taught that the argument..must haue two vniuersall negatiues, and one vniuersal affirmatiue.
1656 tr. T. White Peripateticall Inst. i. ii. 6 A standing for an Universall Affirmative, E, an Universall Negative, I, a Particular Affirmative, O, a Particular Negative.
1750 J. Wesley Compend. Logick i. iii. 14 Four [are excluded] by the Ninth Rule, because the Conclusion is Negative, but neither of the Premisses: AAE. AAO. AIO. IAO.
1832 C. Wesley Guide Syllogism 27 So A, E, E, would, in the first figure, have an illicit process of the major; thus A. Every fool is a sensualist; E. No true philosopher is a fool; therefore E. No true philosopher is a sensualist.
1867 T. Fowler Elem. Deduct. Logic ii. v. 43 All that has been said..in the case of an A proposition, holds good also, mutatis mutandis, of similar relations in E.
1911 W. Turner Lessons in Logic x. 129 An E proposition could also be converted per accidens; from ‘No quadruped is a bird’ we could infer ‘Some birds are not quadrupeds’.
1937 Philos. Rev. 46 86 It takes two propositions, an A and an E, to make explicit the meaning of the original exceptive proposition.
2007 J. Barnes Truth ii. 141 In the sentence And no bird sings ‘singing item’ is indeed predicated of ‘bird’; for it is predicated of bird universally and negatively, or in style E.
6. Physics.
a. In form e. Denoting the eccentricity (eccentricity n. 3b) of the trajectory of an orbiting body.
ΚΠ
1757 R. Heath Gentleman & Lady's Dairy & Palladium 49 e = Eccentricity.
1854 Encycl. Brit. IV. 61/1 We must deduce the three unknown quantities t, e, τ, that is to say, the epoch of the planet's passage through the perihelion, the eccentricity, and the longitude of the perihelion.
1919 J. H. Jeans Probl. Cosmogony & Stellar Dynamics 255 In this table the values of e are mean values for all the binaries for which the eccentricity can be calculated.
1971 Nature 5 Feb. 395/2 To be more specific, we shall consider a planet of a few Earth masses with..orbital eccentricity e.
2013 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 37/2 This geometric model predicts an eccentricity, e = 0.12.
b.
(a) Chiefly in form E. Denoting the amount of elasticity possessed by a substance, spec. as expressed by Young's modulus.
ΚΠ
1789 T. Parkinson Syst. Mech. & Hydrostatics ii. xiii. 148 A varies as the elasticity (E) directly and density (D) inversely.
?a1806 Encycl. Perthensis XVIII. 1/1 Its density therefore corresponding to this elasticity e, was v − w/ w.
1856 Trans. Royal Irish Acad. 23 210 The formula..expresses the velocity of sound in any solid whose modulus of elasticity is E and density D.
1917 Amer. Math. Monthly 24 237 Then, M = EI(k − k).., where E is Young's Modulus.
1963 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 274 362 The modulus of elasticity is E = 30 × 106 Lb./in.2
2015 J. Stroud Rossmann et al. Introd. Engin. Mech. (ed. 2) ii. 47 Both methods make use of the analogy between the elastic (Young's) modulus E and the spring constant k.
(b) In form e. Denoting the coefficient of restitution, a measure of the elasticity of a collision between two objects equal to the ratio of the relative speed before and after the collision.
ΚΠ
1856 P. G. Tait & W. J. Steele Treat. Dynamics of Particle x. 239 Let e be the coefficient of proportionality.
1935 A. H. G. Palmer & K. S. Snell Mechanics x. 215 If e is the coefficient of restitution, what further time elapses before the next impact?
1985 R. Muncaster A-level Physics (ed. 2) ii. 23 The relative velocity with which two bodies separate from each other, after a collision, is related to their relative velocity of approach and a constant known as the coefficient of restitution, e, of the two bodies.
2011 N. J. Kasdin & D. A. Paley Engin. Dynamics vi. 211 If e is zero, then the collision is perfectly inelastic and the two bodies remain together after the collision.
c. In form E or e. Denoting an electromotive force or its magnitude.
ΚΠ
1843 C. Wheatstone in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 133 304 Let F denoted the force of the current, E the electro-motive forces, and R the resistances.
1910 Jrnl. Western Soc. Engineers 15 88 During normal operation, the full transformer flux is cut once every quarter cycle, and thereby gives the induced e. m. f. e.
1955 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 232 324 These values of were plotted against the e.m.f. E.
2011 IET Electric Power Applic. 5 398/1 The induced EMF e is usually 85–95% of the terminal voltage.
d. In form E. Denoting the amount of energy possessed by or transferred to or from a body, system, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > [noun]
power1696
motive energy1789
energy1802
E1857
1857 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 413/1 To find the distance s through which a brake..must rub in order to stop a machine having the total actual energy E at the moment when the brake begins to act, reduce..the various efforts and other resistances of the machine which act at the same time with the friction of the brake.
1872 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 43 341 If..U be the potential energy of the system at the same instant, then the total energy E=T + U.
1920 R. W. Lawson tr. A. Einstein Relativity xv. 47 The term mc2, which has hitherto attracted our attention, is nothing else than the energy possessed by the body before it absorbed the energy E0.
1960 Amer. Scientist June 156 To maintain the field thus requires an expenditure of energy E.
2011 M. J. R. Hoch Statist. & Thermal Physics x. 212 Ω( E ) is the number of accessible states in the small range E to E + dE.
e. In form e. Denoting the electric charge on an electron, equal to approximately −1.602 × 10−19 Coulombs. Hence also: denoting an equal but opposite charge, this being the charge on a single proton.
ΚΠ
1884 Van Nostrand's Engin. Mag. Sept. 192/2 The amount of electricity carried by each particle was always the same, whatever the current..and e is the amount of electricity carried by each particle.
1897 J. J. Thomson in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 5th Ser. 44 302 Let m be the mass of each of the particles, e the charge carried by it.
1945 Electronics June 130/1 We take e in electrostatic units as in the Gaussian system.
2011 J. Baggott Quantum Story xxxiv. 343 The flux quantum is given by h/2e, where h is Planck's constant and e is the charge of the electron.
2017 D. M. Katz Physics for Scientists & Engineers xxiii. 687 Because the charge of any object is an integer N times the elementary charge e, we say that charge is quantized.
f. In form e. Denoting (with superscript ‘−’ in later use) an electron. In later use also (with superscript ‘+’) denoting a positron.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle avoiding strong interaction > electron > [noun]
electron1891
E1894
the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle avoiding strong interaction > electron > [noun] > positive electron
E1894
positive electron1899
positron1933
positon1937
1894 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 185 813 The kinetic energy of the two electrons e1 and e2.
1933 Nature 7 Jan. 23/2 The parentheses were used to emphasise the idea that the proton p and the electron e are united to form a neutral group or neutron.
1978 Jrnl. Physics B. 11 2803 No bound state of a system made up of a positron (e+) and an (infinitely massive) hydrogen atom (H) can exist.
2013 R. A. Serway & J. W. Jewett Princ. Physics (ed. 5) II. xxx. 1043 A beta particle is either an electron (e−) or a positron (e+).
g. In form E. Denoting an electric field or the vector expressing its magnitude and the direction in which it acts.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > area of influence > [noun]
electric field1879
E1904
1904 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 203 387 In the region for which the distance, r, from the centre of a small sphere of radius a excited by an electric field E..is small compared with the wave-length, the electric force due to the sphere is..[etc.].
1953 Math. Mag. 26 255 When an electron having e charge units is in an electric field E, it is accelerated in the direction of the electric field by a force F (dynes) = eE.
2014 F. E. Harris Math. for Physical Sci. & Engin. vii. 245 The electrostatic force on a unit charge (i.e., the electric field E), is given by minus the gradient of the potential.
h. In form E. Denoting a stratum of the ionosphere extending from approximately 90 kilometres to 150 kilometres above the surface of the earth, and which reflects medium frequency radio waves; = Heaviside layer at Heaviside n. More fully E-layer, E-region.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > [noun] > specific regions of > specific regions of ionosphere
Heaviside layer1911
F-region1928
D-region1930
E-region1930
sporadic E-layer1937
ledge1949
protonosphere1960
topside1962
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > radio wave > [noun] > layer reflecting long or waves
Heaviside layer1911
E-layer1930
sporadic E1937
sporadic E-layer1937
1930 E. V. Appleton in Proc. Royal Soc. 1929–30 A. 126 550 Let us call the region of ionisation which normally reflects long waves, and which normally deflects the primary, downcoming waves on broadcasting wave-lengths, the E region.
1934 Proc. IRE 22 483 Appleton and Green..concluded that the two layers, E and F, existed both day and night.
1935 Nature 8 June 953/2 The appearance of echoes from the D layer is closely connected with the weakening of echoes from the E layer.
1959 R. D. Davies & H. P. Palmer Radio Stud. Universe ix. 162 Far below the F-region is the E-region which is centred at a height of 110 km.
2006 Science 24 Nov. 1254/2 The maximum electron density of the E-layer and the F1-layer increased slightly.
7. Mathematics.
a. In form e. Denoting the constant which is the base of the natural logarithm (natural logarithm n. at natural adj. and adv. Compounds 2), equal to approximately 2.71828.The symbol e was first used in this way in 1727 or 1728 by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler.e is distinguished as being the only number having an exponential function, ex, equal to its own derivative. [This use is now usually understood as standing for exponential, although it is unclear whether this was in fact its origin (i.e. representing post-classical Latin exponentialis).]
ΚΠ
1784 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 74 391 This method may be extended to infinite series, in which exponentials as ez are contained.
c1865 J. Wylde Circle of Sci. I. 517/1 This number e..is called the base of the Napierian Logarithms.
1961 New Scientist 17 Aug. 421/2 Each value of n is here approximately equal to the one before it multiplied by e.
2011 R. Kautz Chaos x. 154/2 In large part, e is important simply because it's the one base for which exponentiation has a simple formula.
b. In form e. Denoting the eccentricity (eccentricity n. 3b) of a conic section. Cf. sense 6a.
ΚΠ
1806 T. Leybourn New Series Math. Repository I. 53 The fluent..is known to express the length of an elliptic arch..: the transverse axis of the ellipse being 1, and eccentricity e.
1848 G. Salmon Treat. Conic Sections x. 136 The quantity e being called the eccentricity of the hyperbola.
1912 A. Clement-Jones Introd. Algebraical Geom. ix. 387 The equation of the locus of its vertex is r = a(1 − e cos θ).
1942 National Math. Mag. 17 88 The equation of a conic of eccentricity e having the Y-axis as a directrix.
2012 T. M. Apostol & M. A. Mnatsakanian New Horizons Geom. xv. 481 The conic is an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola according as 0 < e < 1, e = 1, or e > 1.
c. In form e. Denoting the identity element (identity element n. at identity n. Compounds 4) of a group, semigroup, or similar algebraic structure.
ΚΠ
1903 E. V. Huntington in Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 4 28 There is a peculiar element e in the set, such that b ∘ e = b for every element b.
1943 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 53 510 A quasigroup..is said to have an identity element e if e · x = x · e = x for every x.
1974 IEEE Trans. Computers 23 257/2 By examining the table it can easily be seen that..there is an identity element e.
2011 C. Reis Abstr. Algebra v. 113 If there exists a positive integer n such that gn = e..we say that g is of finite order.
d. In form e. With distinguishing subscripts, as e1, e2, etc.: denoting each element of a basis of a vector space, esp. those of the standard basis (standard basis n. at standard n., adj., and int. Compounds 2).
ΚΠ
1915 J. H. M. Wedderburn in Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 16 329 This matrix can be reduced to the required form by means of two matrix functions..which are defined relative to the basis e2, e3,.., en.
1952 Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 3 979 A basis (e1, e2,.., en) can be chosen so that the ordering in V is lexicographic.
1981 Internat. Jrnl. Theoret. Physics 20 635 Let e1,..,er be the standard basis for Cr and let hn ∈ L2( R ) be the Hermite function.
2007 T. S. Shores Appl. Linear Algebra & Matrix Anal. iii. 175 Every vector in V is a linear combination of the ej's.
8. Chemistry.
†a. In form E. Denoting the element erbium. Obsolete. rare.Erbium was later assigned the symbol Er.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > [noun] > earths > erbia > radical
erbium1843
E1846
1846 J. W. Draper Text-bk. Chem. ii. xxxiii. 145 (table) Metallic Elements. Erbium. Symbols.E.
1896 T. E. Thorpe Man. Inorg. Chem. (new ed.) II. vii. 235 Erbium—Symbol E; atomic weight, 166.
b. In form E. Denoting the element einsteinium. Now disused.Einsteinium was later assigned the symbol Es.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > einsteinium > [noun]
E1955
einsteinium1955
1955 A. Ghiorso et al. in Physical Rev. 1 Aug. 1049/1 We suggest for the element with the atomic number 99 the name einsteinium (symbol E) after Albert Einstein.
1958 Jrnl. Inorg. & Nucl. Chem. 6 1 The long lived state of 254E was produced by the prolonged, high intensity neutron irradiation of plutonium.
c. In form E. In stereochemistry: denoting the configuration of an isomerism around a double bond or ring in which the two substituents assigned the highest priority appear on opposite sides. Contrasted with Z n. Additions.This system of nomenclature, in which E and Z are prefixed to the names of isomers, is the standard system recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.The method by which substituents are assigned different levels of priority was first developed by R. S. Cahn, C. K. Ingold, and V. Prelog in 1966 and is based in part on a comparison of their atomic weights. [Originally representing German entgegen against.]
ΚΠ
1968 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 90 509/1 A new set of descriptors, E and Z, is also introduced... That configuration in which the two groups of higher priority..are on opposite sides is assigned the descriptor E (from the German entgegen).
1979 Jrnl. Org. Chem. 44 3376/1 A 63:37 mixture of Z and E vinyl bromides.
2016 M. Ladd Bonding, Struct. & Solid-state Chem. iii. 150 (Z)-1,2-dichloroethene is polar..but (E)-1,2-dichloroethene is non-polar.
9. In form e (without point). A symbol, consisting of a stylized e, which is applied to certain products to indicate that they conform to applicable EU (formerly EEC) directives, esp. a symbol of this type placed on a pre-packaged product after an indication of weight or volume. [The symbol is now frequently referred to as the estimated sign, although it is unclear whether this was the original motivation for the use of a stylized e.]
ΘΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [noun] > complying with regulatory directives
appellation contrôlée1950
Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée1965
E1972
1972 tr. Council Directive 71/316/EEC in European Communities Secondary Legislation (H.M.S.O.) XII. 301 The final ratification mark is composed of two stamps: (a) the first consists of the small letter ‘e’ containing:—in the top half, the capital letter indicating the State where the primary examination takes place..in the lower half, the number indicating the examining agent or office; [etc.].
1975 Measuring Instruments (EEC Requirements) Regulations No. 1173. Schedule 1 para. 5 The mark of EEC initial verification is composed of two stamps... The first stamp consists of a letter ‘e’.
1976 Official Jrnl. European Communities: Legislation No. l46. 5 A small ‘e’, at least ​3mm high, placed in the same field of vision as the indication of the nominal weight or nominal volume, constituting a guarantee by the packer or the importer that the prepackage meets the requirements of this Directive.
1981 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. A. 144 394 Part III..concerns the marking of packages with the nominal quantity, the packer's name and address or identifying mark and, where appropriate, the ‘e-mark’.
2001 R. Fox in J. B. Rossell Frying iii. 28 The tolerable negative error (TNE) is defined on a sliding scale, so that it is nine grams between 200 and 300 grams, and 1.5% between one litre and 10 litres. Packs that comply can be marked with the ‘e’ symbol.
2010 D. Haylock & R. Manning Math. explained for Primary Teachers: Student Workbook 48 A can of soft drink is labelled ‘330 ml e’ and a large bottle is labelled ‘2 litres e’. Which would contain more of the drink? Six cans or one bottle?
10. In form E. Prefixed to three or four digit numbers to form codes denoting food additives that are approved for use in the EEC and (later) the European Union. Cf. E number n. at Compounds.
Π
1972 tr. Council Directive 62/2645/EEC in European Communities Secondary Legislation (H.M.S.O.) XXVI. 5 Except as provided in the case of No E.180, ruby pigment, the use is authorised of the acid itself.
1980 Emulsifiers & Stabilisers in Food Regulations (Statutory Instruments No. 1833) Sched. 1. 6105 (table) Lecithins E322..Alginic acid E400 [etc.].
2007 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 10 Mar. (News section) 1 E221 can cause asthma or nettle rash.
11. British. With following numeral, as E1, E2, etc.: a specific size of pre-packaged washing powder conforming to a European standard. Also in E-pack: a package of washing powder sold in one of these standard sizes (now rare).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > merchandise > [noun] > goods carried or sold in specific unit > type of packet goods
surprise packet1900
E-pack1975
1975 Marketing in Europe No. 146. 4 One such straw in the wind is the emergence of the new standard Euro-sizes or E-packs for washing powders.
1975 Monthly Rev. Inst. Trading Standards Mar. 50/1 The E.3 cartons will start to replace Giant sizes in January, the E.2 replaces Large sizes from February and the conversion from Regular to E.1 and Family to E.5 will be completed in June.
1975 Consumer Affairs Bull. Apr. 26 Detergents in the United Kingdom are changing over to E-packs.
1976 Daily Mirror 16 Mar. 23/1 (advt.) Ariel Washing Powder E3 42p... Ariel Washing Powder E10 1.38p.
1984 Guardian 8 Sept. 23/1 Lever Bros., however, is not manufacturing old Persil Automatic in the big, E20 size of pack at all... At present it is available in E3 and E10 sizes.
1998 Evening Standard (Nexis) 17 July 20 If you need to buy a packet of Persil washing powder (size E3), Lodges in Daws Lane, Mill Hill, will sell you a box for £2.99.

Compounds

E-meter n. (in Scientology) an electrometer used to measure electrical changes in the body as a means of (supposedly) determining the mental state of a person.A proprietary name.
Π
1952 L. R. Hubbard Electropsychometric Auditing i. 18 The first thing one should know to understand and operate an E-meter (as Electropsychometers are called by auditors), is the concept of a ‘Facsimile’.
1978 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 17 June 50/2 U.S. marshals raided the Washington church..and seized two tons of materials, including 65 E-meters.
2010 Wisconsin State Jrnl. 7 Mar. a5/3 They may spend hundreds of hours in one-on-one ‘auditing’ sessions, holding the slim silver-colored handles of an e-meter while an auditor asks them questions.
E number n. a code denoting a food additive approved for use in the EEC and (later) the European Union, consisting of a three or four digit number prefixed with the letter ‘E’; (also) the additive itself.Frequently used depreciatively, in the context of consumer concern about food additives.
ΘΠ
the world > food and drink > food > additive > [noun]
food additive1945
additive1950
E number1973
1973 Proposal Council Directive conc. Bread (Comm. European Communities) (COM/1972/1657 final) App. III (table) E numbers.
1977 Grocer 31 Dec. 31/3 Other labelling disagreement stems from EEC Commission recommendations that all additives be declared by their name or by their ‘E’ number.
1986 Financial Times 7 June (Suppl.) p. xiv/8 A merry dance of dietary fibre, polyunsaturates and E-numbers.
2014 D. Pearson 20 Ps of Marketing viii. 124 Even bad behaviour was attributed to the presence of E numbers such as tartrazine.
E-plane n. (in a linearly polarized antenna, waveguide, etc.) the plane containing the vector of the generated electric field; frequently attributive; cf. H-plane n. at H n. Additions.
ΚΠ
1946 U.S. Patent 2,405,242 3 Directivity in the horizontal or e plane is largely controlled by the spacing of the slits.
1984 J. Dunlop & D. G. Smith Telecommunications Engin. ix. 290 In the E plane tee a wave entering port 1 divides equally into ports 2 and 3, but in phase opposition.
1987 A. J. Baden Fuller Ferrites at Microwave Frequencies viii. 171 The use of an E-plane junction has also been suggested as a method of reducing the overall length of an isocirculator.
2012 Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 124 43/2 (caption) If the antennas are pointed to zero elevation, the E planeis the vertical plane, and the H plane is horizontal.
E-type n. (a proprietary name for) a type of Jaguar sports car.The E-type was manufactured from 1961 to 1975.
ΚΠ
1961 Financial Times 15 Mar. 6/1 The new Jaguar ‘E’ type, like all Jaguar models, is fitted with Dunlop 4-Wheel Disc Brakes.
1964 ‘J. Welcome’ Hard to Handle v. 56 The note of the ‘E’ type's exhaust.
1967 L. Deighton Expensive Place v. 41 On the corner an E-type was parked.
2000 M. Barrowcliffe Girlfriend 44 xv. 396 I picked up the E-type and decided to do a dry run to Brighton.

Initialisms

Many of the terms given here without points are also frequently used with points, and vice versa. Less commonly, variation between upper- and lower-case letters may occur where the initialism is not of a proper name.Some of the items listed here are in fact acronyms (e.g. ECU n. at Initialisms), while some others vary between pronunciation as an initialism or as an acronym.
E.A. n. (also E/A) now historical enemy aircraft.
ΚΠ
1916 T. E. Lawrence Lett. (1938) 214 The feed-block of one of the E.A. German Maxims.
1942 ‘B. J. Ellan’ Spitfire! 42 A faint silhouette even if the E/A was not actually illuminated.
2013 R. Gunn Raymond Collishaw & Black Flight viii. 144 Over Dadizeele at about 7:50 p.m., the flight encountered about a dozen EAs.
EAM n. [ < modern Greek EAM, initialism < the initial letters of Εθνικό Απελευθερωτικό Μέτωπο, lit. ‘national liberating front’] now historical the National Liberation Front, a communist-dominated political movement formed in 1941 to oppose the German occupation of Greece; cf. ELAS n.
ΚΠ
1943 N.Y. Times 18 Oct. 6/5 The ‘Greek National Liberation Front’, known as the E.A.M.
1945 Spectator 21 Sept. 265/1 There were those..who regarded E.A.M. as little more than a group of unscrupulous adventurers who were employing the brigand bands of E.L.A.S. to seize power by violent means.
1966 P. P. Argenti Occup. Chios by Germans vi. 61 The Communist E.A.M. (Ἐθνικὸν Ἀπελευθερωτικὸν Μέτωπον, i.e. National Freedom Front).
2006 G. Kraak Ice in Lungs 286 Of course EAM was a coalition, but one where the communists were mere participants.
E. & O. E. adv. errors and omissions excepted, a formula printed on invoices and other documents with the intention of protecting the originator from the consequences of any clerical or accounting errors; cf. e.e. adv.
Π
1885 North-China Herald 22 May 594/2 E. & O. E. Augustus White, Auditor.
1911 Schedule C: Metals & Manuf. Metals: Hearings before U.S. Senate Comm. Finance on H.R. 18642 (1912) (62nd Congr., 2nd Sess.) 656 Stock No. 403, 6 inches, f. o. b. Kobe, at 2.60 yen per 1,000 pcs.,... E. & O. E.
2002 World of Work: Accounting (2008) xix. 139 Invoice... 5 Desks R300,00 R1 500,00 E. & O.E.
EAROM n. Computing electrically alterable read-only memory, solid state memory which can be reprogrammed one bit at a time, typically used to store applications requiring infrequent rewriting.
ΘΚΠ
society > computing and information technology > hardware > [noun] > primary storage or main memory > read-only
ROM1966
EAROM1970
PROM1973
EPROM1977
1970 Jrnl. Non-crystalline Solids 2 535 The OMS [sc. Ovonic Memory Switch] offers new memory functions such as electrically alterable READ/ONLY memory (EAROM).
1983 Austral. Personal Computer Oct. 116/2 EAROMs (electrically alterable ROMs) are more likely to succeed, once they can be produced..in versions which require a lot less power than existing ones.
2015 Outrage at program that enables Amer. to spy on EVERY home computer in alt.atheism (Usenet newsgroup) 18 Feb. Firmware isn't on the hard disc, it's in a special EAROM chip on the motherboard.
EB adj. Medicine Epstein-Barr (see Epstein–Barr virus n.); cf. EBV n.In quot. 1964, EB1 and EB2 designate two lines of cultured lymphoblastic cells in which Epstein-Barr virus was first identified.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > virus > [adjective] > types of
non-persistent1875
bacteriophagic1922
bacteriophagal1927
Shope1934
adenoviral1957
Sendai1958
EB1964
polioviral1965
Marburg1968
oncornaviral1972
xenotropic1973
retroviral1977
flaviviral1978
LAV1983
lentiviral1985
1964 M. A. Epstein et al. in Pathologie & Biologie 12 1234/1 The virus found in both EB1 and EB2 lymphoblasts..is in many respects similar to that in the Lucké frog neoplasm.
1968 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 15 Jan. 139/1 Tests on sera from 50 randomly selected college freshmen revealed EB virus antibodies in 12.
1999 Guardian (Nexis) 18 Aug. 19 A good example [sc. of a triggering virus] is the EB virus which in most causes no disease or glandular fever but which in the unlucky minority may cause Hodgkins disease.
2005 T. J. Murray Multiple Sclerosis xi. 258 EB virus has been suspected as a causative agent.
EB n. Computing exabyte(s).
ΚΠ
1991 U.S. Patent 4,993,030 A 12 Feb. 10 Size... Any number between 1 byte and 16 EB (exabytes).
2002 Australian (Nexis) 15 Oct. 34 5Eb equals all the words people have ever spoken.
2017 IEEE Communication Surv. & Tutorials 18 419/2 The capacity and coverage requirements exploded in recent years with worldwide mobile traffic forecast of more than 127 EB in the year 2020.
EBD adj. and n. Education and Psychology (a) adj. (of a child) emotionally and behaviourally disordered; (b) n. emotional and behavioural difficulties (or disorder); (also) a child with such difficulties.
ΚΠ
1983 J. E. Hughes Gross Motor Performance Characteristics Motor Impaired Children (Ph.D. diss., University of Denver) i. 4 Special education programs for..emotionally and behaviorally disordered (EBD) [children].
1989 B. Kahan Child Care Res. 26 A conference of 150 heads of residential schools for children with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD).
1992 Sunday Tel. 24 May (Review section) p. xvi/5 Those [sc. children] with emotional and behavioural difficulties, the ‘EBD's’.
1997 Educ. Rev. Winter 81/2 The pack..could also provide the basis of a useful INSET session on managing pupils with EBD.
1998 Community Care 5 Feb. 66/4 (advt.) Working with therapeutic models within a family environment. EBD Education arranged as necessary.
2013 Rev. Educ. Res. 83 552 Students with EBDs and ADHD are both in need of services to address behavioral difficulties.
EBD n. electronic brake force distribution, (in a motor vehicle) an electronic braking system designed to apply different amounts of force to each wheel, so as to provide as much stopping power as possible without causing the driver to lose control of the vehicle.
ΚΠ
1992 SAE Techn. Paper No. 920646 (Internat. Soc. Automotive Engineers) 1 The job of the EBD as a sub-system of the ABS system is to control the effective adhesion utilization by the rear wheels.
2005 Independent 17 May (Motoring section) 10/2 It is also a safe car with its ABS brakes (which stops the car skidding under braking) and EBD (Electronic Brake Distribution, which helps out under emergency braking).
EBF n. exclusive breastfeeding, the feeding of an infant (esp. below the age of six months) exclusively with breast milk, rather than partially or fully with formula.
Π
1986 Stud. Family Planning 17 159/1 (caption) EBF = exclusive breastfeeding.
1998 Human Organization Fall 290/1 Breastfeeding is almost universal in Jordan... However, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is not very common. Therefore, Health planners must initiate programs that promote EBF.
2016 Star (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 20 Dec. 9 The evidence is clear: EBF for at least six months makes a difference to our children's future.
EBF adj. exclusively breastfed, (of an infant) fed exclusively with breast milk, rather than partially or fully with formula.
Π
1983 Ann. Trop. Paediatrics 3 159/2 Despite the weights of the EBF infants being initially lower, the two groups were subsequently comparable.
1992 Indian Pediatrics 29 1083 (caption) EBF—Exclusively breast fed; PBF—Partially breast fed.
2017 www.mumsnet.com 10 Feb. (forum post, accessed 18 May 2017) My EBF baby was born just below the 91st percentile and within 3-4 months he was on the 25th.
EBF v. transitive and intransitive exclusively breastfeed, to feed (an infant) exclusively with breast milk, rather than partially or fully substituting it with formula.
Π
1988 FASEB Jrnl. 2 A648/1 All infants were exclusively breast-fed (EBF) for at least 16 wk.
2010 www.mumsnet.com 25 Nov. (forum post, accessed 18 May 2017) Right now I'm not thinking straight and I'm sure back in the mists there was a reason I decided to EBF for 6 months.
2017 Jrnl. Biol., Agric. & Healthcare 7 38 (table) Can HIV infected mother EBF her baby.
EBIT n. Finance earnings before interest and tax.
ΚΠ
1961 Jrnl. Finance 16 379 At first glance, Walter's formulation seems contrary, but the difference is due to the fact that he computes from earnings after taxes and the present author begins with E.B.I.T.
2001 E. Malmsten et al. Boo Hoo (2002) iv. 68 ‘When will the company break even?’ Patrik looked down at his notes. ‘What are your EBIT margins?’ Patrik looked up, irritated.
2003 BusinessWeek 6 Oct. 156/2 Dividing EBIT by enterprise value indicates the percentage return that a theoretical buyer of an entire company might see.
EBITDA n. Finance earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization.
ΚΠ
1988 Daily News Record 11 Mar. 11/2 EBITDA at Macy's is projected at 15.5 percent of sales.
2014 Daily Tel. 12 Mar. (Business section) 3/1 These targets include the retailer achieving Ebitda of £330m in 2014 and £410m in 2015.
EBM n. electronic body music, a genre of music arising in the late 1970s which mixed electronic dance music (see EDM n.) with some of the more physical elements of industrial music.
ΚΠ
1991 Info on New Front 242 Album: Tyrany for You in rec.music.misc (Usenet newsgroup) 18 Jan. The up-tempo EBM tracks on ‘Front by Front’.
2000 Time Out 26 Jan. 57/3 Dark electronic beats from Electrobunny, Frankie D, DJ Styx and guests spinning darkwave industrial EBM for those who know what that is!
2017 A. Monroe in U. Schütte German Pop Music 175 EBM shifted the dystopian themes and harshness of industrial music onto the dancefloor, emphasizing regimented electronics over raw noise.
EBM n. evidence-based medicine (see evidence-based adj. at evidence n. Compounds 2).
Π
1995 Jrnl. Amer. Soc. Information Sci. 46 737/1 The Health Information Research Unit of McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences..has developed, evaluated, and made more accessible information tools to facilitate the practice of EBM.
2005 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 8 Jan. 93/2 One of the barriers to practising EBM may be that doctors gather information non-critically from convenient sources.
2015 T. Bolt Doctor's Order Introd. 18 EBM has been described as an educational approach, an ideological movement, a rather empty slogan and as a critical attitude or mentality.
EBM n. expressed breast milk.
Π
1944 Arch. Dis. Childhood 19 132/1 Thereafter feeds of expressed breast milk (E.B.M.) and glucose water (G.W.) in equal parts, 3 drachms were given 2-hourly.
1978 Nursing Mirror 17 Aug. 27/2 During the night Marie was bottle-fed with her mother's EBM.
2011 D. Mazza Women's Health in Gen. Pract. (ed. 2) x. 173/2 Freshly expressed EBM should be cooled before it is added to other cooled or frozen EBM.
EBS n. British emergency bed service, a service which allows a general practitioner to secure hospital admission for any patient deemed to be in need of urgent medical treatment.The EBS was founded in 1938 by the King Edward VII Hospital Fund for London.
ΚΠ
1943 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 5 June 709/1 The doctor decides which of these hospitals he thinks most suitable; the E.B.S. then rings the hospital and books a bed.
1985 Community Med. 7 265 With the decrease in acute bed provision in London, the role of EBS in making efficient use of scarce resources will achieve greater prominence.
2010 C. Newdick & C. Danbury in C. Danbury et al. Law & Ethics Intensive Care ix. 193 (caption) ICU Transfer requests handled by EBS since 1997.
EBT n. originally U.S. = electronic benefits transfer n. at electronic adj. Compounds.
ΚΠ
1984 Food & Nutrition (U.S. Dept. Agric.) Oct. 8/1 Implementation will be swift if EBT proves to be cost effective and provides good service to food stamp clients.
1997 Economist (Nexis) 25 Jan. 56 Bits of northern Italy and three provinces in South Africa have already put EBT schemes in place for paying pensions.
2010 ‘Jay-Z’ Decoded iii. 154 We grow up knowing people who pay for everything with little plastic cards—Medicare cards for checkups, EBT cards for food.
EBV n. Medicine Epstein-Barr virus.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > virus > [noun] > types of
latent virus1750
influenza virus1880
poxvirus1891
filter-passer1906
mosaic virus1914
bacteriophage1921
herpes virus1925
Rous sarcoma virus1925
Rous virus1925
papillomavirus1935
poliovirus1939
Semliki Forest virus1944
actinophage1947
mycophage1947
mengovirus1949
tumour virus1950
Zika1952
mycobacteriophage1953
Sindbis virus1953
myxovirus1954
echovirus1955
RNA virus1955
adenovirus1956
SV1956
arborvirus1957
enterovirus1957
foamy virus1957
respiratory syncytial virus1957
polyoma1958
parainfluenza1959
reovirus1959
arbovirus1960
cytomegalovirus1960
TMV1960
vacuolating agent or virus1960
Coxsackie virus1961
rhinovirus1961
RSV1961
papovavirus1962
paramyxovirus1962
picornavirus1962
mycophage1963
parvovirus1965
rhabdovirus1966
Ross River virus1966
coronavirus1968
EBV1968
Epstein–Barr virus1968
leukovirus1968
CMV1969
arenovirus1970
oncornavirus1970
togavirus1970
alphavirus1971
calicivirus1971
Dane particle1971
flavivirus1971
flavovirus1971
maedi1971
orbivirus1971
mycovirus1972
visna-maedi virus1972
flu virus1973
maedi-visna virus1973
corona1974
orthopoxvirus1974
rotavirus1974
whitepox1974
retravirus1975
Ebola virus1976
morbillivirus1976
retrovirus1976
Ebola1977
lentivirus1979
reassortant1979
HTLV1980
morbilli1981
filovirus1982
LAV1983
CV1985
HIV1986
HIV virus1987
C-192020
Covid2020
Covid-192020
CV-192020
1968 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 59 94 This agent is being named Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), for convenience after the cell lines in which it was first observed.
1985 Sci. Amer. Dec. 77/2 The response of the B cells to the EBV was not affected.
2011 S. Mukherjee Emperor of all Maladies 175 EBV is more familiar to us as the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis, or mono.
EC n. the Eastern Central postal district of London.
Π
1856 2nd Rep. Postmaster Gen. 10 in Parl. Papers XXXVII. 65 Thus, ‘Liverpool Street, Bishopsgate’, might be reduced to ‘Liverpool Street, E.C.’ (Eastern Central District).
1940 Times 30 June 1/7 Write Box B.444, The Times, E.C.4.
2012 Guardian (Nexis) 28 June 15 If central London is defined as the smaller area of central WC and EC postcodes, the remotest spot is..the north corner of the Royal Mail Mount Pleasant sorting office.
EC n. European Community (or European Communities); see European adj. 5b.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > customs union or common market > specific
zollverein1843
Benelux1947
Comecon1949
common market1950
European Economic Community1952
Europe1957
the Six1957
Brussels1968
EC1969
the Nine1972
Euroland1981
APEC1989
the Ten-
1969 European Community May 22/2 (heading) EC bankers call for increase in financial integration.
1970 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 27 Nov. f17/7 European Communities (EC) Trade Commissioner Ralf Dahrendorf hinted yesterday the EC might react to passage of the protectionist United States trade bill.
1980 Daily Tel. 6 Dec. 18 The abbreviation EEC is now taboo...‘The European Community’ is the Council [of Ministers]'s approved designation, with the abbreviation EC.
2005 C. Blow Transport Terminals & Modal Interchanges x. 184 The blue channel for EC passengers moving freely between member states.
EC n. European Commission.
Π
1980 Internat. Lawyer 14 204 Japan and the European Commission (EC)..took the position that such sales should not have been automatically excluded.
2010 Independent 8 Oct. 42 (headline) Now the EC backs a ‘Fat’ tax on banks.
2016 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 4 May (Business section) 4 Valdis Dombrovskis, an EC vicepresident, said that the ‘global context is less conducive’ to the European economic recovery.
ECB n. England and Wales Cricket Board, formed in 1997 to replace the existing governing bodies of cricket in England and Wales.
Π
1996 Sunday Times 22 Sept. iii. 19/1 A study of the new controlling body, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB)—due to start operations on January 1—gives few reasons for optimism.
2003 D. Shilbury et al. Strategic Sport Marketing (ed. 2) ii. 34 The project..forms part of the ECB's five-year strategy for the revitalisation of youth cricket.
2016 Guardian (Nexis) 29 Sept. The ECB has been keen to elevate the standing of one-day and Twenty20 cricket.
ECB n. European Central Bank, the central bank of the European Union.
Π
1973 J. E. Meade in European Econ. Integration & Monetary Unification (Study Group on Econ. & Monetary Union) 145 The Account then becomes a European Central Bank, which I will from now on call the ECB. Presumably, the ECB would issue European notes.
1992 Economist 11 July 17/1 Will losing the ECB to Bonn knock London off its perch as Europe's leading financial centre?
2015 Wall St. Jrnl. 29 June a6/4 The big Greek banks have scant cash on hand... That has left them wholly dependent on loans from the ECB.
ECG n. electrocardiogram; (occasionally also) electrocardiography, electrocardiograph.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > specific measuring or recording > [noun] > specific record
cardiogram1871
angiogram1877
myogram1882
arteriogram1885
phlebogram1885
sphygmogram1887
pneumatogram1890
electrocardiogram1895
tonogram1899
tremogram1899
stethogram1900
telecardiogram1906
electrogram1909
phonocardiogram1911
bigram1916
electromyogram1917
ECG1918
polygram1923
pneumotachogram1926
salpingogram1927
haemogram1929
angiogram1932
angiograph1934
electroencephalogram1934
cystometrogram1936
EEG1936
ballistocardiogram1938
vectorcardiogram1938
myelogram1940
pupillogram1940
EMG1949
echoencephalogram1956
spirogram1956
magnetocardiogram1963
electronystagmogram1965
echocardiogram1966
magnetoencephalogram1968
tympanogram1969
1918 Physiol. Abstr. 3 112 The T notch of the E.C.G. does not coincide with the cessation of contraction.
1923 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 95 286 Further experiments were performed in order to discover whether the elasticity of the peripheral circulation affected the ECG Apparatus.
1962 Lancet 5 May 946/2 The first three cases show that ST and T-wave depression can occur in the left chest leads of E.C.G.s in acute pulmonary embolism... The reasons for these E.C.G. changes are debatable.
2016 Independent (Nexis) 15 Apr. 9 An ECG was done and a chest X-Ray.
ECM n. Military electronic countermeasures, electronic devices used to interfere with and disrupt enemy detection, tracking, or transmission systems.
ΚΠ
1952 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald-Jrnl. 29 July 9/1 Electronic counter-measures (ECM) may have something to do with some of the recent radar sightings.
1986 Pop. Sci. Sept. 79/2 ECM jams enemy radars by laying down a barrage of noise that swamps their receivers.
2013 E. Sierras Command Screen xvii. 218 He would brief..strike planners to make detailed mission planning folders including launch order..as well as ordnance loads and electronic countermeasures (ECM).
eCPM n. effective cost per mille, a measure of the amount the owner of an advertisement earns for every thousand views of that advertisement (cf. CPM n. at C n. Additions).
Π
2002 FD (Fair Disclosure) Wire (Nexis) 15 Oct. ECPMs or effective prices declined by 28% and are in the mid-$3 range.
2016 Marketing Weekly News 27 Feb. 43 Ad Server..yielded a 20 percent increase in eCPM for Intermarkets.
ECSC n. European Coal and Steel Community.
Π
1952 Internat. Organization 6 677 Mr. Schuman..proposed that the headquarters for ECSC be located in Saarbruecken.
2016 Daily Tel. (Sydney) (Nexis) 23 June 58 The ECSC inspired greater co-operation leading to the creation in 1957 of the European Economic Community.
ECT n. electroconvulsive therapy; frequently attributive.
Π
1944 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 12 Feb. 235/1 The critics of electric convulsant therapy are upset because they seek to cure with ‘love’, and the exponents of E.C.T. are alleviating certain types of mental disorder with what appears to be ‘hate’ methods [sic].
1958 A. Wilson Middle Age of Mrs Eliot ii. 251 I hope they don't give your friend E.C.T. If it's a very expensive place they probably won't. But at the hospitals they do.
2014 Mountain Democrat (Placerville, Calif.) 27 Oct. B4 ECT helped pull me out of my depressive moods, but I was still unable to understand or get control of my life.
ECU n.
Brit. /ˈiːkjuː/
,
U.S. /ˈikju/
[punningly after French écu écu n. (compare quot. 1970)] now historical European currency unit, a currency medium and unit of account of the European Monetary System, which was replaced by the euro in 1999 (see Euro n.2 1a).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > other European
groata1387
markc1475
Philip?1482
caroline1555
sol1583
gross1638
obolus1761
tenpenny1822
ECU1970
1970 Guardian 28 May 4/1 M. Rey, president of the EEC Commission in Brussels, yesterday forecast the écu (crown) as the name of the future European currency... [It] would..stand for ‘European Currency Unit’.
1972 Times 5 Jan. 15/2 The European currency unit, the Ecu, failed to make an impact.
1983 Times 2 July 6/6 The proposed budget totals 2,380m ecus.
1999 M. F. Watts in G. Tansey & J. D'Silva Meat Business vii. 68 By 2006, 50 billion ECU will be spent on market support with only 2.1 bn ECU on new rural measures.
2010 Daily Tel. 3 June (Business section) b4/3 We've been here before: the ECU was turned into the euro in the same way.
ECV n. Obstetrics external cephalic version (see cephalic version n. at cephalic adj. and n. Additions).
ΚΠ
1984 Lancet 18 Aug. 385/1 It does seem that ECV..may be able to halve the caesarean section rate for term breech presentation without appreciable risk to the fetus.
1995 H. Goer Obstetr. Myths Versus Res. Realities vi. 107 The two cures—external cephalic version [turning the baby by manipulating it from the outside] (ECV) and universal cesarean section—are not so straightforward a cure as they would seem.
2016 Irish Daily Mail (Nexis) 16 Nov. 34 If she has completed 36 weeks of pregnancy and is suitable she could be considered for ECV.
ED n. emergency department.
Π
1974 Inquiry 11 283/1 The emergency department (ED) visits of the seven community hospitals increased.
2016 Advertiser (Austral.) (Nexis) 28 June 17 How appropriate and safe is it to divert these patients to an overloaded ED?
ED n. erectile dysfunction.
Π
1983 T. Todd tr. G. Arentewicz & G. Schmidt Treatm. Sexual Disorders iv. 103 List of Abbreviations Used in Tables..ED erectile dysfunction.
1998 Field & Stream Aug. 27 (advt.) If you believe you are suffering from E.D., or want to know more about the condition, talk to your doctor or other healthcare professional.
2004 Daily Tel. 10 Feb. 18/2 Many men do not know..that smoking doubles their risk of ED.
EDC n. now historical European Defence Community, a proposed union of European countries having a single combined defence force.
ΚΠ
1952 Economist 23 Feb. 438/2 It would be disastrous if greater British support for the EDC were anywhere interpreted as reducing the need for American support.
1954 Encounter Nov. 51/1 And so [certain elements of the Right] were led to oppose EDC, which was conceived precisely in order to safeguard France against the extreme risks of German rearmament pure and simple.
2005 M. Trybus European Union Law & Def. Integration i. 23 Supranationality..was the most controversial aspect of the EDC and ultimately the reason for the failure of the project.
E.D.D. n. English Dialect Dictionary, a dictionary compiled by Joseph Wright (1855–1930) and published in six volumes between 1896 and 1905.
Π
1895 Notts & Derbysh. Notes & Queries Jan. 57 Let everyone who may happen to hear a genuine country word in Notts. or Derbyshire, not mentioned in Halliwell's ‘Dictionary’, forward it to us for early publication in this magazine, and ultimately in the ‘E. D. D.’.
1962 Amer. Speech 37 195 Dog drave, a kind of sea fish (Worcester); the EDD specifies a codfish.
2015 J. Ruano-García et al. in R. Hickey Researching Northern Eng. i. 142 Northern material in the EDD is particularly abundant.
EDD n. Obstetrics estimated date of delivery (of a baby), typically calculated from the date of the mother's last menstrual period.
ΚΠ
1939 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 11 Mar. Suppl. 107/2 (table) L.M.P. (1st day of)... E.D.D. (date).
1991 Lancet 9 Mar. 563/3 The estimated date of delivery (EDD) is usually calculated by Naegele's rule.
2008 M. Stoppard Conception, Pregnancy & Birth 63 The estimated date of your baby's delivery (EDD) is therefore at 280 days (40 weeks) from the first day of your last period.
EDI n. = electronic data interchange n. at electronic adj. Compounds.
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society > communication > telecommunication > transmission of computerized information > [noun]
electronic data interchange1975
telematics1978
1977 Chilton's Distrib. Worldwide Feb. 51/1 His company has completed programming for EDI and is now prepared to offer interchange of transportation information with DuPont.
1995 Computer Weekly 6 Apr. 63/6 Even though public bodies are encouraging the use of EDI to transmit information, it is not certain whether a court would accept such an electronic message as evidence.
2011 M. Scherling Pract. Risk Managem. for CIO xvii. 221 I was heavily involved with electronic data interchange (EDI) and electronic commerce.
EDM n. British Politics early day motion.
ΚΠ
1965 Times 19 July 6/7 In 1943, the Commons at last began to index ‘e.d.ms.’, and in 1944 each was given a number.
2016 Daily Rec. & Sunday Mail (Nexis) 15 Apr. 17 EDMs are the graffiti of politics and rarely go beyond the paper they are written on.
EDM n. originally U.S. electronic dance music, esp. various popular genres frequently played at large-scale dance events, such as house, techno, and trance.
ΚΠ
1996 Re: USA DJs: read This! in alt.music.dance (usenet newsgroup) 30 Aug. Electronic dance music isn't nearly as commercially capable as most other forms of music... EDM artists I know of aren't in it for the money so much as for the music.
2015 N.Y. Mag. 24 Aug. 118/4 The album promises to be a maximalist effort wedding his shredding side and wub-wub-heavy EDM.
EDP n. eau de parfum, a type of perfume having a concentration of fragrance lower than perfume, but higher than eau de cologne or eau de toilette.
ΚΠ
1977 Playground Daily News (Fort Walton Beach, Florida) 8 Dec. 2 b/3 (advt.) Courant EDP spray mist 1.25-ounce Eau de Parfum. Great gift idea.
1997 New Straits Times (Malaysia) (Nexis) 27 Mar. 10 Blue/yellow [bottle] for the 7.5ml parfum, and green/blue..for the 50ml EDP.
2008 L. Turin & T. Sanchez Perfumes 40 EdP is the ideal dilution, strong enough for one spritz to last all day.
EDP n. (a) (now rare) electronic data processor, a computer designed for general data processing tasks; (also) a component of a computer that processes data; (b) electronic data processing, processing of data by computer for the purposes of analysis, classification, or calculation.
ΚΠ
1955 Accounting Rev. 30 660/1 The newest development is the electronic data processor, the EDP, which received its first application in the accounting field in 1954.
1956 Jrnl. Amer. Assoc. University Teachers of Insurance 23 57 The question asked frequently, ‘How large must we be before we can effectively utilize EDP?’ is not unlike asking, ‘How big should a boy be before he goes out with girls?’
1968 U.S. Patent 3,408,631 1 The EDP then initiates the subsequent transfer of the desired record from the bulk storage unit.
1977 Chicago Tribune 2 Oct. xii. 49/8 (advt.) Our modest size EDP department presently working on IBM DOS system, is scheduled to grow substantially.
2004 Sunday Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 24 Oct. i3/3 (advt.) Training in EDP operations, principles and practices.
EDP n. U.S. (originally Police slang) emotionally disturbed person, a person who appears to be mentally ill or disturbed, and is thought to be a danger to himself or herself, or to others.
ΚΠ
1981 Associated Press (Nexis) 26 Jan. She said an estimated 20,000 ‘EDPs’, or emotionally disturbed persons, were confronted by the police last year.
1991 Harper's Mag. May 48/1 Sometimes you get an EDP and the police come with stun guns and blinding lights.
2001 H. Barr in A. McArdle & T. Erzen Zero Tolerance ii. 76 The NYPD's current system for responding to EDPs..almost never functions as intended.
EDS n. English Dialect Society, a society for the study of dialect in England, formed in 1873 and dissolved in 1896.
Π
1873 Notes & Queries 4th Ser. 12 342/1 Walter W. Skeat, Hon. Sec. E.D.S.
1915 G. H. Cowling Dial. Hackness p. x The Dialect of Windhill. E.D.S., 1892.
2006 C. Upton in L. Mugglestone Oxf. Hist. Eng. Lang. xi. 307 Published by the EDS in 1876.
EDT n. North American Eastern Daylight Time.
ΚΠ
1925 Brazil (Indiana) Daily Times 12 May 4/1 Buffalo 10 p. m., E. D. T.—George Barrere's little symphony orchestra.
2015 Daily Gleaner (New Brunswick) (Nexis) 28 Aug. a7 McCausland said searchers located the plane around 10 a.m. (EDT).
EDTA n. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; (occasionally also) its conjugate base, ethylenediaminetetraacetate.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > acids obtained from animals > [noun] > in urine > miscellaneous others
hippuric acid1831
alkapton1860
hydurilic acid1865
toluric acid1868
kynurenic acid1872
mercapturic acid1879
phenylpyruvic acid1887
EDTA1950
1950 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 94 162/1 Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (‘EDTA’..) admirably meets the specifications for a non-metabolizable solubilizing complex-former.
1966 C. S. G. Phillips & R. J. P. Williams Inorg. Chem. II. xx. 82 For the complexes of ethylenediaminetetraacetate, EDTA4−.., the stability orders are III a > II a > I a, [etc.].
2015 E. P. Allen & L. C. Cummings in S. K. Harrel & T. G. Wilson Minimally Invasive Periodontal Therapy iv. 153 EDTA is applied to the root surface to remove the smear layer.
e.e. adv. errors excepted, a formula printed on invoices and other documents with the intention of protecting the originator from the consequences of any clerical or accounting errors; cf. E. & O. E. adv.
Π
1814 J. Barnes Acct. in T. Jefferson Papers (2004) Retirement Ser. VIII. 499 E E. George Town Co.
1901 Invoice 16 Apr. in Royal Comm. Port of London: App. Minutes of Evid. (1902) 682 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 1153) XLIV. 1 Corrected Invoice... Cheque herewith . . . £8 17 4. E. E. Geo. Lojewski.
1968 A. E. Klein New World Secretarial Handbk. App. 480/1 e.e., errors accepted.
E.E. adj. Architecture = Early English adj. at early adj. and n. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > style of architecture > [adjective] > Early English
Early Pointed1804
Early English1807
first pointed1819
E.E.1848
lancet-pointed1888
1848 H. Addington et al. Eccl. & Archit. Topogr. Eng.: Bedfordshire §25. sig. E2v The chancel and tower-arches and north door are E. E.
1966 Listener 3 Feb. 166/2 Things like that little E.E. job in Palermo, now closed, could not possibly be mistaken for any Sicilian place of worship.
2004 A. Foyle Bristol 7 The surviving E.E. elements are not especially striking now.
EEA n. = European economic area n. (b) at European adj. and n. Compounds 2b.
Π
1990 Financial Times 23 June 4/1 A Lords debate on the negotiations between the EC and Efta on creating a European Economic Area (EEA).
1991 Economist 3 Aug. 44/1 Even the fiercely independent Swiss now talk of the EEA as a flawed transitional arrangement.
1998 I. Hunter Which? Guide to Employment xiii. 235 Form E111..entitles you to free or reduced-cost treatment in EEA member states.
2014 Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 14 Oct. c8/3 A person can apply for a residence card if he or she is from outside the EEA and is living with a European partner or family member.
EEC n. European Economic Community; see European adj. 5b.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > trading organization > [noun] > specific
Hanse1305
torgsin1933
Comecon1949
common market1950
Euratom1956
Euro-executive1957
EEC1958
Efta1959
OPEC1960
EMU1969
EU1990
1958 Times Rev. Industry July 75/1 Exchanges with the other members of E.E.C. accounted for 27 per cent. of imports.
1970 Manch. Guardian Weekly 11 July 4 If New Zealand has the EEC door slammed in her face..car factories of Japan..would have a new market handed to them on a plate.
1992 J. Hamilton-Paterson Seven-tenths vi. i. 190 These new EEC regulations mean I have to go down to the Fisheries Officer and give him twelve hours' notice of when I want to take my tie-up.
2002 S. McKay Northern Protestants (new ed.) 72 Some total loopers who are of the view that everybody in the Irish Republic would still be riding round on donkeys if they hadn't had their Mercs paid for by the EEC.
EEE n. eastern equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (see eastern adj. 8).
Π
1938 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 38 271 The viruses of vesicular stomatitis (V.S.), eastern equine encaphalomyelitis (E.E.E.) and pseudorabies..were therefore studied in 15-day-old mice.
1988 J. C. Bell et al. Zoonoses 79 Eastern encephalitis (EEE) occurs in coastal regions of the eastern states of Canada and North and Central America, Trinidad, Guyana, Brazil and Argentina.
2016 Sanford Herald (N. Carolina) (Nexis) 9 Sept. A horse that contracts EEE..has at least a 90 percent chance of dying.
EEG n. electroencephalogram.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > specific measuring or recording > [noun] > specific record
cardiogram1871
angiogram1877
myogram1882
arteriogram1885
phlebogram1885
sphygmogram1887
pneumatogram1890
electrocardiogram1895
tonogram1899
tremogram1899
stethogram1900
telecardiogram1906
electrogram1909
phonocardiogram1911
bigram1916
electromyogram1917
ECG1918
polygram1923
pneumotachogram1926
salpingogram1927
haemogram1929
angiogram1932
angiograph1934
electroencephalogram1934
cystometrogram1936
EEG1936
ballistocardiogram1938
vectorcardiogram1938
myelogram1940
pupillogram1940
EMG1949
echoencephalogram1956
spirogram1956
magnetocardiogram1963
electronystagmogram1965
echocardiogram1966
magnetoencephalogram1968
tympanogram1969
1936 Lancet 8 Aug. 305/2 The most prominent feature of the normal human EEG is what Berger called ‘α waves’.
1976 M. Gibson in R. Sullivan More Stories by Canad. Women (1987) 39 I had e.e.g. after e.e.g. and still nothing, minor tests and finally this huge hospital in Toronto with the famous Dr Carter.
2016 Independent (Nexis) 14 Aug. 13 The researchers also measured the participants' brain activity with an electroencephalogram (EEG).
EEO n. equal employment opportunity.
Π
1965 Ludington (Mich.) Daily News 4 Feb. 9/5 Bidders must furnish information concerning past participation in contracts subject to the EEO clause.
2014 Social Probl. 61 531 We draw on institutional theory to explain the relationship between state EEO law and managerial gender diversity.
EEPROM n. Computing electrically erasable programmable read-only memory, solid state memory which can be erased and reprogrammed electrically, one byte at a time; (in early use also) an instance of this.
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1979 IEEE Internat. Solid-state Circuits Conf.: Digest Techn. Papers 50/1 We can design EEPROMs with adequate non-volatility.
1979 Internat. Electron Devices Meeting 231/2 (caption) Structure of one type of electrically erasable programmable memory (EEPROM).
1989 P. Horowitz & W. Hill Art of Electronics (ed. 2) xi. 819/1 A recent variety of EEPROM known as flash combines the high density of EPROM with the in-circuit reprogrammability of EEPROM.
2013 New Zealand Herald (Nexis) 17 May Each computer's memory includes 256KB of EEPROM, 256MB of DRAM, and 2GB of flash memory.
EESC n. European Economic and Social Committee; = ESC n.
Π
2000 Farmers Weekly 12 May 6/4 This week's report from the EESC—an advisory body comprising independent academics and business people—is critical of any co-financing.
2013 L. Buonanno & N. Nugent Policy & Policy Processes European Union iv. 61 Most important draft legislation must be referred to the EESC.
EETS n. Early English Text Society, a society founded in 1864 by F. J. Furnivall (1825–1910) for the purpose of publishing Early and Middle English texts.
Π
1867 W. W. Skeat Langland's Piers Plowman p. xii My tract published for the E.E.T.S. in 1866.
1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 17 Jan. 35/1 Few E.E.T.S. introductions can show such grace, style and wit.
2009 D. Matthews in H. Fulton Compan. Arthurian Lit. (2012) xxiv. 363 These both appeared in EETS volumes.
EEZ n. Exclusive Economic Zone.
Π
1973 World Today 29 75 The right of coastal States to claim exclusive rights in the economic resources of what is variously called an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) or a patrimonial sea.
2012 Economist 15 Sept. 54/3 Japan takes its EEZs seriously.
EFA n. essential fatty acid (see essential adj. and n. Additions).
Π
1955 Vitamins & Hormones 13 63 The animal fats which may contain relatively high amounts of EFA include that from the hog, from the fowl, and especially that in the egg.
1994 Health Naturally (Nobel, Ont.) Feb. 15/1 EFA deficiency can cause dry itchy skin, especially ‘alligator shins’.
2005 Health Plus Jan. 90/2 Found in nuts, seeds and oily fish like salmon, sardines and mackerel, these EFAs help prevent dry skin and joint pain.
EFL n. English as a foreign language (cf. TEFL n., TOEFL n. at T n. Initialisms 1a); frequently attributive.In contrast with ESL and ESOL, the term EFL is typically used to refer to English as studied in a country where it is not the dominant language. In the United Kingdom EFL is also used more widely to refer to English as studied in a country where it is the dominant language, although the terms ESL or ESOL are now often used when the students are immigrants, as opposed to visitors, to that country; cf. ESL n., ESOL n.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > English language teaching
ELT1952
ESL1959
EFL1965
ESOL1966
ESP1974
1965 Lang. Learning 15 131 Future plans are to hire regularly trained EFL teachers for part of the staff.
1990 Pract. Eng. Teaching Dec. 75/3 As grass-roots teachers of EFL and well-seasoned CALL practitioners, the authors offer a rich bank of CALL activities for the classroom.
2006 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 11 May 32/1 Her adult passion for a louche Russian student in her EFL class.
EFT n. electronic funds (also fund) transfer.
Π
1972 Computer Decisions Nov. 18/1 The Atlanta Payments Project group has concluded that electronic funds transfer (EFT) systems will spread through the banking community.
2016 Afr. News (Nexis) 12 Feb. The figures only refer to fraud via EFT and applicable channels (i.e. mobile banking, internet banking etc.) within the national payment system.
e.g. adv. for example, for instance. [Initialism < exempli gratia adv. Similar use is found in Latin texts contemporary with quot. 1622.]
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the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > in the particular case [phrase] > for instance or example
for example?a1439
as namely1565
exempli causa1569
exempli gratia1591
e.g.1622
ex. gr.1635
for instance1657
exemp. gratia1667
for the purpose1680
par exemple1801
sample this1998
1622 G. Goodman Creatures praysing God 15 First, naturall causes: and these are not sufficiently discerned by their owne naturall effects: (E. g.) by the nature and properties of a weed, you cannot discouer the whole nature.
1682 R. Baxter Answer Mr. Dodwell & Dr. Sherlocke 226 What if they hold, e.g. Arrianism, Socinianism, Manichisme, &c... Are they not Heretical?
1738 E. Chambers Cycl. (ed. 2) at Digestion It seems impossible to explain why certain things easy to grind, e.g. cabbage flowers, cannot be digested in certain stomachs.
1818 T. Moore Fudge Family in Paris (ed. 5) 106 Like him, Tiberius loved his joke, On matters, too, where few can bear one; E.g. a man, cut up, or broke Upon the wheel—a devilish fair one!
1892 J. Wright Primer Gothic Lang. viii. 42 In the former case they are said to be voiced (e.g. the mediæ), and in the latter voiceless (e.g. the tenues).
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xvii. [Ithaca] 668 Requisite farming implements, e. g., an end-to-end churn.
1977 Geogr. Jrnl. 143 350 An alphabetical index of the surveyors' alternative occupations (e.g. astrologer, ballistic expert, murderer, pianoforte tuner).
1978 W. B. McCloskey Highliners (1980) xxi. 268 Canning and later freezing problems included discoloration in the can and mushy thawed legs, needing adjustments—e.g., in cooking times, volume of washes.
2015 J. L. Cranford Astrobiol. Neurosystems i. 11 When they label a single star they typically tell us which star catalog it is listed in (e.g., the Gliese catalog) and give it a number, e.g., Gliese 667.
EGM n. extraordinary general meeting.
Π
1957 Mining Jrnl. (London) 27 Dec. 781/3 At an E.G.M. held in Johannesburg last month, Van Ryn Gold Mines Estate was put into voluntary liquidation.
2010 Financial Times 27 July 18/5 The EGM in a fortnight could still be straightforward, as minority shareholders have a habit of voting with the board.
EHF n. and adj. extremely or extra high frequency; (a) n. a radio frequency in the range 30 to 300 gigahertz; (b) adj. of or relating to frequencies in this range.
Π
1947 Final Acts Internat.Telecomm. & Radio Conf. Radio Regs. ii. 15-E EHF (Extremely High Frequency) 30 000 to 300 000 Mc/s Millimetric Waves.
1948 Wireless World June 224/1 History in newspaper reporting was made by Kemsley Newspapers when their reporters used Marconi E.H.F. mobile radio to convey their stories of the Wembley Association Football Cup Final and the Royal Silver Wedding procession.
2007 Daily News of Los Angeles (Nexis) 15 Mar. av 3 Upgrading the B-2's satellite communications capabilities from UHF to EHF will be like going from a dial-up Internet connection to broadband.
2013 PC Pro Mar. 84/3 Those famous airport scanners that can see through your clothes also work in the EHF band, but more worrying than that is a reported use of this band as a weapon.
EHO n. Environmental Health Officer.
Π
1979 Guardian 13 Sept. 3/2 The EHO's insist that the vets' role should be restricted..to the care and inspection of poultry before it reaches the processing stage.
1981 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 4 July 65/1 Any virus laboratory willing and able to investigate outbreaks can distribute a detailed contingency plan in advance, on paper, to their local EHOs, CMSs, and GPs.
1986 Times 23 Sept. 25/1 EHOs are employed by district councils to enforce health and safety regulations.
1998 Environmental Health News 5 June 13/2 (advt.) Qualified and experienced EHO's available for..house condition surveys, HMO Enforcement, Grant administration.
2011 B. M. Hutter Managing Food Safety & Hygiene iv. 71 Typically food safety remains the responsibility of local government EHOs and food standards the responsibility of local government trading standards officers (TSOs).
EHP n. effective horsepower, the horsepower required to move a vehicle (esp. a ship or boat), excluding the power lost due to mechanical resistance and other inefficiencies.
Π
1884 C. G. Lundborg in Improvem. Steamships 44 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (48th Congr., 1st Sess.: House of Representatives Misc. Doc. 36) XIX. The effective horse-power absorbed by 20,000 square feet of surface, at the speed of one knot, must be proportionate to these numbers, or E.H.P.:1=0.007:0.01628.
2015 N. Friedman Brit. Battleship 59/2 Naval architects could certainly measure the effective horsepower (EHP) required to move a ship at a given speed.
† E.H.P. n. Obsolete rare electrical horsepower, the horsepower provided by an electrical generator.
ΚΠ
1885 Jrnl. Soc. Telegraph-engineers & Electricians 14 424 Here z represents the cost of 1 E.H.P. per annum.
1901 Times 26 Dec. 9/4 The Aluminium Company however pay only £4.10s. per e.h.p. year for the power they rent.
1920 Conquest June 360/1 An average of about £50 per E.H.P. at power house must be allowed.
EHT adj. and n. now rare extra or extremely high tension; (a) adj. of or relating to a voltage much higher than a usual or standard voltage; designed to produce, carry, or operate at such a voltage; (occasionally also) designating a voltage of this kind; (b) n. a voltage of this kind; = EHV adj. and n. (b).
ΚΠ
1905 Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engineers 35 257 The item for Mains would, in a larger scheme, probably go up, rather than down, as it would include sub-stations and spare ‘E.H.T.’ mains.
1948 Electronic Engin. 20 160/3 With an E.H.T. of 2.5 KV R1 becomes 10 megohms.
1970 IEEE Trans. Broadcast & Television Receivers 16 165/1 This can be achieved by generating the EHT voltage.., and the deflection beam current in one common stage.
1985 R. A. Collacott Struct. Integrity Monitoring v. 148 A three stage cascade image intensifier requires an EHT of about 45 kV.
1992 RS Components: Electronic & Electr. Products July 384/3 (caption) Clear, pliable, moisture repellent lacquer, designed to reduce surface tracking and corona in EHT circuitry.
EHV adj. and n. extra or extremely high voltage; (a) adj. of, relating to, or characterized by a voltage much higher than a usual or standard voltage; designed to produce, carry, or operate at such a voltage. (b) n. a voltage of this kind.
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1927 Electr. Rev. 100 504/2 The e.h.v. apparatus is accommodated in separate cubicles.
1948 Proc. 12th Internat. Conf. on Large Electric Syst. III. Paper No. 329 11 These conditions may be anticipated, particularly in the case of large buried cable or overhead networks operating on h.v. and particularly on e.h.v.
1972 McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. & Technol. 1971 188/1 In terms of transmission capability, however, the extra high-voltage (EHV) lines (over 230 kV) will add 26,634 gigawatt-miles (GW-mi) against only 9093 for 115–230 kV lines.
2014 B. M. Buchholz & Z. Styczynski Smart Grids ii. 9 The High Voltage HV and Extra High Voltage EHV are defined differently in different regions of the world.
E. I. n. now rare (attributive) = East India n.
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1691 Ess. Scheme for National East-India Joynt-stock 15 Probatum est with a Witness present E. I. Company.
1782 Gentleman's Mag. Sept. 412/1 A merchant of London, a director of the E. I. Company himself, and a member of parliament.
1850 Baptist Mag. Oct. 151/1 He was an ensign in the 2nd E. I. Infantry Regiment, which, until lately, was stationed at Trichinopoly.
1872 Legal Gaz. 22 Nov. 370/1 The defendants received..packages directed to the E. I. Docks, London.
1898 J. J. M. Innes Sir H. Lawrence 103 The E.I. Board.
1933 Times of India 11 July 10/7 (headline) Civilian Employee of E. I. Company.
EIA n. environmental impact assessment; (an) assessment of the effects on the natural environment of a proposed development or project (see environmental impact n. (b) at environmental adj. Compounds).
Π
1974 J. E. Pepper & R. E. Jorgensen Infl. on Wastewater Managem. on Land Use vii. 74 Regarding one alternate the EIA states that..'proposed sizing of the interceptor between Lawton and Reno would permit the projected population to expand'.
1996 Canad. Geographic Nov. 102/1 (advt.) Experienced professional..offers resource mapping and assessment to community groups trying to protect habitat, wetlands, old growth forest..or prepare an EIA.
2009 Á. Ryall Effective Judicial Protection & Environmental Impact Assessment Directive in Irel. 19 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) refers to a higher-level, or a more strategic form of EIA.
EIC n. now historical = East India Company n. at East India n. 1a.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > business affairs > a business or company > [noun] > companies involved in specific business > trading in specific place
company1599
East India Company1608
South Sea Company1708
EIC1730
John Company1782
north-west1837
1730 Grub-St. Jrnl. 24 Sept. The buyers of Tea having petitioned, and represented against the resolution of the Court of Directors of the E. I. C. to sell Tea in private trade.
1807 Literary Panorama July 807 He says the E. I. C. is totally unfit to be legislators of a great empire.
1975 F. Wakeman Fall of Imperial China vii. 127 It was opium which bought the tea that serviced the E.I.C.'s debts.
2009 J. Freitag Serving Empire, Serving Nation iv. 75 With the renewal of the EIC charter once again before Parliament in 1832.
EIS n. environmental impact statement; a statement analysing each environmental impact involved in a proposed project and suggesting alternative actions that could be taken (see environmental impact n. (b) at environmental adj. Compounds).
Π
1970 E. B. Giller Let. 20 July in Ocean Disposal Unserviceable Chem. Munitions: Hearings before U.S. House Merchant & Marine Fishers Comm. (91st Congr, 2nd Sess.) 54 The Commissioners discussed..the inclusion of a copy of the Project ARPIN Sensibility Study in an Army Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).
1988 J. M. Wondolleck Public Lands Confl. & Resol. (1991) iv. 108 [He] criticized the requirement of only an environmental assessment (EA), and not an EIS.
2010 Courier Mail (Brisbane) (Nexis) 26 Jan. 8 Green groups said yesterday it would be impossible for them to digest the developer's 10,000 page EIS and respond in time.
EITC n. U.S. Earned Income Tax Credit, introduced in the United States in 1975.
ΚΠ
1977 J. E. Carter Welfare Reform Message to Congr. 6 Aug. in Weekly Compilation Presidential Documents 1209/2 The current Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is an excellent mechanism to provide tax relief to the working poor.
1988 D. T. Ellwood Poor Support iv. 115 With the EITC, benefits come in the form of tax refunds, not some sort of special wage subsidy for employers or a welfare check.
2008 Wilson Q. Autumn 32/1 The EITC is now a $45 billion-a-year program, providing financial assistance to more than 23 million families.
EKG n. [initialism < German Elektrokardiogramm (see electrocardiogram n.)] Medicine electrocardiogram; (occasionally) electrocardiography, electrocardiograph; = ECG n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > specific measuring or recording > [noun] > specific record
cardiogram1871
angiogram1877
myogram1882
arteriogram1885
phlebogram1885
sphygmogram1887
pneumatogram1890
electrocardiogram1895
tonogram1899
tremogram1899
stethogram1900
telecardiogram1906
electrogram1909
phonocardiogram1911
bigram1916
electromyogram1917
ECG1918
polygram1923
pneumotachogram1926
salpingogram1927
haemogram1929
angiogram1932
angiograph1934
electroencephalogram1934
cystometrogram1936
EEG1936
ballistocardiogram1938
vectorcardiogram1938
myelogram1940
pupillogram1940
EMG1949
echoencephalogram1956
spirogram1956
magnetocardiogram1963
electronystagmogram1965
echocardiogram1966
magnetoencephalogram1968
tympanogram1969
1912 Lancet 30 Mar. 853/2 The instrument is rapid and at the same time sensitive enough for recording EKG.'s with sufficient accuracy.
1934 Radiol. 22 418/1 [They] attempted to solve this problem by the use of compensators to induce into the E.K.G. circuit additional disturbances, out of phase but of the same frequency as the undesired disturbances.
1962 Amer. Heart Jrnl. 104 888/2 EKGs and roentgenograms of the chest were not revealing.
1987 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 21 Dec. c9/1 In the test, a patient exercises while hooked to an electrocardiograph, or EKG.
1998 R. Price Freedomland i. i. 21 The dispatcher's call-out was as flat as a dead man's EKG.
2007 Carmel (Calif.) Pine Cone 20 Apr. 27/2 Crew assisted with vitals, EKG, oxygen and patient report information for a male in his 70s.
ELAS n. [ < modern Greek ΕΛΑΣ, initialism < the initial letters of Ελληνικός Λαϊκός Απελευθερωτικός Στρατός, lit. ‘Greek people's liberating army’ (the first letter is also sometimes interpreted as representing εθνικός national)] now historical the National People's Liberation Army, a communist-dominated guerrilla army created in the 1940s by the Greek National Liberation Front (see EAM n.) to fight against German occupation forces in Greece.
ΚΠ
1943 N.Y. Times 18 Oct. 6/5 The E.L.A.S. has always employed violent shock tactics.
1945 W. S. Churchill Victory (1946) 7 I have been told that I made a mistake in under-rating the power of the Communist-directed E.L.A.S.
1994 L. de Bernières Capt. Corelli's Mandolin xxxiv. 219 You are not letting them through unless they join ELAS first.
ELDO n. now historical European Launcher Development Organization, formed in 1964 to develop rocket-launching capabilities, and taken over by the European Space Agency in 1975; cf. ESRO n.
ΚΠ
1961 Guardian 7 Dec. 2/7 Two more recent and far more ambitious British ventures were Esro and Eldo.
1966 Winnipeg Free Press 27 June 21 Britain's decision to pull out of ELDO was announced on June 4.
1986 Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 14 Sept. 7/2 The ELDO launch vehicle was large for its time, some 32m high.
2003 B. Harvey Europe's Space Programme v. 246 Whereas ESA inherited a doubtful rocket project from ELDO (the L3S), ESA inherited a lively, healthy and largely successful satellite programme from ESRO.
ELF adj. and n. extra or extremely low frequency; (a) adj. of or relating to a frequency that is substantially lower than a usual or standard frequency; that operates at or deals with low frequencies; (b) n. a frequency of this kind.
Π
1956 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 12 1473 Extremely low-frequency (ELF) radio waves (10—500 cycles) originating in lightning were received over distances in excess of 15 000 km.
1960 Techn. News Bull. (U.S. National Bureau of Standards) May 75/2 These qualities indicate that whistlers sometimes contain appreciable energy at ELF.
1981 M. Cheney Tesla (1989) xiii. 138 The Tesla magnifying transmitter was the first in the world powerful enough to create ELF resonance in the earth-ionosphere wave guide.
2009 New Scientist 10 Oct. 10/2 ELF can reach a sub[marine] travelling at its operating depth but has a very low data rate, about 1 bit per minute.
ELF n. Eritrean Liberation Front, a movement formed in 1960 with the aim of achieving independence from Ethiopia; cf. EPLF n.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > African politics > [noun] > specific party in Eritrea
ELF1965
EPLF1974
1965 Titusville (Pa.) Herald 2 Aug. 2 (headline) Two others released by ELF in Ethiopia.
1968 Current Hist. Feb. 79/1 The fact that E.L.F. elements are receiving financial and other support from several Arab states has heightened Amhara anxieties.
1989 Encycl. Brit. IV. 544/3 The ELF works with the..Marxist Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF).
2015 Guardian (Nexis) 28 Aug. The pressure of three decades of war prompted the ELF to splinter.
ELT n. English language teaching; frequently attributive.In quot. 1952 as an abbreviation of the journal name English Language Teaching.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > English language teaching
ELT1952
ESL1959
EFL1965
ESOL1966
ESP1974
1952 Mod. Lang. Jrnl. 36 40/1 Gatenby, E. V.: ‘Conditions for Success in Language Learning’, ELT, IV (May '50), 179-182.
1966 Brit. Council Ann. Rep. 1964–5 17 The Aid to Commonwealth English (ACE) scheme..originally provided for the addition of thirty ELT experts to the Council's career service.
1991 Internat. Rev. Appl. Ling. in Lang. Teaching 29 296 It is still the majority view, in ELT at least, that phrasal verbs..are idioms.
1994 Appl. Linguistics 15 363 Her major research interests include innovation diffusion in ELT settings and L2 methodology, pedagogy, and curriculum design.
ELV n. extra or extremely low voltage; (a) n. voltage that is much lower than a usual or standard voltage; (b) adj. of, relating to, or characterized by such a voltage; designed to produce, carry, or operate at such a voltage.
ΚΠ
1953 W. J. C. Speller Airframe Struct. & Controls 255 Extra low voltage (E.L.V.) in which the nominal voltage does not exceed 30 V.
1957 Proc. Inst. Electr. Engineers 104 250/2 For the amateur grower, caution would still indicate the e.l.v. transformer-fed bare wires as the ideal.
1974 M. Neidle Electr. Installations & Regulations vii. 40 Multichannel trunking is necessary for circuits supplied by extra-low voltage (ELV), low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV).
2017 K. Smith Get Qualified vii. 55 ELV systems operate at voltages not exceeding 50 V AC or 120 V DC.
E.M. n. Earl Marshal (see Earl Marshal n. 1).
Π
1700 Proc. Bill of Divorce (facing title page) I Do Appoint Matthew Gillyflower and John Barnes, to Print the Bill for my Divorce from the Lady Mary Mordant... NORFOLKE, E. M.
1794 Gentleman's Mag. Feb. 187/2 His funeral..was also accompanied by his Grace the Duke of Norfolk, E. M.
1866 Index Catal. MSS Elias Ashmole 82/1 A commissioner for the office of E. M.
1876 J. H. Newman Let. 3 Dec. (1975) XXVIII. 142 Thank you for your information about the E.M.
1936 Orders for proclaiming His Majesty in London Gaz. (Extraordinary No. 12 Dec.) 8109/2 (list of signatories) Norfolk, E.M.
1959 G. D. Squibb High Court of Chivalry ii. 32 A dispute between two Cheshire gentlemen..which was heard and determined by George, Earl of Shrewsbury E.M.
1978 Music & Lett. 59 158 The plates are reproduced by kind permission..of His Grace the Duke of Norfolk, E.M., C.B., C.B.E., M.C.
EM n. Engineer of Mines.
Π
1882 Indianapolis Jrnl. 3 Oct. 7/3 The professor of chemistry, Charles A. Colton, E. M., Ph. D., late of Columbia College, school of mines,..is on hand classifying collected minerals.
1943 Montana Standard 2 May 19/1 Louis V. Bender, former general superintendent of Anaconda reduction works and first graduate of the school, who received his E.M. degree in 1903.
2009 in J. A. Botin Sustainable Managem. Mining Operations 358 He holds an EM (engineer of mines) degree (1971) and PhD degree in mining (1987).
EM adj. electromagnetic (electromagnetic adj. 1).
Π
1923 Wireless World & Radio Rev. 10 Feb. 636/1 The human ear..is also very greedy as to the band of sound wavelengths it requires for intelligible speech, compared with the band of lengths of E.M. waves required by the eye for perfect vision.
1978 Catal. National Bureau Standards Publ., 1966–1976 1 ii. 1532/2 The cells are especially useful for calibrating EM radiation hazard meters.
2015 S. Shahabi in P. J. Rosch Bioelectromagnetic & Subtle Energy Med. 149/2 Lower dilutions..did not show the emission of detectable EM waves by the instrument.
EM n. chiefly U.S. enlisted man (or men); cf. EW n.
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1942 Yank 14 Oct. He is one of the most valuable EM in the WD.
2014 Japan News (Nexis) 7 Dec. 16 ‘The EM Club used to be located here,’ explained Kazuhisa Aihara, our 66-year-old volunteer guide.
EMF n. electromotive force.In quot. 1868: denoting a unit of electromotive force equal to 10− 5 volts.
Π
1868 Rep. 37th Meeting Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1867 488 105 E M F, acting on a circuit of 1013, will pass in one second 10−8 absolute units of quantity.
1876 Jrnl. Soc. Telegr. Engineers 5 211 EMF of battery = EMF of standard cell × (D/D′).
1919 J. A. Fleming Thermionic Valve vii. 225 The same plate battery may be used to provide E.M.F. in the plate circuits of all the valves.
2015 D. M. Katz Physics for Scientists & Engineers xxxii. 1032/1 A battery produces an emf that is constant in magnitude.
EMF n. European Monetary Fund.
ΚΠ
1958 Financial Times 29 Dec. 8/5 The sum remaining in the central bank of the E.P.U. after transfer to the E.M.F. of the U.S. contribution, will be shared out among the Union's creditors.
2010 Business Tel. (Nexis) 16 Mar. 4 There is no reason why the new EMF could not spread beyond the EU.
EMF n. Physics electromagnetic field.
ΚΠ
1970 Nuovo Cimento A. 70 290 We define the ‘kinematical’ group (KG) of a nonrelativistic system in a given Galilean electromagnetic field (EMF) as the subgroup of the Galilei group.
1995 Independent 20 Oct. 18/6 The applicants argued that the Secretary of State should take a ‘precautionary’ view of the risk from EMFs and should lay down regulations to control it.
2015 Laguna Niguel (Calif.) News 14 May 4 EMFs are all around us, including in electronic devices.
EMG n. electromyogram; (occasionally also) electromyography.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > specific measuring or recording > [noun] > specific record
cardiogram1871
angiogram1877
myogram1882
arteriogram1885
phlebogram1885
sphygmogram1887
pneumatogram1890
electrocardiogram1895
tonogram1899
tremogram1899
stethogram1900
telecardiogram1906
electrogram1909
phonocardiogram1911
bigram1916
electromyogram1917
ECG1918
polygram1923
pneumotachogram1926
salpingogram1927
haemogram1929
angiogram1932
angiograph1934
electroencephalogram1934
cystometrogram1936
EEG1936
ballistocardiogram1938
vectorcardiogram1938
myelogram1940
pupillogram1940
EMG1949
echoencephalogram1956
spirogram1956
magnetocardiogram1963
electronystagmogram1965
echocardiogram1966
magnetoencephalogram1968
tympanogram1969
1949 Electroencephalogr. & Clin. Neurophysiol. 1 125/2 (heading) Forms of EMG in Tetany.
1989 Guitar Player Mar. 24/3 A thorough examination including EMG should be able to locate the problem.
2015 Nature 15 Oct. 435/1 Brain states..were classified on the basis of electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) recordings.
EMI n. electromagnetic interference.
Π
1962 Navy Civil Engineer Apr. 22/1 In May 1959 the Bureau awarded Contract NBy-17827..for an ‘Investigation to Develop Criteria for Measuring and Suppressing Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) from Underground Electrical Cables’.
1989 PC Mag. 30 May 97/3 As processor speeds go up, EMI can cause cross-circuit interference and levels of radio signal interference that..can wreak havoc in office as well as home environments.
2008 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) May 84/1 There is no way to stop electrical devices from generating radio waves, but keeping spurious waves under wraps will curb EMI.
EMP n. electromagnetic pulse, a pulse of electromagnetic energy, esp. a powerful one emitted by a nuclear explosion or nuclear weapon.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > nuclear fission > nuclear explosion > [noun] > pulse emitted by
EMP1963
1963 N.Y. Times 26 July 10/8 The so-called ‘EMP’ or electromagnetic pulse, induced by a major explosion has widespread effects.
1983 Listener 15 Sept. 7/2 EMP would also, en passant, knock out huge numbers of satellites.
2015 R. Newman Liberty for All iii. 44 His real concern wasn't an EMP or a supervolcano but a more plausible disaster such as a major hurricane.
EMS n. chiefly North American emergency medical service.
ΚΠ
1939 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 23 Sept. 656/2 Memorandum E.M.S. No. 1 of the Ministry of Health makes detailed recommendations of the precautions which should be taken.
1941 Moberley (Missouri) Monitor-Index & Evening Democrat 29 Apr. 3/5 The EMS will accept men up to 45.
1988 Canad. Aviation May 29/1 The society is a nonprofit organization initiated by Calgary medical personnel to provide helicopter emergency medical services (EMS) to Alberta communities.
2003 S. Paretsky Blacklist (2004) 440 An ambulance came... The EMS techs wanted to take Catherine with them.
EMS n. now historical European Monetary System, a monetary system based on the Exchange Rate Mechanism, agreed on by the European Community in 1978 and inaugurated in 1979, intended to coordinate and stabilize the exchange rates of the currencies of member states in preparation for monetary union.
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society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > types of economic system
free market1642
peasant economy1883
agriculturism1885
money economy1888
price system1889
external economy1890
peace economy1905
war economy1919
planned economy1924
market economy1929
circular economy1932
managed economy1932
mixed economy1936
market socialism1939
plural economy1939
market capitalism1949
external diseconomy1952
siege economy1962
knowledge economy1967
linear economy1968
EMU1969
wage economy1971
grey economy1977
EMS1978
enterprise culture1979
new economy1981
tiger1981
share economy1983
gig economy2009
1978 Washington Post 8 July c7/5 West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt..said the new European Monetary System (EMS) would have a positive effect on the dollar.
1989 Times 4 Mar. ii. 17/5 The time is ‘very ripe indeed’ for sterling to participate fully in the EMS.
2005 D. McWilliams Pope's Children iii. 33 We kept schtumm about this until we had suckered them into the Euro—the Frankenstein child of the EMS.
EMT n. chiefly U.S. emergency medical technician, a person trained to give emergency medical care to people who are seriously ill with the aim of stabilizing them before they are taken to hospital; cf. paramedic n.2
ΚΠ
1972 Times Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio) 9 Apr. 5 c/7 A nationwide campaign is under way to train ambulance attendants, upgrading them to the status of EMT—which stands for emergency medical technician.
2001 Time 1 Oct. 13/1 Federal money [was] given to each family of..a fire fighter or EMT who died in the Trade Center collapse.
2013 M. Leibovich This Town i. 19 He collapsed. The EMTs defibrillated but could not resuscitate. He was pronounced dead at Sibley Memorial Hospital.
EMU n. also pronounced
Brit. /ˈiːmjuː/
,
U.S. /ˈim(j)u/
European monetary union (also economic and monetary union); see European monetary union n. at European adj. and n. Compounds 2b.
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society > trade and finance > trading organization > [noun] > specific
Hanse1305
torgsin1933
Comecon1949
common market1950
Euratom1956
Euro-executive1957
EEC1958
Efta1959
OPEC1960
EMU1969
EU1990
society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > types of economic system
free market1642
peasant economy1883
agriculturism1885
money economy1888
price system1889
external economy1890
peace economy1905
war economy1919
planned economy1924
market economy1929
circular economy1932
managed economy1932
mixed economy1936
market socialism1939
plural economy1939
market capitalism1949
external diseconomy1952
siege economy1962
knowledge economy1967
linear economy1968
EMU1969
wage economy1971
grey economy1977
EMS1978
enterprise culture1979
new economy1981
tiger1981
share economy1983
gig economy2009
1969 Jrnl. Econ. Lit. 7 716/2 The EMU would accept gold at the IMF price, and national European and non-European currencies.
1972 Economist 12 Feb. 62/1 European monetary union (Emu), the half-baked try at unifying the currencies of the Six (which was due to start last June but never did), is now right back at the top of the common market agenda.
1977 Times 5 Oct. 7/7 A bold..attempt to relaunch the EEC towards economic and monetary union (EMU) is being prepared by the European Commission... Regional disparities need not be an insuperable barrier to EMU, Mr Jenkins believes.
1996 India Today 30 June 107/2 Denmark has opted out of the EMU.
2010 Daily Tel. 10 May (Business section) b4/8 The answer to this—if the objective is to save EMU—is for Germany to boost its growth and tolerate higher ‘relative’ inflation.
EMU n. now historical European Monetary Unit, a former name for the ECU (ECU n.).
ΚΠ
1970 Economist 28 Nov. 94/3 Seven banks..are launching a largish..15-year loan denominated in European Monetary Units, with 1 EMU equal to $1.
1978 Business Week 6 Nov. 98/3 The British..want the EMS to use a weighted basket of currencies known as the European Monetary Unit (EMU) as the ‘numeraire’, or common denominator for the system.
2011 Australian (Nexis) 27 Apr. (Finance section) 12 First time around, it was the EMU (European Monetary Unit), and two decades ago the euro was introduced.
EMU n. electric multiple unit (electric multiple unit n. at electric adj. and n. Compounds 1b); frequently attributive.
Π
1963 Jrnl. Inst. Locomotive Engineers 53 65 The percentage increase on a BOX type bogie wagon would be..less still in the case of higher initial cost assets such as the E.M.U. train sets, locomotives, etc.
1990 Power Engin. Jrnl. 4 310/2 Fig. 2 shows the relative cost of the traction motors for a four-car DC EMU.
2013 Y. Sang et al. in C. A. Brebbia et al. Computers in Railways XIII. iv. 183 For a selected EMU, its operating status in a specified period of time can also be traced in a map-like view.
E.N.E. n., adj., and adv. east-north-east.
Π
1513 E. Howard in A. Spont Lett. & Papers War France (1897) X. 94 The wynd feeryd owt off the W.N.W. into the E.N.E.
1635 L. Foxe North-west Fox sig. P3 At Midnight having the same depth, the wind was at noone N. northerly, he stood about to eastward 10. Leagues E. N. E.
1743 J. Bulkeley & J. Cummins Voy. to South-seas 145 At Four this Morning weighed, and steered E.N.E. for the Narrows.
1837 Perth Gaz. 25 Mar. 872 In an E.N.E. course from the same point.
1908 T. G. Tucker Introd. Nat. Hist. Lang. 132 These are spoken by sparse populations near the Urals in the E.N.E. of European Russia.
2012 Port Macquarie (Austral.) (Nexis) 24 Feb. (Local Sport section) 84 The ENE breeze strengthened marginally as the race progressed.
ENG n. electronic news gathering, the use of portable video and audio equipment in the production of material for television news broadcasts at short notice and on location.Early attempts at Electronic news gathering were first made possible by the development of cameras which could record on videotape. These offered increased portability and, unlike cameras which used film, could produce content that could be broadcast immediately or only a short time after being recorded.
ΚΠ
1975 Texas Monthly Nov. 22/3 ENG is Electronic News Gathering, very important these days.
1988 Exploring (Boy Scouts of Amer.) May 4/1 Electronic News Gathering (ENG) is a fancy term for going out in the field with a camera and shooting a story on videotape.
2011 S. R. Alten Audio in Media (ed. 9) xiii. 245/1 The main purpose of ENG is to facilitate fast access to the news scene.
ENIAC n.
Brit. /ˈiːnɪak/
,
/ˈɛnɪak/
,
U.S. /ˈiniˌæk/
,
/ˈɛniˌæk/
Computing (now historical) electronic numerical integrator and calculator, a programmable electronic computer constructed at the University of Pennsylvania in 1945.ENIAC was one of the first general-purpose computers capable of being programmed to work on a large number of different types of problem, one notable application being its use in the development of the hydrogen bomb.
ΚΠ
1945 J. Eckert et al. Appl. Math. Panel Rep. 171.2R (title) Description of the ENIAC and comments on electronic digital computing machines.
1946 N.Y. Times 15 Feb. 1/7 The Eniac, known more formally as ‘the electronic numerical integrator and computer’, has not a single moving mechanical part.
1976 Computerworld 14 June 9/3 After the war, Moore was asked to build a second Eniac. The request came from the Russian government.
2014 Tribune-Democrat (Johnstown, Pennsylvania) 3 Jan. b4 ENIAC weighed 30 tons and filled a room the size of a school gym.
ENO n. English National Opera, one of two principal English opera companies based in London and the only one whose productions are all sung in English.Formerly known as the Sadler's Wells Opera Company, the Company was renamed in 1974 after moving from Sadler's Wells Theatre to the London Coliseum.The other principal English company is the Royal Opera at Covent Garden.
Π
1974 Guardian 27 July 8/6 The forthcoming ENO has been readily acclaimed in the press as the firm that put the fizz in British opera-going.
1996 M. Mullin Design by Motley xiv. 206/2 The ENO moved their workshops to West Hampstead in the late 1970s.
2013 Daily Tel. 25 Apr. 24/7 Rock makes his debut..in a revival of La Bohème at ENO, then heads back to Glyndebourne.
ENSO n. also pronounced
Brit. /ˈɛnsəʊ/
,
U.S. /ˈɛnsoʊ/
El Niño–Southern Oscillation; frequently attributive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > current > [noun] > sea > specific warming > extreme version of
Niño1932
El Niño1942
ENSO1983
1983 Nature 24 Mar. 295/2 Surface pressure starts to fall as early as August preceding the onset of ENSO.
1989 New Scientist 25 Mar. 27/2 ENSO has a characteristic cycle that lasts 14 to 18 months.
2016 P. W. Glynn et al. in Coral Reefs Eastern Trop. Pacific (2017) v. 132/2 Perhaps the most influential environment driver affecting Panama's coral populations is ENSO.
ENT n. [initialism from ear, nose, throat] a branch of surgery or medical science dealing with abnormal conditions of the ear, nose, and throat; = otorhinolaryngology n.
ΚΠ
1915 Red Bk. Eye, Ear, Nose & Throat Specialists 251/1 BLAKE, John M. Uv. Vt. 1898. E. N. T.
1952 ‘R. Gordon’ Doctor in House xiv. 154 The E.N.T. clinic was busy..for the London atmosphere silted up patients' sinuses and roughened their lungs.
2010 Bluefield (W. Va.) Daily Tel. 25 Jan. A3/5 He got tired of listening to me cry over the pain, (and) sent me to an ENT doctor.
EO n. U.S. executive order (see executive adj. 4).
ΚΠ
1922 J. J. McGuigan in Treaties & Acts of Congr. relating to Panama Canal §7. 83 (note) Executive Order of Apr. 16, 1914 (E. O. 172) provides regulations for payment of bills for materials and services.
1944 Amer. Archivist 7 270 With the E. O. number, reference can be made immediately to the E. O. summary in the List.
2012 K. M. Absher et al. Privileged & Confidential v. 227 By May 2, 1977, a proposed EO had been prepared and was being circulated for approval.
EOC n. Equal Opportunities Commission, formed to oppose sex discrimination at work and promote gender equality under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975.From 2007 superseded by the Equality and Human Rights Commission.
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1973 Observer 23 Sept. 14/6 All general investigations by the EOC will require the prior consent of the Government.
1989 J. Gelb Feminism & Politics (1990) iv. 111 It is difficult to escape the view that the EOC was not given adequate legal machinery to enforce nondiscrimination on any significant scale.
2004 Independent on Sunday 4 Jan. i. 3/2 The EOC says that crèches in the workplace, job sharing or term-time working, home working, dependency leave and child breaks are the way forward.
EOD n. explosive ordnance disposal.
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1951 Pacific Stars & Stripes 31 Mar. 6/2 Three hours after the EOD men began working on it, the mines were blowing sky-high.
2016 Guardian (Nexis) 13 May The EOD team was building a barrier around the device using 250 tonnes of sand.
EOF n. Computing end of file, a control character or sequence of characters used to indicate the end of a file; the end of the file itself; frequently attributive.
ΘΚΠ
society > computing and information technology > programming language > program or code > [noun] > character level codes > 'end of' code
EOF1961
EOT1963
1961 H. D. Leeds & G. M. Weinberg Computer Programming Fund. v. 140 The end-of-file mark (EOF)..enables us to combine records into groups of any size up to an entire tape length.
1989 PC World Oct. 32/2 For text operations..the EOF marker signifies the end of the file.
2015 P. A. Pereira Elixir Cookbook viii. 203 Goon is developed in Go and allows access to more features with porcelain, specifically, the ability to signal EOF to the external program.
EOT n. Computing (now rare) end of tape, the end of the usable area of a magnetic tape, typically marked with a reflective strip used to instruct a device to stop reading or recording onto the tape; (also) the marker itself; frequently attributive.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > telecommunication > [noun] > transmission > end of transmission
EOT1963
society > computing and information technology > programming language > program or code > [noun] > character level codes > 'end of' code
EOF1961
EOT1963
1963 Mag. Standards (Amer. Standards Assoc.) Aug. 236/2 (in figure) [ASCII character set] EOT.
1988 Your Computer (Austral.) May 88/3 Unfortunately, if the receiving computer misses the EOT, it will continue to wait for the next block..and, eventually, ‘time-out’.
2016 L. Coyne et al. IBM TS4500 R3 Tape Libr. Guide (ed. 4) ii. 65 (in figure) Forward (BOT to EOT) tape motion.
EOT n. Computing and Telecommunications end of transmission, a control character or sequence of characters used to indicate the end of a transmission.
ΚΠ
1966 C. J. Sippl Computer Dict. & Handbk. 112/1 EOT, end of transmission.
1995 Computers & Humanities 29 52/1 Control characters are coded characters which perform a processing, rather than a graphic, function... They include SOH (start of header),..and EOT (end of transmission).
2010 IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics 56 1197/2 The EoT sequence followed by the LPS [= Low-Power-State] indicates the end of the packet.
EP adj. now rare electroplated.
ΚΠ
1861 Liverpool Mercury 19 Apr. 1/3 (advt.) Set 4 best E.P. Dish Covers, new shape.
c1895 Catal. R.S. Rowell, Oxf. 43 Best E.P. Entrée Dish 50/-.
1999 C. Mendelson Home Comforts xlv. 554/2 Silver plate is made of a base metal, such as copper or brass, electroplated with a thin silver coating. This type of silver may have the imprint ‘EP brass’ or ‘EP copper’.
EP adj. [initialism from extreme pressure (also understood as extra pressure)] designating a lubricant designed for use with parts of machinery that are subjected to extremely high pressures; of or relating to such a lubricant.
ΘΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > oiliness or greasiness > [adjective] > of the nature of oil > oily and slippery > relating to lubrication > specific lubricant
EP1935
1935 Blytheville (Arkansas) Courier News 25 Feb. 3/4 These new lubricants, known as ‘EP Lubricants’, are particularly required for the rear axles of the 1935 Ford V-8 passenger cars.
1975 G. Bram & C. Downs Manuf. Technol. iii. 101 E.P. fluids are ideal for low-speed machining.
2005 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 26 Mar. (Motoring section) 1 On the road you immediately sense burning oil with Extra Pressure (EP) additives, which signifies leaks from the almost intolerably noisy transmission.
EP adj. and n. [initialism from extended-play] (a) adj. (originally) designating a seven-inch 45 rpm record that plays for a longer time than a single; (later) designating a musical recording in any format consisting of more tracks than a single but less than an album; (b) n. (originally) a seven-inch 45 rpm record that plays for a longer time than a single; (later) a musical recording in any format consisting of more tracks than a single but less than an album; cf. L.P. n. at L n. Initialisms 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > sound recording and reproduction > a sound recording > [noun] > record or disc > type of record
pre-release1871
record album1904
re-release1907
ten-inch1908
twelve-incher1909
demonstration record1911
pressing1912
swinger1924
repressing1927
transcription1931
long-player1932
rush release1935
pop record1937
album1945
demonstration disc1947
pop disc1947
pop single1947
long-play1948
picture disc1948
781949
single1949
forty-five1950
demo disc1952
EP1952
shellac1954
top of the pops1956
gold disc1957
acetate1962
platinum disc1964
chartbuster1965
miss1965
cover1966
reissue1966
pirate label1968
rock record1968
thirty-three (and a third)1968
sampler1969
white-label1970
double album1971
dubplate1976
seven-inch1977
mini-album1980
joint1991
1952 N.Y. Times 1 Aug. 27/3 The new product would be known as the ‘45-E. P. [extended play] record’.
1952 Pittsburgh Courier 16 Aug. 23/4 The new 45 ‘EP's’ will utilize the greater playing surface with no loss in quality... They will play up to eight minutes to a side.
1954 Gramophone May 491/2 The second batch of EPs to appear.
1958 Life 2 June 57 Talk about TOP ‘Pop’ favorites—here they are . . . all on one RCA Victor 45 EP Album.
1989 Q Dec. 162/2 This resulted in a four-album and two-EP contract with Bronze; the fruits of which are immortalised on this 12-track LP.
2012 A. D'Ambrosio Let Fury have Hour 332 Soul Side. 1987. Trigger. Dischord Records, 12″ EP vinyl.
2016 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 14 Feb. (Arts & Leisure section) 20/1 The Atlanta rapper Young Thug released the video for..a song from his new EP.
EP n. European Parliament.
Π
1971 Guardian 20 Oct. 12/6 The Council has agreed that it will always give reasoned explanations to the EP when its advice is not accepted on major issues.
2015 Malta Independent (Nexis) 31 Aug. His proposal pleased leaders of the EP's political groupings.
EPA n. Environmental Protection Agency, a U.S. government agency established in 1970.
Π
1970 N.Y. Times 10 July 14/3 Both by itself and together with other agencies, the E.P.A. would monitor the condition of the environment—biological as well as physical.
1976 N.Y. Times 11 Dec. 1/3 (headline) E.P.A. faults 208,000 cars.
2013 Men's Health Aug. 50/1 HAAs may raise the risk of cancer, says the EPA.
EPA n. eicosapentaenoic acid.
Π
1978 Lancet 15 July 117/1 It is possible that dietary enrichment with E.P.A. will protect against thrombosis.
1989 Food & Wine Apr. 150/4 The heart-protecting omega-3 fatty acids in fish exist in the form of eicosapentenoic (EPA) and docosahexenoic (DHA) acids.
2008 BBC Good Food Sept. 131/1 Salmon and mackerel..are two of the very best sources of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
EPD n. now historical Excess Profits Duty, a tax introduced by the British government in 1915 on companies whose profits had increased significantly during the war (see excess profits at excess n. 6b); cf. EPT n.
ΚΠ
1919 Financial Times 11 Nov. 10/2 Surplus representing Capital, Reserves and Undivided Profits (subject to E.P.D.).
1921 Times 4 Feb. 11/4 (headline) The end of E.P.D.
1938 P. Bentley Sleep in Peace xii. 429 ‘With this E.P.D., and one thing and another,’ threw out Mr. Armistead in a worried, uneasy tone, ‘really I don't know what textiles are coming to.’
2006 W. E. Brownlee in E. F. Paul et al. Taxation, Econ. Prosperity, & Distributive Justice i. 18 Americans closely studied the EPD, as well as a radical version of the tax that Canada had adopted.
EPG n. electronic program (or programme) guide.
Π
1985 Star (S. Holland, Illinois) 28 Mar. c4/2 The teleport carries..the Electronic Program on-screen guide (EPG) for cable systems..and Zephyr Weather map services.
2015 Guardian 31 Oct. 73/1 Fast becoming one of those shows that's always accessible somewhere via your EPG, Ice Road Truckers returns for an eighth series on terrestrial.
EPG n. Eminent Persons Group, any of a number of groups of prominent people appointed to examine a particular issue; spec. a group of Commonwealth politicians who visited South Africa in 1986 in order to investigate ways of ending the country's political unrest.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > politician > [noun] > skilled or leading > specific group of
Eminent Persons Group1986
EPG1986
1986 Times 31 Jan. 12/4 The speech will also be closely watched by members of the Commonwealth ‘Eminent Persons Group’ (EPG), which is expected to visit South Africa some time in February or March.
1994 Straits Times (Singapore) (Nexis) 1 Sept. The EPG acknowledged that it was natural that trade tensions would arise from the rapid increase in trade and economic transactions in the region.
1997 R. Pratt In Good Faith vi. 209 Since the regime had wilfully aborted the epg mission, there was no doubt that the Commonwealth Review Committee would seek adoption of this reserve list of sanctions.
2016 Daily Disp. (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 17 Dec. Much depends on whether the Eminent Persons Group (EPG) will verify the figures.
EPIRB n. emergency position indicating radio beacon, a radio beacon carried on a boat, plane, etc., to regularly transmit details of its location in the event of an emergency.
Π
1965 Proc. Merchant Marine Council Dec. 276/1 As total production of EPIRBs increases, unit costs will decline.
1991 Salt Water Sportsman Feb. 26/2 Rafts designed for use beyond 50 miles have more extensive accessories, including..items specially added by the manufacturers upon request, such as an EPIRB.
2014 New Yorker 10 Feb. 46/3 While the Mleczkos had often talked about fitting their boats with EPIRBs..Tom had thriftily decided to hold off.
EPLF n. now historical Eritrean People's Liberation Front, formed in 1970 as a splinter group of the ELF (ELF n.) with the aim of achieving independence from Ethiopia.Following Eritrean independence in 1993, the EPLF became the People’s Front for Democracy and Justice.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > African politics > [noun] > specific party in Eritrea
ELF1965
EPLF1974
1974 Amarillo (Texas) Daily News 27 Mar. 38/1 EPLF is headquartered in Aden, and it is reportedly financed by Libyan oil money.
1988 Times on Sunday (Sydney) 28 Feb. 25/1 It is a society..where the EPLF's soft-spoken leader insists on maintaining a low profile.
2017 Sun (Nigeria) (Nexis) 29 Jan. The EPLF adopted a new political name, Peoples Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) to reflect the emerging responsibilities.
EPNS n. electroplated nickel silver (or electroplate on nickel silver), nickel silver that has been electroplated with silver; frequently attributive.Frequently used to make cutlery.
Π
1897 Illustr. Price List (Edward Morrison, Parsonstown) 22 E.P.N.S. Preserve Dish with Glass, 9/-. E.P. Butter with Glass, 3/6.
1961 New Scientist 14 Dec. 678/3 Apart from the large amount of silver used in the production of ‘EPNS’ tableware, there has been a substantial increase in silver plating in the electronics industry.
2007 J. Corbett Envy (2008) vi. 119 She, like me, has a silver spoon in her mouth, only the difference is hers is EPNS and mine is hallmarked.
EPO n. European Patent Office.
Π
1959 Amer. Bar Assoc. Jrnl. 45 1159/1 These studies proposed..a central examining office to be designated European Patent Office (EPO).
2016 S. Elahi & R. Ramírez in R. Ramírez & A. Wilkinson Strategic Reframing App. E 201 The EPO was established in 1977 along with the Administrative Council, made up of representatives of the contracting states.
EPO n. Biochemistry erythropoietin.
ΚΠ
1968 In Vitro 4 36/1 In recent years considerable evidence has accumulated in support of the hypothesis that erythropoietin (epo) is an inducer of erythrocyte differentiation in adult hemapoietic tissue.
1987 N.Y. Times 2 July d3 Genetics Institute Inc., a biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Mass., said yesterday that it had received a patent on a pure form of erythropoietin, or EPO.
2012 Guardian (Nexis) 12 Oct. (Sport section) 38 The [urine] samples were retrospectively tested for EPO by the French Anti-Doping Laboratory in 2005.
EPOS n. [initialism < electronic point of sale] a system which allows retail transactions to be recorded electronically; frequently attributive.
ΘΚΠ
society > computing and information technology > [noun] > information systems
EPOS1972
MIS1972
1972 Pacific Stars & Stripes 21 Nov. 8/1 EPOS equipment from all manufacturers is still being given careful study.
1978 Jrnl. Marketing 42 No. 3. 127/3 Other equipment may be added to the EPOS to extend the capability of advanced applications.
1987 T. Forester High-tech Society (1989) viii. 234 The checkout operator passes the printed bar code on each item over the laser scanner built into the EPOS terminal.
2003 Asian Trader 7 Nov. 13/4 There have also been technological changes such as stock control through EPOS.
2004 Grocer 10 Jan. 42/3 Ranges can be adjusted as EPoS data is examined.
EPR n. electron paramagnetic resonance, = electron spin resonance n. at electron n.2 Compounds 2; (also) a type of spectrometry in which absorption spectra are produced by inducing such resonance in the unbound electrons of a substance; cf. ESR n.; frequently attributive.
Π
1957 Jrnl. Chem. Physics 27 593/2 The EPR spectrograph..incorporates an A. D. Little electromagnet which we have equipped with an automatic field control.
1963 Science 3 May 443 (advt.) We have presented examples which illustrate the detection of free radicals using EPR.
1981 New Scientist 9 Apr. 119/1 The school is well equipped to contemporary standards, especially in optical, NMR and EPR spectroscopy.
2012 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S. 109 11938/1 Evidence..has been obtained from low temperature spectroscopic analysis of catalytic reactions by EPR.
EPS n. Economics and Finance earnings per share.
ΚΠ
1965 Accounting Rev. 40 137/2 The tests consisted of..measuring growth by increases in E.P.S. and net physical assets, and noting bias in geographical location.
2016 Investor's Business Daily (Nexis) 11 Apr. b5 Between 2010 and 2014, annual EPS increases ran to the north side of 20%.
EPT n. excess profits tax (see excess profits at excess n. 6b); cf. EPD n.
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1940 Economist 6 Jan. 3/1 There is the unknown yield of E.P.T.
1986 Offshore Engineer Sept. 19/1 Originally, Oslo had intended to allow only partial EPT uplifts against investments.
2016 M. R. Wilson Destructive Creation iv. 162 For individual companies, the EPT—which Congress would raise to 95 percent in 1944—had very serious implications.
EPU n. now historical European Payments Union, an organization formed in 1950 by the Organization for European Economic Cooperation to provide an automatic mechanism for the multilateral settlement of the accounts of its members.The EPU was dissolved in 1958.
ΚΠ
1950 Economist 4 Feb. 281/1 A complete refusal to allow any usurpation by the EPU of the existing bilateral payments agreements and their overdraft facilities.
1954 Amer. Econ. Rev. 44 976 This will have to be approached via a gradual removal of restrictions, led by Britain and the EPU countries.
2001 R. Holt Second amongst Equals (2002) ii. 67 The Americans put cash into the fund..and all the participants committed themselves to tariff cuts, thereby ensuring that the EPU doubly facilitated the expansion of intra-European trade.
EPW n. U.S. enemy prisoner of war; cf. POW n. at P n. Initialisms.
ΚΠ
1973 Acronyms & Initialisms Dict. (Gale Res. Co.) (ed. 4) 200/2 EPW..Enemy Prisoner of War (Army).
1976 Corps Support Command (U.S. Army Field Man. 54-9) xv. 14/1 Enemy prisoner of war (EPW) transfer procedures.
1991 Anderson (Indiana) Herald Bull. 22 Jan. a11 If you treat EPWs well, the return will be tenfold.
2005 J. Johnson in F. W. Kagan & C. Kubik Leaders in War iii. 50 Soldiers were..compassionate in their dealings with EPWs.
EQ n. Psychology (now rare) educational quotient, a numerical measure of educational level relative to age, arrived at by dividing educational age by chronological age; cf. I.Q. n. at I n.1 Initialisms.
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1920 R. Franzen in Teachers Coll. Rec. 21 436 The I. Q. is the potential rate of progress and the E. Q. is the actual rate of progress.
1950 H. Gulliksen Theory Mental Tests xix. 291 The grade placement indicated by the test score was called Educational Age; and the Educational Age was divided by chronological age to obtain an educational quotient or E.Q.
1991 Sunday Tel. 15 Sept. 10/1 The charter will give information on the average IQ of children in a school and their EQ.
EQ n. [initialism < either emotional quotient or emotion quotient, after I.Q. n. at I n.1 Initialisms] (a) the level of a person's emotional intelligence (emotional intelligence n. 2), often as represented by a score in a standardized test; (b) (rare) a person's emotional state or capacity, as quantified; = emotional quotient n. at emotional adj. and n. Compounds.
Π
1926 Eng. Jrnl. 15 753 The really gifted student must needs combine with the high I.Q. a high E.Q., or emotion quotient.
1941 N.Y. Times 28 Sept. x. 3/2 The thing they miscalculate is the emotional quotient—the e.q.—of an audience.
1995 Hays (Kansas) Daily News 1 Sept. 2 (advt.) Daniel Goleman argues that EQ (emotional intelligence quotient) may be more important than IQ. Read his thoughts, then test your own EQ..this week in USA Weekend.
1997 Esquire Apr. 134/2 She is the spiritual one of the pair, susceptible to fêng shu and assorted otherworldly disciplines—her EQ a match for his IQ.
2004 Time 3 May 23/1 ‘He has a stratospheric EQ,’ a Senator once told me, referring to Bush's emotional intelligence.
EQ n. Biology encephalization quotient.
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1970 H. J. Jerison in Science 11 Dec. 1225/2 The range of EQ in archaic ungulates was between 0.1 and 0.4.
1996 A. Walker & P. Shipman Wisdom of Bones x. 174 We would see an abrupt increase in EQ from Australopithecus to Homo habilis, then an apparent leveling off as both brain and body size increased together as habilis evolved into erectus.
2015 D. C. Geary in S. Goldstein et al. Handbk. Intelligence viii. 108/1 The EQ of australopithecines is greater than that of chimpanzees but less than 50% that of modern humans.
ER n. chiefly North American emergency room, a hospital ward or department providing immediate treatment for urgent cases of illness and injury; cf. A and E n. at A n. Initialisms.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > places for the sick or injured > [noun] > hospital or infirmary > hospital department > specific department
ambulatorium1834
emergency room1886
emergency department1889
recovery room1894
accident and emergency1898
outpatients1910
X-ray1916
casualty1927
abortorium1933
out1933
ER1955
A and E1966
emerg1978
1955 Bull. Amer. College Surgeons July 210/2 One week at a time should be the standard assignment for physicians on the e.r. service, and they should be imbued with a real and definite understanding about their responsibilities.
1976 N.Y. Times Mag. 23 May 80 Deborah Scher is waiting in the ER. A huddle of nurses moves to the side as Basil wheels the stretcher in.
1995 L. Garrett Coming Plague (new ed.) xiv. 511 Families spent anxious, tedious hours queued up in urban ERs.
2004 P. Cornwell Blow Fly cxi. 408 I had to examine the kid in the ER.
2014 N.Y. Mag. 15 Dec. 42 The 33-year-old ER doctor..went to Guinea..to treat Ebola-stricken patients.
ERA n. Baseball = earned run average n. at earned adj. Compounds.
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society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > baseball > [noun] > earned run average
ERA1937
1937 Valley Morning Star (Harlingen, Texas) 11 Feb. 4/1 His ERA was 2.93 in 32 games.
1975 New Yorker 23 June 46/2 At contract-renewal time, earned-run averages below 3.30 are invariably mentioned by pitchers; an E.R.A. close to or above the 4.00 level will always be brought up by management.
2011 Hoosier Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 25 Dec. (Herald-Times ed.) b2/1 As a pitcher, Miller posted a 14-5 record with a 1.65 ERA.
ERA n. U.S. Politics Equal Rights Amendment, a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution stating that civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one's sex.The Equal Rights Amendment, which was first proposed in 1923, was passed by the Senate in 1972. However, by 30 June 1982, the final deadline for its ratification, it had failed to be ratified by the required three-quarters majority of states.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > written law > [noun] > clause > types of clause > specific amendment
Bill of Rights1819
ERA1970
1970 Washington Post 13 Nov. b2/1 I don't understand why we can't have ERA (the Equal Rights Amendment), even if it is only a piece of paper.
1973 Americana Ann. 747/2 Acting 32 minutes after the vote, Hawaii became the first state to ratify ERA.
1994 S. J. Douglas Where Girls Are (1995) x. 238 It is no surprise that these shows appeared when they did, when the ERA was ready for extreme unction.
ERM n. now historical Exchange Rate Mechanism, a method of stabilizing exchange rates within the European Monetary System (see Exchange Rate Mechanism n. at exchange n. Additions).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > types of money-dealing > [noun] > money-changing > rate of exchange > determination of
Arbitration of Exchange1811
Exchange Rate Mechanism1978
ERM1982
1982 Amer. Banker 14 Dec. 30/3 It is argued that the pound would have been more stable in the ERM, and this argument is being heard again in view of the recent sharp fall in the currency.
1993 Sun 31 May 2/2 New Chancellor Ken Clarke, a keen ERM supporter has deliberately kicked the issue into touch.
2001 R. Holt Second amongst Equals (2002) viii. 231 The central bank was pursuing an offsetting policy of high German interest rates, thereby placing on the ERM the strains from which sterling was suffering.
ERP n. Physiology event-related potential.
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1969 H. G. Vaughan in Average Evoked Potentials: Conf. Amer. Inst. Biol. Sci. & NASA 1968 ii. 46 The term ‘event-related potentials’ (ERP) is proposed to designate the general class of potentials that display stable time relationships to a definable reference event.
1999 S. Pinker Words & Rules ix. 263 The ERP signal is a train of peaks and troughs that come from way stations in the brain.
2008 New Yorker 10 Nov. 69/1 The earliest technique, measuring what's known as an event-related potential, or E.R.P., charts the brain's electrical activity, using an electrode-studded skullcap.
ERPC n. Obstetrics evacuation of retained products of conception, the surgical removal of any remaining fetal tissue, membranes, or placenta from the uterus after a spontaneous or induced abortion.
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1970 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 25 July 199 (table) E.R.P.C. after retained placenta.
1990 C. Moulder Miscarriage ii. 32 If the bleeding is severe or if there is a risk of haemorrhage, an ERPC is essential.
2013 Times 17 Sept. 7/5 It was 4 o'clock in the morning, three months after the ERPC, when I got another positive pregnancy test.
ESA n. European Space Agency.
Π
1973 Science 9 Mar. 984/1 The conferees adopted a British proposal to form a new European Space Agency (ESA).
2016 Scotsman (Nexis) 14 Mar. Landing a spacecraft on Mars is notoriously difficult and several past attempts have failed, including ESA's Beagle 2 probe.
ESA n. = environmentally sensitive area n. at environmentally adv. Compounds.
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1975 G. R. Francis & P. F. J. Eagles Study of Environmentally Sensitive Areas (Univ. Waterloo, Ontario) 11 Some of the ESA's have already had inventories conducted by the International Biological Programme.
1987 Daily Tel. 19 Oct. 15/7 ESAs were established under the Agriculture Act of 1986 which provides for payments to be made to farmers and landowners who agree to manage their land in sympathy with the needs of wildlife and the landscape.
1999 M. Shoard Right to Roam ii. 75 In 1996, about one-fifth of the eligible area of the South Downs ESA was covered by ESA conservation agreements.
ESC n. Economic and Social Committee; also more fully as EESC n.
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1966 Polit. Sci. Q. 81 405 The Community institution obviously designed..for the promotion of national interest-group demands would appear to be the Economic and Social Committee (ESC).
2007 Economist 14 Apr. 18/2 The ESC..gives groups representing employers, employees, consumers, farmers and others their only direct say in the EU's policymaking processes.
E.S.E. n., adj., and adv. east-south-east.
Π
1555 L. Digges Prognostication Right Good Effect sig. Fiv/3 (tide table) ESE.
1608 W. Hawkins in Hawkins' Voy. (1878) 383 We lay close E.S.E. with a S.W. wynd.
1727 J. G. Scheuchzer tr. E. Kæmpfer Hist. Japan I. i. iii. 47 We steer'd N.N.E. with a S. and E.S.E. wind.
1819 E. J. Johnson in Descr. Coasts Northumberland & Durham i. 3 Two rocky islands, situated to the E.S.E. of the Farn.
1940 Geogr. Jrnl. 96 250 Travelling E.S.E.,..we came to a branch track going to the east.
2010 D. Quah in T. Ito & C. H. Hahn Rise China & Struct. Changes Korea & Asia i. 20 This chapter assesses the factors surrounding ESE Asia's remarkable recent economic performance.
ESL n. English as a second language (cf. TESL n. at T n. Initialisms 1a); frequently attributive.In contrast with EFL, the term ESL is typically used to refer to English as studied, esp. by immigrants, in a country where it is the dominant language; cf. EFL n., ESOL n.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > English language teaching
ELT1952
ESL1959
EFL1965
ESOL1966
ESP1974
1959 Mod. Lang. Jrnl. 43 361/2 The same thing applies to the teacher of ESL in sections of our country.
1967 Calif. Jrnl. Educ. Res. 18 184 (title) Test behaviour of ESL students.
1990 Pract. Eng. Teaching Dec. 66/3 An ESL/EFL program should include more than mere classroom work.
2003 K. Hosseini Kite Runner (2004) xi. 110 I tried to get Baba to enroll in ESL classes to improve his broken English.
ESN n. and adj. British (Education and Psychology) now historical educationally subnormal, (a) n. people or children having a below average level of education or intelligence, regarded collectively; spec. children having learning difficulties and considered unsuitable for mainstream schooling; (b) adj. designating such people or children.No longer the preferred term and often considered offensive.
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1952 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 26 Jan. 216/1 Special school for E.S.N.
1955 Special Schools Jrnl. June 13/2 I have a strong conviction that Mary is not E.S.N. at all. On the orthodox tests of intelligence she certainly gains a score which puts her in the upper level of the E.S.N. group.
1981 H. Jolly Bk. Child Care (new ed.) xlix. 543 A child placed in an ESN (severe) school might later be able to be moved to an ESN (mild) school.
1991 Times 8 June 21/5 Clone-like myrmidon thugs beating on the roof and terrorising the ESN children.
2014 Guardian 28 Jan. (Nexis) (Obituaries section) 39 She was active in the National Union of Teachers and in the adult literacy programme, and campaigned against placing misunderstood children in ESN (Educationally Subnormal) schools.
ESN n. Telecommunications electronic serial number, a unique serial number that is programmed into certain types of mobile phone and transmitted each time a call is made, used to identify the phone to the network over which the call is being made.Electronic serial numbers are typically used with mobile phones that use CDMA (Code-division multiple access) technology, other technologies having their own systems of identifiers.
ΚΠ
1987 Cellular Phone Fraud Busts in N.Y. in mod.telecom (Usenet newsgroup) 27 Mar. The mobile carriers make a computer check of the E.S.N. to see if it is valid. If it is, the call goes through and the cost is billed to the billing number provided by the M.I.N. chip.
1994 New Scientist 3 Dec. 52/1 Re-chipping a phone is easy because the ESN is stored in erasable memory chips, instead of write once (WORM) chips.
2013 Daily Mail (Nexis) 3 May Keep a separate record of your electronic serial number (ESN) and consider separate insurance.
ESOL n. English for (or to) speakers of other languages (cf. TESOL n. at T n. Initialisms 1a); frequently attributive.In contrast with EFL, the term ESOL is typically used to refer to English as studied, esp. by immigrants, in a country where it is the dominant language; cf. EFL n., ESL n.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > English language teaching
ELT1952
ESL1959
EFL1965
ESOL1966
ESP1974
1966 College Eng. 28 227 Little or no training in linguistics or ESOL methodology.
2000 C. Newland & K. Sesay IC3 445 Morgan has..a PGCE in ESOL and French.
2013 Winchester (Va.) Star 8 June a6/1 Trained ESOL teachers work with parents to teach them to be educators at home.
ESP n. extrasensory perception, the faculty of perceiving things by means other than the known senses, e.g., by telepathy or clairvoyance.
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1934 J. B. Rhine Extra-sensory Perception 3 Let us merely say..‘perception by means that are outside of the recognized senses’, and indicate this meaning by ‘Extra-Sensory Perception’ or E.S.P.
1946 A. Huxley Perennial Philos. ii. 36 When tests for ESP can be repeated under standardized conditions, the subject..achieves..a measure of scientific respectability.
1999 D. Mitchell Ghostwritten 4 As I turned away and walked towards the elevator, my ESP told me she was smirking to herself.
2012 N.Y. Mag. 20 Aug. 56/1 She describes herself as being ‘psychic-intuitive’, which is something like having ESP.
ESP n. electrostatic precipitator, a device for removing particulate matter from a gas by passing it between electrodes; = precipitator n. 2b(b).
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > miscellaneous apparatus
bain1477
speculum1650
filtering paper1651
wheel-fire1662
filter paper1670
sun furnace1763
respirator1789
candle-ball1794
rectifier1822
candle-bomb1823
filter1823
oxyhydrogen blowpipe1823
shade1837
graduator1839
pipette1839
thistle funnel1849
pressure tube1852
ozonizer1858
dialyser1861
Liebig condenser1861
Sprengel pump1866
Sprengel tube1866
water softener1867
mercury pump1869
Bunsen burner1870
dialysator1877
test-mixer1877
tube-condenser1877
Kipp1879
reflux condenser1880
policeman1888
converter1889
pressure boiler1891
spot plate1896
hydrogen electrode1898
sampler1902
reactor1903
fume-chamber1905
Permutit1910
microburner1911
salt bridge1915
precipitator1919
Raschig ring1920
microneedle1921
titrator1928
laboratory coatc1936
spray tower1937
precipitron1938
ion exchanger1941
potentiostat1942
chemostat1950
Knudsen pipette1951
pH-stat1956
cryopump1958
1951 Jrnl. South Afr. Inst. Mech. Engineers Nov. 87/2 The force which impels a dust particle in an E.S.P. towards the collector is proportional to the product of the electric field..and the charge the particle requires.
2002 K. B. Schnelle & C. A. Brown Air Pollution Control Technol. Handbk. xxiv. 361 The high-voltage power supply issues were resolved sufficiently well so that the ESPs could operate at about 80 to 90% removal efficiency.
ESP n. English for specific (or special) purposes.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > the paranormal > [noun] > extrasensory perception
cryptaesthesia1911
extra-sensory perception1934
ESP1974
society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > English language teaching
ELT1952
ESL1959
EFL1965
ESOL1966
ESP1974
1974 Internat. Rev. Appl. Linguistics in Lang. Teaching 12 2 Whereas one talked previously in general terms of ELT, we now have such acronymic variations as ESP (English for Special Purposes).
1976 Stud. Sci. Educ. (Univ. Leeds) 3 63 ESP requires that teachers of English should define the aims of each language course with great precision, and devise teaching syllabuses and materials that lead only to those ends.
2006 TESOL Q. 40 151 At a Japanese-owned auto plant in the Midwestern United States..on-site ESP classes have been offered for the English-speaking Japanese managers.
ESR n. Physics and Chemistry electron spin resonance (electron spin resonance n. at electron n.2 Compounds 2); (also) a type of spectrometry in which absorption spectra are produced by inducing such resonance in the unbound electrons of a substance; frequently attributive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > quantum theory > electron spin > [noun] > electron spin resonance
electron spin resonance1952
ESR1955
the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > electron spin resonance spectroscopy
electron spin resonance1952
ESR1955
1955 Jrnl. Chem. Physics 23 2441/2 The other two dichloro compounds each give a pair of additional ESR lines.
1972 R. A. Jackson Mechanism iv. 53 Spectroscopic techniques, particularly n.m.r., e.s.r., u.v., and mass spectroscopy may be used to provide evidence for intermediates.
1976 Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 30 458 The molecular environments within cell membranes have been studied with the use of..electron spin resonance (ESR).
2016 Sci. Rep. 6 No. 34966. 2 Here, we report the ESR study of electrically induced spin states in single-layer graphene.
ESRO n. now historical European Space Research Organization, formed in 1962 and taken over by the European Space Agency in 1975; cf. ELDO n.
ΚΠ
1961 Observer 19 Mar. 5/4 The international working party set up in Paris last week to draw up a programme for Esro, the European Space Research Organisation, is expected to put forward short-term and long-term schemes.
1972 Jrnl. Brit. Astron. Assoc. 82 445 The Science Research Council, ESRO and NASA are considering an ultra-violet observatory satellite SAS-D in geosynchronous orbit.
2003 B. Harvey Europe's Space Programme v. 246 ESA inherited a lively, healthy and largely successful satellite programme from ESRO.
EST n. = Eastern Standard Time n. at eastern adj. and n. Compounds 1 (in both senses).
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the world > time > reckoning of time > [noun] > systems of reckoning time of day
time1646
apparent time1694
local timea1703
Greenwich Mean Time1782
sun time1837
GMT1840
railway time1847
railroad time1849
Greenwich time1861
Eastern time1878
Pacific time1880
Universal Time1882
Eastern Standard Time1883
Mountain time1883
British Standard Time1908
daylight saving1908
zone time1908
LMT1909
British Summer Time1916
summertime1916
U.T.1929
B.S.T.1930
EST1935
British Double Summer Time1941
war time1942
B.D.S.T.1943
ephemeris time1950
1935 N.Y. Times 15 Sept. ix. 11/3 The sign-on time is at 1:30 A. M., E. S. T.
1952 Daily Examiner (Grafton, New S. Wales) 4 Oct. 1 (headline) Exploded at 10.3 a.m. E.S.T.
1994 Canberra Times 26 Feb. d15/6 Responses are required by 2.00 pm EST on Thursday 24 March 1994.
2001 Pop. Sci. Mar. 62/3 There's no typical schedule, beyond waking up at 0600 Greenwich Mean Time (1 a.m. EST) and taking the next 40 minutes for what NASA calls ‘post sleep’.
EST n. now rare and chiefly historical electroshock therapy, electric shock therapy; (also) electric shock treatment; cf. ECT n.
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1945 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 102 185 Under experimental conditions which can be varied to a certain extent, electroshock therapy (E.S.T.) provides the opportunity to study the physical phenomena occurring during and after epileptic fits.
1957 S. H. Kraines Mental Depressions xvi. 456 Many names are given to this technique and its modifications: electric shock therapy (E.S.T.), shock therapy (S.T.), electrocoma (E.C.), electric treatments (E.T.), electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.), [etc.].
2009 Jrnl. Mod. Lit. 32 iii. 85 A precursor to Electric Shock Treatment (EST), Cardiazol or Metrazol therapy..was both brutal and ineffective.
esu n. Physics (now disused) electrostatic unit(s), a unit of charge used in the centimetre-gramme-second system, equal to the charge two objects that are one centimetre apart must possess in order to repel each other with a force of one dyne.Although not compatible with SI Units, the electrostatic unit of charge is generally considered to correspond to approximately 3.34 × 10−10 Coulombs.
ΚΠ
1911 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 85 170 e being..the atomic charge, e.s.u.
1958 E. U. Condon & H. Odishaw Handbk. Physics a 9/2 The cgs unit of charge is called the esu or the statcoulomb.
2016 M. Andrews & N. Yu in A. Godley & P. Xia Physics in Radiation Oncology iv. 88 The original unit [sc. the roentgen] was defined as the amount of radiation that liberates 1 esu (electrostatic unit) of charge per cubic centimeter of air.
ET n. Eastern time (chiefly in North America and Australia).
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1899 Mid Surrey Times & Gen. Advertiser 15 Apr. Four different mean times are kept in the United States and Canada. They are: C.T. (central time), M.T. (mountain time), P.T. (Pacific time), and E.T. (eastern time).
1929 Air Transportation 3 Aug. 10/2 6:00 ET Ar. Cleveland.
2015 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 5 Nov. (Ontario ed.) b1 Nancy Woods..will take your questions in a Globe and Mail live chat Friday at 12 noon ET.
ET n. and adj. originally Science Fiction (a) n. an extraterrestrial being, an alien; (b) adj. extraterrestrial, alien.The term was hugely popularized by Steven Spielberg's 1982 film E.T.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > [noun] > extraterrestrial inhabitant
heavenwareOE
superlunary1649
Selenite1650
lunarian1708
planetarian1778
little green man1802
starling1839
alien1931
space colony1932
space alien1936
ET1944
outworlder1948
off-worlder1957
extra-terrestrial1963
Klingon1968
grey1989
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > inhabitant according to environment > [adjective] > extraterrestrial
alien1929
ET1944
Klingon1968
1944 J. B. Speer Fancyclopedia 2/1 Lowndes imagines a capitalistic future and offers remedies for horrible new maladies, books on spicy customs of e.t.'s, &c.
1957 ‘T. Sturgeon’ Thunder & Roses 189 The xenologists and e-t mineralogists who were crazy enough to work out there.
2003 Focus July 38/2 The other problem with searching for ET radio transmissions is that we assume the aliens are sufficiently advanced technologically to build radio telescopes.
2003 UFO Mag. Sept. 8/1 I am one of the people who have been taken by ETs on a fairly regular basis since I was about five years old.
ETA n. edited to add, with reference to a post on an online discussion group, blog, etc., which has been modified.
Π
2002 Fametracker Forums Rev. & Analyze 2002 VMAs in alt.tv.mtv (Usenet newsgroup) 31 Aug. I'm really not digging Bruce Springsteen's song... ETA: Jimmy Fallon is totally rocking the intro.
2012 S. Gardner & S. Birley Blogging for Dummies (ed. 4) ii. 40 Some bloggers preface the new content with the acronym ETA.
2017 www.mumsnet.com 11 Apr. (forum post, accessed 19 May 2017) ETA, MIL is actually lovely and has a good relationship with all her sons.
ETA n. estimated time of arrival; cf. ETD n.
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1939 Flight 26 Oct. 335/1 A quickly estimated E.T.A., too, will narrow down the area of search if the next outstanding landmark fails to turn up.
1958 ‘N. Shute’ Rainbow & Rose vi. 231 E.T.A. is seven-fifteen.
2011 Z. Strachan Ever fallen in Love 206 He texted Stephie with his ETA.
ETA n.
Brit. /ˈɛtə/
,
U.S. /ˈɛdə/
[ < Basque ETA, initialism < the initial letters of Euzkadi ta Azkatasuna, lit. ‘Basque Country and liberty’] a Basque separatist movement in Spain and France, founded in 1959.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > Spanish politics > [noun] > political associations or societies
Black Hand1883
ETA1963
1963 Times 12 Jan. 6/5 All are said to be members of a movement known as E.T.A., which stands for Euzkadi ta Azkatasuna (Basque country and liberty).
1969 Economist 3 May 36/2 The police arrested Canon Ubieta..on suspicion of having helped an ETA fugitive.
2004 New Yorker 2 Aug. 42/1 Police had learned that the explosive used in the bombings was Goma-2, which ETA no longer used.
ETD n. estimated time of departure; cf. ETA n.
Π
1939 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 43 85 Three hours before the E.T.D. of the aircraft.
1998 Yachts & Yachting 21 Aug. 51/1 (advt.) Load the route into your voyage plan table with your ETD and average speed. The ETA is calculated at each waypoint entered, taking into account effects of tidal currents.
2012 Weekend Post (Cairns, Queensland) (Nexis) 24 Mar. (Weekender section) 6 The family morning rush hour had proved my ETD a little optimistic.
ETF n. Finance exchange-traded fund.
ΚΠ
1999 N.Y. Times 7 Nov. iii. 8/3 Merrill Lynch..recently introduced a tradable fund..which, technically, is not an E.T.F. because its portfolio is fixed, not indexed.
2012 A. Kritzer Forex for Beginners ii. 43 An ETF is almost identical to a mutual fund, with the main difference that it must be listed on an exchange and hence is very easy to buy and sell.
ETO n. originally U.S. (now historical) European Theatre of Operations, with reference to U.S. military operations in Europe during the Second World War, from 1942–5.
ΚΠ
1942 Stars & Stripes (London ed.) 30 Dec. 1/3 (heading) ETO Headquarters Issues Official Ruling on Marriages.
1943 N.Y. Times Mag. 28 Feb. 10 (heading) The New Boss of the ETO. General Andrews, flying officer, comes to the European Theatre of Operations via Panama and the Middle East.
1989 P. Fussell Wartime xi. 158 The army infantry divisions in the ETO had no movie made about them.
2015 P. P. O'Brien How War was Won 225 By April 1943,..the allocation for the ETO was only 70 percent of that for the Pacific.
ETV n. educational television.
Π
1953 N.Y. Times 25 Feb. 26/6 The $3,500,000 installation cost for the entire E-TV system is no more than the approximate cost of constructing two miles of road.
1965 Economist 14 Aug. 583/3 The most popular viewing hour for ETV is from 7 a.m. to 8 a.m.
2007 A. Woolf Focus on Israel x. 43/2 ETV is broadcast on two channels six days a week for about ten hours each day.
EV n. electric vehicle.Earliest in the name of a company manufacturing or dealing in such vehicles.
Π
1905 Town & Country 22 July 41/1 (advt.) Electric Vehicle Company... Washington E.V. Transportation Co., Fifteenth Street and Ohio Avenue.
1980 Washington Post 20 Mar. b1/3 EVs run on batteries and use only small amounts of gasoline for heating.
2015 Somerset Standard & Guardian (Nexis) 5 Feb. 21 Those not yet in the driving seat of an electric car will also be welcomed, to be inspired about the world of EVs and meet EV drivers and supporters.
e.V. n. electronvolt(s).
Π
1935 Proc. Physical Soc. 47 875 With the masses recently proposed.., it will be seen that the reaction requires an energy of 3 x 105eV.
1965 C. S. G. Phillips & R. J. P. Williams Inorg. Chem. I. iii. 67 The transition of diamond to graphite, which involves a profound change of structure, requires a total energy change per atom of as little as 0·02 eV.
2016 European Physical Jrnl. D 70 9 (caption) The threshold energy in eV is shown on the y-axis.
EVA n. extravehicular activity, activity performed by an astronaut while outside of an orbiting spacecraft or space station; (also) an instance of this.
ΚΠ
1965 E. Liverpool (Ohio) Rev. 20 May 18/1 McDivitt and White are indulging in ‘extra vehicular activity’, ‘EVA’ as the spacemen call it.
1987 Space Flight News Nov. 42/4 She [sc. Svetlana Savitskava] performed an EVA outside the Salyut-7 orbital laboratory.
2016 Guardian (Nexis) 15 Jan. (Science section) For most astronauts, EVA is the holy grail, the thing you most want to do at some point in your career.
EW n. chiefly U.S. (now somewhat rare) enlisted woman (or women); cf. EM n.
ΚΠ
1943 F. M. Holbrook & K. D. Neely Memo 15 July in M. E. Treadwell Women's Army Corps (1954) 226 Many complaints were received that the EW could not readily contact her [sc. the Commanding Officer] for conferences.
1989 J. H. Stiehm Arms & Enlisted Woman iv. 99 Responses were taken from officers and NCOs..and from EM and EW separately.
EW n. Military electronic warfare, the use of electromagnetic or directed energy to disrupt, take advantage of, or deny an enemy's use of the electromagnetic spectrum for military purposes, or to attack personnel or physical resources directly.
ΚΠ
1956 Aviation Week 6 Aug. 257/1 For this reason the EW Lab has an Applied Research and Analysis Branch.
1991 Air Force Mag. June 23 (advt.) Tomorrow's fighter aircraft will require even more capable, fully integrated EW systems.
2016 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 23 June 8 The executive described EW as a ‘cat and mouse chess game’ of constant advances, with new ‘counter-counter measures’ developed each time a potential adversary overcomes it.

Draft additions December 2022

EMDR n.
Brit. /ˌiːɛmdiːˈɑː/
,
U.S. /ˌiˌɛmˌdiˈɑr/
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, a technique used by some psychotherapists in the treatment of conditions involving distressing memories or disturbing thoughts, in which the subject recalls negative experiences while being exposed to a visual or other stimulus that moves from side to side.The technique commonly focuses on lateral eye movements, and is somewhat controversial as it lacks an established theoretical basis.
Π
1989 F. Shapiro in Jrnl. Traumatic Stress 2 199 The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the recently developed Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) procedure on traumatic memory symptomatology.]
1991 F. Shapiro in Behavior Therapist May 133 (title) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing procedure: From EMD to EMD/R—a new treatment model for anxiety and related traumata.
1994 New York 9 May 34/2 If several preliminary studies indicating its effectiveness are verified, EMDR, which to newcomers sounds implausible and way too good to be true, may become the psychological wonder cure of the nineties.
2021 M. Baldwin & D. Korn Every Memory deserves Respect iv. 149 There are, in fact, many other elements to EMDR therapy. The therapist assists the client in choosing the best 'target' to focus on and helps him fully ‘activate’ that target—i.e., memory of a traumatic experience or trigger situation—before introducing bilateral stimulation.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2022).

† en.2

Forms:

α. early Old English aæ (dative), early Old English aee (Mercian), early Old English ę, Old English a (transmission error), Old English ae (chiefly Anglian), Old English ææ, Old English æę (Northumbrian, dative), Old English æe, Old English æg- (in compounds, rare), Old English ęe, Old English–early Middle English æ, late Old English e- (Mercian, in compounds), late Old English ie, early Middle English e, early Middle English ea- (in compounds), early Middle English eæ, early Middle English eais (genitive).

β. early Old English ęew (Mercian), Old English æu (chiefly in compounds), Old English æuw- (in compounds), Old English æw (rare), Old English æw- (inflected form and in compounds), Old English æwe- (in compounds), Old English eau- (in compounds), Old English eaw- (inflected form and in compounds), Old English–early Middle English eu- (in compounds), late Old English ecwe (accusative, transmission error), late Old English ęwe, late Old English gewe, late Old English iewe, late Old English–early Middle English ewe, early Middle English æw- (in compounds), early Middle English eaw- (in compounds), early Middle English ewue- (in compounds).

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian ēwe , (monophthongized) ē , Old Dutch ēwa law (Middle Dutch ēwe , eeu , ee law, custom, also (in niewe ee New Testament) covenant, Dutch ee marriage, matrimony (now only in the (chiefly humorous) compound eega spouse; compare German Ehegatte , in same sense)), Old Saxon ēo law, also (in alda ēo Old Testament) covenant (Middle Low German ē , (rare) ēwe , (in late sources) ehe law, (especially) divine law, commandment, covenant (chiefly in ōlde ē Old Testament, nīge ē New Testament), faith, religion, marriage, matrimony), Old High German ēwa , ēha , ēa , ē law, custom (Middle High German ēwe , (more usually, monophthongized) ē , ee law, custom, divine law, covenant (chiefly in altiu ē Old Testament, niuwiu ē New Testament), marriage, matrimony, German Ehe , now only in sense ‘marriage, matrimony’, the sense ‘covenant, (Old or New) Testament’ being obsolete after the 16th cent.); further etymology uncertain and disputed: perhaps < the same Germanic base as o adv. Compare eaubruche n.1The word varies in gender and declension in the various West Germanic languages. In Old English usually a strong feminine, rarely a strong neuter or masculine. Originally an i -stem; between the long stem vowel and i the stem-final w was regularly lost, yielding indeclinable ǣ (see A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §§400, 610.2, R. M. Hogg Gram. Old Eng. (1992) I. §4.8, and compare forms of sea n.). Analogical case endings after other types of nouns are occasionally attested for this stem form: in late Northumbrian and (rarely) in late West Saxon, a genitive singular ǣs (also rare late Northumbrian ǣes , late West Saxon ǣys ) occurs by attraction to the masculine and neuter a -stem declension (in late Northumbrian this form is apparently masculine or neuter). In addition to this, the stem form ǣw- (see β. forms), inflected like a feminine ō -stem, shows preservation of stem-final w ; this stem form is also analogically levelled to the nominative singular. The late West Saxon form ēaw- perhaps shows incipient vocalization of w in ǣw- (and approximation to the diphthong ēa ) with subsequent analogical restoration of w (compare ǣu- , ǣuw- in compounds, and see A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §273). In some late West Saxon texts, the stem form ǣw- is treated as a different word and appears to be distinguished in the sense ‘marriage’ (see sense 2) from the form ǣ in the sense ‘law’ (see sense 1). This semantic distinction is perhaps partly due to association with the related Old English ǣwe wife, spouse (probably use as noun of ǣwe lawful), which in fact is not always easy to distinguish from the β. forms of e n.2 In Old English in early use this was the general word for ‘law’ (both secular and divine); however, from the second half of the 10th cent. onwards, in the face of competition from the Scandinavian borrowing lagu (see law n.1), it is increasingly restricted to the sense ‘divine law’. By the middle of the 13th cent. entirely superseded even in this sense by law n.1 The sense ‘marriage’ may have arisen independently in different Germanic languages and seems to originate in contexts that stress the legitimacy of a marriage or its offspring.
Obsolete.
1. Law, esp. divine law. the new e: the New Testament. the old e: the Old Testament.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > branch of the law > [noun] > common and customary
eeOE
customc1300
common lawa1325
consuetude1496
custom law1616
folk-law1884
eOE Laws of Ine (Corpus Cambr. 173) i. §1. 88 We bebeodað, þætte ealles folces æw & domas..sien gehealdene.
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xxx. 429 Twa & hundseofontig boca þære ealdan æ, & þære niwan he awende on leden.
OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 258 An gecyndelic æ is eallum mancynne gesett, þæt nan man ne gedo dare oðrum menn.
OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 276 Exlex butan æ [c1225 Worcester lawe] oððe utlaga.
OE West Saxon Gospels: John (Corpus Cambr.) xv. 25 On hyra æ [OE Lindisf. in æ hiora, c1200 Hatton on heora lage; L. in lege eorum] awriten ys.
c1175 ( Ælfric Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 24 Þurh his halȝ[an] apostlæs þe þæs Hælendes æ ofer lond seowon.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 145 Þatt hemm wass sett þurrh godess æ.
a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily In Die Sancto Pentecosten (Lamb. 487) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 89 Ðreo tide beoð on þissere worlde. An is þet wes buten e [OE Royal buton æ], and oðer is þe þet wes under þere e, þe þridde is nu... We ne beoð na buten e, ne we ne moten halden moyses e [OE Royal moyses æ] licamliche.
2. Marriage. Also: the marriage vow.In later use only in compounds, as eaubruche n.1, eaubruche n.2, eaubrekere n. at eaubruche n.2 Derivatives.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > action or fact of marrying > [noun]
eeOE
weddingc1000
wivingOE
contractc1315
marriagec1325
matrimony1357
unionc1475
maritagec1478
briding1566
espousal1566
match1574
intermarriage1579
despousing1609
espousement1623
nuptial1630
coupling1641
splice1830
intermarrying1843
contraction1885
yokemating1891
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > wedding or nuptials > marriage vows or bonds > [noun] > vow
eeOE
wedlocka1100
wed1390
marriagec1395
marriage vow1602
bed-vow1609
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. v. 280 His agnum wife.., þæt him mid rehte æ forgifen & geþeoded wæs [L. legitimo sibi matrimonio coniunctam].
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xix. 185 Lufiað ge weras eowere wif on æwe; ne beo ge bitere him.
OE Ælfric Let. to Wulfgeat (Hatton) in B. Assmann Angelsächsische Homilien u. Heiligenleben (1889) 6 Godes word þe forbyt, þæt þu ne beo forliger, ne þin æwe ne brece.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1091 And gif se eorl forðferde butan sunu be rihtre æwe, wære se cyng yrfenuma of eallon Normandig.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

En.3

Brit. /iː/, U.S. /i/
Forms: 1900s– E, 1900s– e.
Origin: Formed within English, as an initialism. Etymon: ecstasy n.
Etymology: < the initial letter of ecstasy n.
Ecstasy, a recreational amphetamine-based drug having euphoric effects, typically taken in the form of a pill (see ecstasy n. Additions). Also: a pill or tablet in which the main active ingredient is ecstasy.Particularly associated with clubbing and dance music subcultures.
ΚΠ
1985 Face Oct. 89/3 In June this year you could have walked in and bought Ecstasy, or ‘E’ over the counter.
1989 Blitz Dec. 47/2 In Manchester a teenage girl died after a tainted dose of E allegedly invaded her lymph system.
1997 I should be dancing..no! 19 Sept. in alt.rave (Usenet newsgroup) Some e's are just shite but most aren't—make sure you're in a good mood before you take one.
2002 Inhaling E 10 July in alt.drugs.ecstasy (Usenet newsgroup) Snorting E is ok, hurts a bit but a quicker buzz.
2005 GQ Sept. 196/1 DJs realised people on E would dance to virtually anything.
2017 @Lobby317537 8 Feb. in twitter.com (O.E.D. Archive) Listening to old school dance and thinking about how amazing it would be for everyone in the office to drop some E.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.
ΚΠ
1991 Kids on LSD/XTC—trend or fad? 21 Sept. in misc.kids (Usenet newsgroup) One said ‘I'm on 4 hits of acid, man’, the others said they were on multiple hits of E-tabs.
1999 Xtacy 16 June in alt.rave (Usenet newsgroup) Your first E trip is always your best.
2001 How often do you do e? 21 July in alt.drugs.ecstasy (Usenet newsgroup) We still love going to raves and having private e parties with our close friends, but there's nothing like doing it together alone.
2004 T. N. Baker Sheisty 47 She had a lil of dis lil of dat, cocaine, weed, and e-pills.
2015 @Nortnad 26 Feb. in twitter.com (O.E.D. Archive) We should drop thousands of E tablets in war zones, that will get the people in the partying mood.
C2.
E-head n. slang a habitual user of Ecstasy.
ΚΠ
1989 Spectator 4 Nov. 22/2 One disc jockey..pointed out that ‘tens of thousands of suburban E-heads will not want to be confronted by a few thousand inner-city black boys.’
1995 Echoes 30 Sept. 27/1 Never..do they abandon real house for the new wave or pander to the E-heads and rev up the bpms.
2009 L. Taylor Heiresses xii. 143 An E-head,..desperate to hug her, dance with her, and confide what a fantastic person she was.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

> see also

also refers to : † e-prefix1
also refers to : e-prefix2
also refers to : e-comb. form1
also refers to : e-comb. form2
<
n.1OEn.2eOEn.31985
see also
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