eachadj.pron.

Brit.

/iːtʃ/, U.S.

/itʃ/

Forms:

α. early Old English oelc (Mercian), Old English æcne (accusative singular masculine, rare), Old English æl (transmission error), Old English eolc (rare), Old English hælc (Northumbrian), Old English–early Middle English aelc, Old English–early Middle English ælc, Old English (rare)–early Middle English ealc, Old English–early Middle English elc, late Old English æcl (transmission error), late Old English æclc (transmission error), late Old English ealch (Kentish), late Old English eælc (Kentish), late Old English–early Middle English æalc, late Old English–early Middle English æc, late Old English–early Middle English (in copy of Old English charter) ælcc, late Old English–early Middle English ælch, late Old English–early Middle English ællc, early Middle English alc, early Middle English alch, early Middle English alk (in copy of Old English charter), early Middle English æch, early Middle English æche, early Middle English æhc, early Middle English ælene (accusative singular masculine, in copy of Old English charter), early Middle English ec, early Middle English ehc, early Middle English elche, early Middle English elene (accusative singular masculine, transmission error), early Middle English elhc, early Middle English ȝelc, early Middle English helch, Middle English ach, Middle English ache, Middle English eayche, Middle English ecch, Middle English ecche, Middle English eeche, Middle English elch, Middle English esch, Middle English esche, Middle English eych, Middle English hech, Middle English heche, Middle English–1500s eiche, Middle English–1500s eyche, Middle English–1600s eache, Middle English–1600s ech, Middle English–1600s eche, Middle English–1700s eich, Middle English (1700s archaic) elke, Middle English– each, late Middle English echee, 1500s–1600s eatch; English regional 1800s aitch, 1800s etch, 1800s eych, 1800s eyche, 1800s yeach, 1800s– aich; also Scottish pre-1700 eche, pre-1700 eich, pre-1700 elk, pre-1700 helk. Middle English and early modern English forms with stem vowel ei, ey may in some instances belong rather at γ. .eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) civ. 31 (36) Percussit omnem primogenitum in terra aegypti : slog oelc frumbearn in eorðan ægipta.OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) vii. 17 Swa ælc god treow byrþ gode wæstmas.a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 29 Elch pine [of helle] is fremed on þre fold wise.a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 75 Ec of heom wrat..his uers.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7411 Habbe alc god mon his rihte.a1399 in W. G. Benham Oath Bk. Colchester (1907) 8 Beir a last iiijd.; and for each barel ob.c1425 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Harl.:Wright) l. 4920 + 36 Seynt Petur..tormented hym sore ynou þat hech lyme hym oke.a1475 MS Sloane 1986 f. 30, in J. H. Parker Domest. Archit. (1859) III. 69 In halle make fyre at eyche a mele.1570 B. Googe tr. T. Kirchmeyer Popish Kingdome iv. f. 48 Eche partie hath his fauourers, and faythfull friendes enowe.1616 Southampton Court Leet Rec. (1907) iii. 512 We have..from eache of them..taken some smale quantities of there howesholde vnassized bread.1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the Second 20 Each Night we Dye, Each Morn are born anew.1890 S. S. Buckman John Darke's Sojourn in Cotteswolds x. 110 'Bout two men to yeach varm 'twill be soon.1951 E. Rickman Come Racing with Me x. 84 A very small bet ‘each way’.2016 Arts & Bk. Rev. (Nexis) 19 Mar. (Bks. section) 26 Acerbic, melancholic humour..drips off each and every page.

β. early Old English gihuelc, early Old English gihuuuelc, Old English gehilcre (dative singular feminine, perhaps transmission error), Old English gehuelc (Northumbrian), Old English gehwelc, Old English gehwilc, Old English gehwylra (genitive plural, perhaps transmission error), Old English gehylc (rare), Old English gewhylc (perhaps transmission error), Old English gewilc (rare), Old English ghwilcere (dative singular feminine, transmission error), Old English gihwelc (Northumbrian), Old English–early Middle English gehwylc, Old English (rare)–early Middle English gewylc, late Old English gefylce (plural, transmission error), late Old English geghwilc, late Old English gehweolc, early Middle English gehwulc, early Middle English ȝehwilc, early Middle English ȝehwylc, early Middle English ȝehylc, early Middle English ȝewilc, early Middle English ȝeylce (dative, perhaps transmission error), early Middle English hywilc, early Middle English ihulch, early Middle English ihwlc, early Middle English ihwlke (dative), early Middle English ihwulc, early Middle English ihwulch, early Middle English ihwulk, early Middle English iwhillc ( Ormulum), early Middle English iwi- (south-west midlands, in compounds), early Middle English iwil- (south-west midlands, in compounds), early Middle English iwilc (south-west midlands), early Middle English iwilch (south-west midlands), early Middle English iwulc- (inflected form), early Middle English iwulch (south-west midlands), early Middle English iwulk (south-west midlands), early Middle English uich (south-west midlands), early Middle English ulk (south-west midlands), early Middle English uwil (south-west midlands), early Middle English uwilc (south-west midlands), early Middle English uwilch (south-west midlands), early Middle English uwlch (south-west midlands), early Middle English vich (south-west midlands), early Middle English vych (south-west midlands), Middle English vuch (south-east midlands). eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) xi. 2 Uana locutus est unusquisque ad proximum suum : ða idlan spreocende is anra gehwelc to ðæm nestan.OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xiii. 284 Ioseph..wæs Cristes fosterfæder: & mid his fultume, & frofre, on gehwilcum þingum him þenode on ðære menniscnysse.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 10784 Iwhillc mann.a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 121 Seh ut on iwulche half.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12916 He þe awalt iwildel [c1300 Otho euereidel].a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 72 Þar-inne is vich balewes bote.c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xli. 15 Vuch daye.

γ. early Old English aeghwilc, early Old English eihwilc (Kentish), early Old English ęghwelc, early Old English ęghwilc, early Old English oeghuelc, early Old English oeghuuelc, early Old English oeghwelc (Mercian), early Old English oghwelc (Mercian), Old English ægehwilc (rare), Old English æghuoelc (Northumbrian), Old English æghwelcicum (dative singular neuter, transmission error), Old English æghwilc, Old English æghwylc, Old English æghylc (rare), Old English ægwilc (rare), Old English ægwylc (rare), Old English eghuælc (Northumbrian), Old English eghuelc (Northumbrian), Old English eghueolc (Northumbrian), Old English eghuęlc (Northumbrian), Old English eghulc (Northumbrian), Old English eghuoelc (Northumbrian), Old English eghwelc (chiefly non-West Saxon), Old English eghweolc (Northumbrian), Old English eghwoelc (Northumbrian), Old English eguelc (Northumbrian, probably transmission error), Old English egwylc (rare), Old English ehuelc (Northumbrian, probably transmission error), Old English eihwelc (Northumbrian), Old English ęghuelc (Northumbrian), Old English ęghwylc (rare), Old English–early Middle English (in copy of Old English charter) æghwelc, Old English (rare)–early Middle English æighwylc, Old English (rare)–Middle English (in copy of Old English charter) eghwilc, late Old English æihwilc, late Old English eghwælc, late Old English egwilc, early Middle English aighwilc, early Middle English æȝhwilc, early Middle English æȝhwylc, early Middle English æȝhylc, early Middle English æigþwylcum (dative, transmission error), early Middle English eilc (south-west midlands), early Middle English eulne (south-west midlands, accusative), early Middle English ewc (west midlands), early Middle English ewilc (south-west midlands), early Middle English ewilch (south-west midlands), Middle English euch (chiefly south-west midlands), Middle English euche (chiefly west midlands), late Middle English oeuch (south-west midlands), late Middle English oeuche (south-west midlands); English regional (Lancashire) 1800s oich, 1800s oitch, 1800s oych, 1800s oytch. eOE Metres of Boethius (partly from transcript of damaged MS) (2009) xiv. 5 Þeah..him mon erigen scyle æghwelce dæg æcera ðusend.OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) vi. 34 Æghwylc [c1200 Hatton aighwilc] dæg hæfð genoh on hys agenum ymbhogan.a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily In Die Sancto Pentecosten (Lamb. 487) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 93 He ȝef ewilcum of þan wurhtan selcuðe speche.a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 17 Þet þu beode eilcmon al swa þu waldest þet me dude þe.a1250 Lofsong Lefdi (Nero) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 205 On euche half abuten.?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 124 World is wel falliþ vnliche And noȝt euch man ilich.a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 211 He sholde loue and haue in charite good men and ryghtfull, hate wronges, yeue euche man hesyn, helpe tho that nede haue.?1857 J. Scholes Tim Gamwattle's Jawnt iii. 13 Peg ud leyd oytch thing reddy for mi.1886 H. Cunliffe Gloss. Rochdale-with-Rossendale Words & Phrases Oich, each.

δ. early Old English (Mercian) early Middle English (south-west midlands) ylc, Old English ilc, late Old English hilc (perhaps transmission error), early Middle English ulch (south-west midlands), Middle English ilch, Middle English ilche, Middle English ische, Middle English itche, Middle English jche, Middle English uch, Middle English uche, Middle English vcch, Middle English vch, Middle English vche, Middle English vsch (north-west midlands), Middle English ylche, Middle English–1500s ich, Middle English–1500s iche, Middle English–1500s ych, Middle English–1500s yche, late Middle English oche (north-west midlands), late Middle English uchi (south-west midlands, before a vowel); see also ilk adj.² and pron.²eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) lxxvii. 51 Percussit omnem primogenitum in terra aegypti : slog ylc frumbearn on eorðan.OE Inscription on Sundial, Kirkdale Church, Yorks. in E. Okasha Hand-list of Anglo-Saxon non-runic Inscriptions (1971) 88 Þis is dæges solmerca æt ilcvm tide.c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 143 Ylc mon sceolde æfre embe twelf monðe þone teoðe dæl his weorld æltæ [read weorldæhtæ] Gode syllen.a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 181 Ilch man of his wise noteð his swinhc.a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 65 Ulche dei.c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 3596 Ich of hem wel noble was.a1450 (?a1390) J. Mirk Instr. Parish Priests (Claud.) (1974) l. 416 Owre vche dayes bred, we þe pray.?1548 J. Bale Comedy Thre Lawes Nature ii. sig. Cv These two wyll hym so vse, Ich one in their abuse.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Probably a partial merging of three distinct words (although many details of the form history remain problematic): (i) Old English ǣlc (see α. forms), probably showing a reduced form of one or more constructions of disputed identity; compare with similar reduction Old Frisian ek , hek , ik , elk , ellik , Middle Dutch elc , ellic , elec , eelc , ilc , illic (Dutch elk ), Middle Low German elk , ellik , all in sense ‘each, every’, and see note; (ii) Old English gehwilc (see β. forms), cognate with Old Saxon gihwilīk (Middle Low German gewelīk ), Old High German gihwelīh < a prefixed form (compare y- prefix) of the Germanic base of which adj. and pron.; (iii) Old English ǣghwilc (see γ. forms), cognate with Middle Dutch iegewelc , Old Saxon eogihwelīk (Middle Low German ioiewelk , ioiewelīk ), Old High German iogihwelīh , iogiwelīh < the Germanic base of o adv. + the Germanic base of Old English gehwilc (see (ii) above); compare further (either with reduction of the medial syllable or showing a distinct formation < the Germanic base of o adv. + the Germanic base of which adj.) Old Frisian jāwelik , jāwelk , jēwelik , jowelik , Middle Dutch iewelc , Middle Low German iewelīk , iewelk , iowelīk , iowelk , julik , Old High German iowëlih (Middle High German iewëlich , iewëlch ). See also ilk adj.², ilk pron.²Germanic origins. The origin of Old English ǣlc (see α. forms) and its relationship with the reduced forms in other West Germanic languages cited at (i) above is uncertain and disputed. Several underlying West Germanic constructions have been proposed. a) It has been suggested that these forms may arise from a construction corresponding to Old English *ā gelīc ‘always alike’ (see o adv. and ylike adj.), assumed also to underlie Old Dutch iegilīk (Middle Dutch ieghelijc , Dutch iegelijk ), and perhaps also Old High German iogilīh (Middle High German iegelich , ieclich , German jeglich ), although the German forms could alternatively be explained as reduced forms of compounds listed at (iii) in the main etymology above. Although phonologically plausible, this explanation presents semantic problems, as it is unclear how a construction with the sense ‘always alike’ should develop a sense ‘each’. b) It has alternatively been argued that Old English ǣlc arose as a reduction of Old English ǣghwilc (see (iii) above), with Old Frisian elk , ek , Middle Dutch elc , etc. showing similar reduction from forms cited at (iii). c) Another view derives Old English ǣlc , together with the North Sea Germanic reduced forms, from a phrase corresponding to Old English *ān gelīca , lit. ‘one fellow, one peer’ (see one adj. and ylike n.), with Old Dutch einuuilikīn ‘each, every’ cited as evidence for the underlying compound. However, the origin of the Old Dutch word is uncertain; its second element has alternatively been identified with the Germanic base of which adj. (compare similarly Old Saxon ēnhwilik , Old High German einwelīh ). Given the range of variants attested for the West Germanic reduced forms cited at (i) in the main etymology, it is possible that they originate from more than one of the longer constructions in the sense ‘each, every’ detailed here. Distribution in Old English. In attested Old English sources ǣlc is overall noticeably more common than gehwilc , and ǣghwelc is the least frequent. However, preferences vary considerably across individual writers and texts. Notes on forms. On the development of the word-final affricate compare which adj. and pron. and the discussion at ylike adj. and n. See also discussion of probable paradigmatic levelling at ilk adj.² and pron.² The α. forms appear to show Old English ǣlc and its reflexes. This is the source of modern Standard English each (Brit.

/iːtʃ/, U.S.

/itʃ/). The loss of l before the following affricate apparently occurred during the transition period from Old English to early Middle English (compare forms of which adj. and pron. and such adj. and pron.). The vowel of ǣlc was originally long (the i-mutation of early Old English long ā < West Germanic ai ) and may have directly yielded the Middle English form with long open ē which underlies the modern standard form, although some of the Middle English forms clearly show reflexes of a shortened vowel, e.g. alch at α. forms (and some spellings with e from south-eastern areas could instead show reflexes of ylc ). With the early Mercian variant ōēlc (apparently showing the i-mutation of long ō ) compare Mercian ōēghwelc , form of Old English ǣghwilc (see γ. forms); compare further the β. forms at o adv. (i.e. these forms are probably of similar phonological origin, whether or not o adv. is etymologically related). Old English ēlc (perhaps also showing the same mutation) is rare and attested unambiguously only in Northumbrian, but Northumbrian ēghwelc (see γ. forms) is better attested; the origin of these forms, however, is disputed. Later forms with e are more likely to show reflexes of ǣlc . Early Mercian ylc , which is apparently the antecedent of the δ. forms, may represent an early reduced form of the same base as ōēlc . Although not attested in Old English in other sources except the Vespasian Psalter, ylc seems to be directly continued in early Middle English (south-west midlands) ylc (compare quots. c1175 at sense A. 1a(a), c1175 at sense B. 3), and its other Middle English reflexes suggest a much wider distribution; see further discussion at ilk adj.² and pron.² It is possible that some spellings with c listed at ilk adj.² and pron.² may instead belong in this section (if they in fact reflect forms with palatalized consonant). Isolated occurrences of the form ilc in later Old English, possibly showing an unrounded reflex of ylc (compare quot. OE at δ. forms), have been alternatively explained as reflecting confusion with ilk adj.¹ In Middle English some of the reflexes of ylc , ǣghwilc , and gehwilc are no longer easy to distinguish and it is difficult to assign reduced forms confidently to the δ. , β. , or γ. forms. Notes on phrases. Certain phrases beginning with each adj. were sometimes written as single words in the Middle English period (like the modern forms of anyone pron., everybody pron.). Compare e.g. vchadel for each a deal at deal n.¹ 5a (beside ilkadele for ilk a deal at deal n.¹ 5a), eachedayes for each day's at Phrases 2, ichone at each one pron. δ. forms (beside ilkane pron.), etc., and also e.g. ychemon in quot. a1450 at sense A. 1a(a). For similar development of a phrase with each adj. as its second element, compare every adj. However, word division in the Old English and Middle English examples sometimes reflects editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the scribe.

A. adj. (attributive) (in later use, determiner).

1. Used as a universal quantifier with a singular noun.

†a. Used as an equivalent to all or both with a plural noun and without reference to the separate members of the set: = every adj. 1.

(a) Preceding the noun or modifying adjective: every. Obsolete.each and every originally had the same scope, the latter being in origin a more emphatic form of each with prefixation of the adverb ever (Old English ǣfre ǣlc).In Old English sometimes in plural (modifying a plural noun), with the sense ‘all’; this use survives very occasionally into early Middle English.

ΘΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [adjective] > each

eachOE

aa1200

the1426

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [noun] > an individual thing or person > each

eachOE

eitherOE

every or each several?a1562

OE Ælfric Homily (Corpus Cambr. 162) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 253 Ælc man hæfð agenne cyre hwæt he lufige on his lifes timan.

OE Rule St. Benet (Corpus Cambr.) iii. 15 On ælcum þingum [a1225 Winteney on eallum þingum; L. in omnibus] hie sceolon habban þone regol to lareowe.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1101 On þa gerad..þet se eorl Rotbert ælce geare sceolde of Englalande þreo þusend marc seolfres habban.

c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 143 Ylc mon sceolde æfre embe twelf monðe þone teoðe dæl his weorld æltæ [read weorldæhtæ] Gode syllen.

a1225 ( Rule St. Benet (Winteney) (1888) xiv. 51 On Godes halgena freolstydum & on æalcan [OE Corpus Cambr. eallum] oðrum massedægum..eallswa beo þonne gedon.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 195 (MED) He wot in siȝt in eche [a1300 Jesus Oxf. euche] songe.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1488 Uch wiȝh þat it wist.

c1390 Castle of Love (Vernon) (1967) l. 28 (MED) Vche mon ouȝte wiþ al his mihte Loftsong syngen to God ȝerne.

a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1869) I. 301 Ebreus clepen ech water a see.

a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) l. 1106 (MED) Redy To help ychemon in his nede.

c1475 (a1400) Sir Amadace (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 47 Iche mon in thayre degre.

1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes sig. A.ii^v (heading) Description of Spring, wherin eche thing renewes, saue onelie the louer.

1590 W. Vallans Tale Two Swannes 1 Time outweares eche creature that doth liue.

1637 J. Milton Comus 2 Neptune besides the sway Of every salt Flood, and each ebbing Streame [etc.].

1669 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense (ed. 3) 11 Gardners had need each Star as well to know..as Sea-men.

(b) With a or an (also one) before the noun: every. Obsolete.See also ilka adj.

ΘΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > [adjective] > not specified > of every kind > each or every

eacheOE

anyOE

allOE

everyOE

ilkc1175

ilkac1175

ilkinc1175

all and sundry1389

ever alla1513

all sundry1562

eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) iv. vi. 92 On ælcre anre talentan wæs lxxx punda.

OE Blickling Homilies 91 Syx dagum ær þissum dæge gelimpeþ syllice tacn æghwylce ane dæge.

a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily In Die Sancto Pentecosten (Lamb. 487) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 87 Þet heo sculden offrien of elchan hiwscipe [OE Royal æt ælcum hiwisce] gode an lomb.

?a1300 Maximian (Digby) l. 76 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 94 (MED) Ich wes..Proud in euchan pres, And wlonk in euchan res.

c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 47 A forward fast þai bond Þat ich aman schul ioien his.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 511 Vch a burn of þis world worchipeþ him one.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xxiii. l. 19 He dronk of eche a diche.

a1475 (a1450) Tournam. of Tottenham (Harl.) (1930) l. 112 In ycha stede þer þay me se.

a1500 (?a1425) tr. Secreta Secret. (Lamb.) 98 (MED) Vche a wyt hauys in hym his represent.

c1600 (?c1395) Pierce Ploughman's Crede (Trin. Cambr. R.3.15) (1873) l. 702 (MED) It is her mete at iche a mel.

b. Used to give the same sense in relation to individual members of an identifiable set as all or both before a plural noun give in relation to the aggregate: every (individual of a definite group) regarded or treated separately.each now resembles every in being used with a singular noun, but differs from it in referring to the members of a numerically definite group (e.g. each theory is open to objection in contrast with every theory is open to objection), and hence in being capable of use in relation to a set of only two.

(a) As the first constituent in a noun phrase.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Ezek. xxxvii. 7 Bones wenten to boones, eche [L. unumquodque] to his ioynture.

1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 16 Eche monk in the place to haue xijd..eche man a french loof and a quart wyn.

a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 5 (MED) Ych nyght he ȝede yn.

?1570 tr. Shepardes Kalendar (rev. ed.) xiv. sig. H.vi From the shoulders to the elbow in eche arme is a bone called the adiutor.

1586 W. Warner Albions Eng. i. iv. 11 How the Godds of Sun and Seas, offended doe require Each month a Virgin.

a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 48 Allowinge to each waine two folkes, viz. a forker and a loader.

1683 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 13 101 Each whole Sheet opened containing but one Plant and its parts.

1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the Second 20 Each Night we Dye, Each Morn are born anew.

1790 Gen. Evening Post 14 Dec. 1/4 In the Account of each Bird the proper English Name will be first given,..and occasional, explanatory, and expletive Notes will be added.

1820 J. Keats Lamia ii, in Lamia & Other Poems 37 Before each lucid pannel fuming stood A censer.

1874 J. Morley On Compromise 96 Each citizen of the latter is an incorporated member of the former.

1919 E. H. Starling Feeding of Nations vi. 127 Each individual can buy of it according to his desire and satisfy his Calorie needs above those supplied in the rations.

1970 Financial Times 2 Jan. 2/3 The mileage for each fare would also be adjusted.

2016 Swindon Advertiser (Nexis) 20 Dec. Each person's individual personality traits really come out.

(b) poetic. After a possessive (usually a determiner). Cf. every adj. 1c.

ΚΠ

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. xi. sig. V6^v What toong can her perfections tell In whose each part all pens may dwell?

1598 J. Dickenson Greene in Conceipt 53 The bodyes each-sicknesse may be expelled by choyce of symples.

a1637 B. Jonson Under-woods 203 in Wks. (1640) III God lightens not at mans each fraile offence.

1646 R. Crashaw Steps to Temple 49 A Face, in whose each looke, Beauty layes ope loves Fortune-booke.

a1740 J. Brereton Poems (1744) 97 To God thy tuneful Voice devote, Let Alleluja's ever grace thy each melodious Note.

1838 I. Williams Cathedral 93 Tho' still the same, yet varying still, Our each successive want to fill.

1943 J. K. Baxter Coll. Poems (1980) i. 19 Teeming they weep, rejoice, Gill, fang, and stem; Our each desire has voice Innate in them.

2014 B. Dutta My Life & My Songs 22 My poets are the artist, and their each poem is an image filled with excellent colors.

†2. After without or but: even a single, the slightest; = any adj. 1b. Cf. all adj. 4. Obsolete.

ΘΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > any, however small

eacheOE

anyOE

leastOE

ever anyOE

smallc1330

a blind1938

eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xl. 289 Ðonne hie wenað ðæt hiera unðeawas sien sum god cræft, ðonne gadriað hie hie & ieceað butan ælcum ege.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) i. 187 He is acenned of þam fæder on heofonum buton ælcere meder [a1225 Vesp. A.xxii buton elcer moder].

?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 13 (MED) Buta ælce læcecrafte.

c1300 Life & Martyrdom Thomas Becket (Harl. 2277) (1845) l. 480 (MED) Withoute ech delay.

B. pron. Used, with individual reference, of all the members of a given set.

1. With reference to a preceding noun phrase or followed by a partitive of-phrase: every one.When acting as subject of the clause, usually with singular agreement, but sometimes with plural agreement according to the context.In quots. OE¹, OE² with partitive genitive.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xxii. 356 Ure ælc gehyrde hu hi spræcon urum gereordum.

OE Genesis A (1931) 1521 Ælc hine selfa ærest begrindeð gastes dugeðum þære [read þæra] þe mid gares orde oðrum aldor oðþringeð.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 999 For ælc [c1300 Otho ecche] hefde his iwillen.

c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 3596 Ich of hem wel noble was.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) Prol. l. 516 (MED) Eche in his compleignte telleth How that the world is al miswent.

c1405 (c1375) G. Chaucer Monk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 155 He..maked ech of hem to been his thral.

a1475 Revelations St. Birgitta (Garrett) (1929) 21 (MED) They ar elke colde from the lofe of God.

1513 T. More Hist. Edward V (1641) 13 Each laboureth to breake that the other maketh.

1588 J. Udall Demonstr. Trueth of Discipline xi. 55 If God do vsually bestow doctrine and exhortation vpon seuerall persons, wherein eche is found to excell.

1678 R. Barclay Apol. True Christian Divinity xi. §7. 354 Each made it their work to retire inwardly to the Measure of Grace in themselves.

1739 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 16 Apr. (1932) (modernized text) II. 363 Each of these verses have five feet.

1837 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. (ed. 2) III. xxii. 354 Each has his own place marked out for him.

1872 J. Morley Voltaire i. 3 Each did much to..purify the spiritual self-respect of mankind.

1905 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 3 Oct. 1159/1 The combination of treads or platforms of which each is adapted to support a passenger standing thereon.

1965 A. Ralston First Course Numerical Anal. iii. 57 This enables us to generate a sequence of interpolants each involving one more tabular point than the previous one.

2015 Wall St. Jrnl. 7 Mar. c13/4 Schussele visited each of the characters in the painting.

2. Used so as to indicate distribution of a plurality of things among the members of a set.

a. Distributing a plural subject or object (e.g. the labourers will each receive a reward).

OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xx. 9 Þa onfengon hig ælc his pening.

lOE Homily: De Sancto Iohanne (Vesp. D.xiv) in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 147 Fægere gegreteð ealle Fenix, writigeð and singeð ealle abuten him, ælc on his wisen.

a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 75 (MED) Þe twelue apostles..ec of heom wrat þer of his uers.

?1510 T. More tr. G. F. Pico della Mirandola Lyfe I. Picus sig. c.i^v Iche of them aftir their deseruinge.

1587 L. Mascall First Bk. Cattell ii. 110 Others take fenegreke, and baies, licoras, and turmericke, of ech a halfepeny worth.

1688 G. Parker & J. Stalker Treat. Japaning xviii. 54 Priming may be afforded for 6d. the pound, the other two will cost each of them 3d the ounce.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 130 Studious of Honey, each in his Degree.

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 19 His majesty's heirs and successors, each in his time and order.

1911 Catholic Encycl. XI. 337/2 The good and the wicked shall receive the retribution each has merited.

1945 Times 13 Feb. 4/1 The forces of the three Powers will each occupy a separate zone of Germany.

2004 S. Rothstein Predicates & Their Subj. x. 313 Four farmers have each built a fence.

†b. Used to indicate distribution with reference to a pronoun in genitive plural (e.g. their each poem = ‘the poem of each of them’). Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) xiii. 149 Two rocks..whose each strength binds The boist'rous waves in from the high-flown winds.

1704 N. Rowe Ulysses ii. i. 944 The massie Goblets..Whose each capacious Womb..Portended witless Mirth.

c. In final position in a clause, following a noun phrase expressing quantity (especially a statement of price): to, for, or by every one of a group.Originally an extension of sense B. 2a by the postponement of each from immediate proximity to the noun or pronoun to which it refers (e.g. the books each cost £5, the books cost £5 each). Subsequently used without anaphoric reference to a noun or pronoun in the preceding clause (e.g. there was enough for a glass each, there's one piece each), where the function of each resembles that of an adverb.

1650 W. Potter Key of Wealth i. vii. 18 He of whom the Whole-sale-man procures his ware, nor yet the Retayler to whom he sells it, under 5. s. each.

1673 tr. Mercury-gallant xiii. 105 Fifty Unregimented Companies, containing 200 men each.

1695 E. Hatton Merchant's Mag. sig. X4 18 Serge Denims that cost 6l. each.

1721 R. Bradley Gen. Treat. Husbandry & Gardening I. 84 About the same Time I likewise purchased twenty Turkeys, which cost me about one Shilling each.

1761 Gen. Evening Post 18 July The Peggy, of Borrowstowness, has got two fish,..and the Grand Tully, of Dundee, and the Aberdeen, of Aberdeen, have got one each.

1784 J. Abercrombie Propagation & Bot. Arrangem. Plants & Trees II. (end matter) (advt.) The Parliamentary Register..; price 1s. each.

1819 Jrnl. Senate Virginia 170 Our muskets cost $10 86 cents each, and our rifles $17 50 cents each.

1826 Sporting Mag. Feb. 282/1 A sweepstakes of 10 sovereigns each.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 309 The lords of the bedchamber [had] a thousand a year each.

1892 Sunday at Home 20 Aug. 671/1 Eat, my children. One cake each.

1962 Your Federal Income Tax 147/2 They cost $15 each, and she spent $6 having them laundered.

1984 Frontline Feb. 33 It [sc. a peach] quickly does the rounds. One bite each.

2016 Express Online (Nexis) 13 Nov. Light up your home with house-style tea light holders, light-up pyramids and baubles, which cost from £14.99 each.

3. As subject of a clause and followed by other (inflected in Old English) as object or complement of a verb, preposition, or noun, with reciprocal meaning. Now archaic or poetic.each immediately followed by other as clausal object gave rise to each other pron. at Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > correlation > [noun] > mutuality or reciprocity > each other

eithereOE

each otherOE

ilk otherc1275

togetherc1330

one another1340

every other1389

OE Battle of Maldon (1942) 234 Us is eallum þearf þæt ure æghwylc oþerne bylde wigan to wige.

OE Wulfstan Christian Life (Hatton) 208 Ne ænig ne syrwe ne oðrum ne swicie, ac healde ælc oðerne mid rihtre getrywðe.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1104 Feower circulas to þam middæge onbutan þære sunnan.., ælc under oðran gebroiden.

c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 174 Ylc blissæþ on oðres gode & on oðres murhðe.

a1200 (?OE) MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 149 Þat we sholden biwepen ure elch oðres sinne.

1258 Proclam. Henry III in Trans. Philol. Soc. (1868–9) 21 Þæt æhc oþer helpe þæt for to done.

c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 31 And pleide & gamenede ehc wiþ oþer.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 2237 In armes louely eche lauȝt oþer.

c1400 Brut (Rawl. B. 171) 278 Þousandes felle to þe gronde, eche oppon oþer.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cxi. 133 [He] saluted them eche after other.

1615 J. Wadsworth Let. 1 Apr. in W. Bedell Lett. (1624) 7 How these two could be..members..participant each of other.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 683 Responsive each to others note.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 37 Justled each the other too much.

1820 J. Keats Isabella in Lamia & Other Poems 59 Each unconfines His bitter thoughts to other.

1875 E. Magnússon & W. Morris tr. Three Northern Love Stories 57 They two alone fought together with fierce onsets and mighty strokes, which they dealt each the other.

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xiv. [Oxen of the Sun] 369 They had had ado each with other in the house of misericord where this learning knight lay.

1997 T. Pynchon Mason & Dixon 28 The twins consult each the other's Phiz, pretending to be stricken.

Phrases

†P1. each kins: of every kind, every kind of. Obsolete.See also ilkin adj. [Frequently also with the first element in the genitive; compare β. forms at alkin adj. and discussion at that entry.]

OE Ælfric Gloss. (St. John's Oxf.) 315 Sicera, ælces cynnes [c1225 Worcester ilches cunnes] gewringc buton wine anum.

OE Homily: Sunnandæges Spell (Tiber. A.iii) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 217 Þær wæran elces cynnes wihta twa gemeccan.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4025 Þe king bi-gon seruise on ælches cunnes [c1300 Otho in eche kinnes] wise.

a1300 (?c1200) Prov. Alfred (Jesus Oxf.) (1955) 125 Vyches cunnes madmes.

†P2. each day's: daily; everyday. Obsolete.

eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. lxii. 134 Wiþ ælces dæges fefere drince on cealdum wætere betonican dustes þæt ænne pening gewege.]

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 112 Þe echedayes dol þet god yefþ to his wel wilynde.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 512 (MED) His echedaies fantasie Of sorghe is evere aliche.

1422 Will of Peryne Clanbowe (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/2B) f. 429^v Myn echedaies gown.

c1450 (c1400) Bk. Vices & Virtues (Huntington) (1942) 110 (MED) We clepeþ hym oure echedaies bred, þat is of euery day.

a1649 R. Crashaw Carmen Deo Nostro (1652) 30 Your each day's deuotion duly brings Three kingdomes to supply this day's three kings.

P3. each other——: every other—— , every alternate——. Now rare.In quot. c1350 showing ilk adj.² in equivalent use.

ΚΠ

c1350 ( Bounds (Sawyer 716) in D. A. Woodman Charters of Northern Houses (2012) (corrected text) 128 Ilc oðer acra be eastan hode.]

c1400 Brut (Rawl. B. 171) 152 For whiche ransoun to bene payede, eche oþere chalice of Engeland was molten & made in to monye.

1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. v. sig. E.iij When they are sicke, they heale them selues, eyther with fasting or vomiting: & that eyther euery eche other daye, or euery third daye, or fourthe.

1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xl. 1087 Many yeares after there were created foure Pretors according to the law Baebia, which provided that there should be each other yeare foure chosen.

1660 J. Sadler Olbia sig. D3 If each other Month had but 29 days.

1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VI. lii. 198 It ended in a compromise for a fee each other time.

1780 Virgil tr. W. Mills Georgics 8 Suffer the land to rest each other year, And, lying fallow, to recruit its strength.

1830 Times 4 June The precautionary treatment of invariably physicking them in the spring, by three purgatives, one each other day.

1902 Maine Reg. 210 Adjourned sessions, second Tuesday of each other month.

1956 Financial Times 13 Jan. 11/2 It is the responsibility of those who seek to rule to govern and help raise living standards and comforts, not only to use fluent words and bring a crisis each other year.

P4. all and each (also each and all): every example or instance of something; every single one. Cf. all and every at every adj. and pron. Phrases 2.

c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 79 Þou, holy goost..hast and art alle and ech of þe same noble dignitees..as þe fadir and sone.

1554 J. Gwynneth Declar. State wherin Heretikes leade Liues vii. f. 6 These three, that is to witte, more then trewthe, lesse then trewthe, and other then trewthe, are all and eache of them, euen as farre from trewthe, as trewthe it selfe is from no trewthe.

1591 H. Barrow Plaine Refut. Giffardes Bk. 198 Christ hauing therfore giuen vnto each and all of them his sacred power and aucthoritie to binde and to loose in earth.

1622 tr. True Originall Edict of Nants 31 Those of the Religion..shall reenter into the reall and actuall possession of all and each of their goods.

1649 H. Hammond Christians Obligations i. 24 By the opposition to each and all of these five, you will be able to make up the new qualified spirit, the spirit of the Gospel.

1782 W. Cowper John Gilpin 239 And all and each that passed that way Did join in the pursuit.

1867 T. C. Anstey Notes Represent. People Act 47 The Franchise in all and each was the same.

1929 L. W. Reese Victorian Village 121 These two were of that stripe of politics which belongs to each and all—the desire to make an honest living and keep away from disaster.

1992 Esquire Feb. 76/1 These were supposed to be the big boys, titans all and each.

2014 J. Mandle & D. A. Reidy Comp. Rawls i. 24 Under what conditions do they each and all have good reason to acquiesce in collective action determined by voting?

P5. each and every: (used for emphasis) absolutely all, every single; cf. each and all at Phrases 4.

1536 J. Gwynneth Confutacyon Fyrst Parte Frythes Boke viii. sig. c.viii^v The hole trauth, of the hole fayth, is in eche and euery syngulare parte of it no more, no lesse, none other, but without any dyfference, euen the very same.

1655 Compl. Clark 66 A lawfull and sufficient Acquittance, upon the receipt of each and every sum aforementioned.

1770 Trial W. Wemms 8 Upon each and every of these several indictments, the prisoners at the bar have been arraigned.

1857 N.-Y. Evangelist 20 Aug. 271/4 (advt.) Each and every kind of Fruit and Vegetable..can be preserved for years in their fresh state.

1940 M. Hopper How to play Winning Checkers iv. 33 The beginner..falls into each and every trap and pitfall set for him.

1990 J. Bradshaw Homecoming ii. 56 Children are natural Zen masters; their world is brand-new in each and every moment.

2016 Arts & Bk. Rev. (Nexis) 19 Mar. (Bks. section) 26 Acerbic, melancholic humour..drips off each and every page.

P6. equal each to each: (Geometry) designating corresponding parts of two geometric figures of the same type that are equal in magnitude, position, etc. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1705 E. Scarburgh Eng. Euclide 234 In the foregoing Definition of like Figures, all the Angles are to be equal, each to each, and all the sides about the equal Angles directly proportional to one another.

1840 D. Lardner Treat. Geom. xiv. 164 The component plates..being equal in number, and equal each to each in magnitude, the volumes of the pyramids composed of them will be equal.

1972 Math. in School 1 23/2 The three angles will..then be equal each to each.

P7. each way: (in betting) used to denote that a horse, etc., has been backed for both a win and a place; also in extended use.

a. Used adverbially.

ΚΠ

1869 Cassell's Mag. 4 170/2 One pound on Blue Gown each way.

1897 E. H. Cooper Mr. Blake vi I'll just go and put a little bit on Highborn for this race..; only fifty pounds or so each way.

1926 G. Frankau Masterson xvi Cynthia had decided to ‘risk a couple of Bradbury's each way’.

1951 E. Rickman Come Racing with Me x. 84 A very small bet ‘each way’.

2017 Chronicle (Toowoomba, Queensland) (Nexis) 23 Jan. 26 The winner She's Right was backed each-way at $5 and bookies had a small loss on the race.

b. attributive.

ΚΠ

1915 Coolgardie (W. Austral.) Miner 16 Jan. 4/2 Jack Brennan..will still lay you the little each way bet.

1930 Daily Mail 17 June 14/2 Sun Glory..has a useful each-way chance.

1963 Times 15 Feb. 11/4 Why should Britain back the 625 line horse to win when we can place an each-way bet on the dual standard?

2005 Northern Echo 6 Sept. 19/4 Punters prepared to have an each-way dabble at reasonable odds.

P8. each to his (also her, their) own: everyone is entitled to his or her own tastes and preferences.

1886 R. C. Temple Fallon's Dict. Hindustani Prov. 16/1 Apnā apnā ḍhaṅg hai. To each his own way. (Quot homines tot sententiæ.)]

1907 Christian Observer 11 Dec. 21 Each to his own. It is an old saying that a man is himself in his pleasures.

1980 G. Josipovici Echo Chamber ii. 24 ‘The old civilisations for me,’ Peter said. ‘Each to his own,’ Mildred said.

2005 Z. Smith On Beauty 105 Strange date to pick for a party, but then each to their own.

Compounds

each other pron. (also (Scottish) †each others) used as a reciprocal pronoun (as object and in the genitive) = one another. In later use also (colloquial) as subject, e.g. we know what each other are doing.Some commentators on usage restrict each other to two parties and one another to more than two, but such a distinction is seldom found in actual use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > [adjective] > belonging to a series > every other/every second

every other1389

each other?c1450

every (also each) alternate ——1658

?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 23 (MED) They..plucked eche other bi the here of the hede.

1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) ii. vi. sig. cviii^v We wil helpe eche other.

1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes h j b That you..should thus vnkindly, vnnaturally, and vnchristenly bathe youre swoordes in eche others blode.

1594 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. II. 338 Helping eche other so farre as wee may.

a1649 W. Drummond Hist. Scotl. (1655) 193 They mutually entertained and feasted each others at the Christ-mass in..S. Andrews.

1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 47. ⁋2 These Two Lovers seem'd..made for each other.

1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth i, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. II. 24 To defy each other to mortal combat.

1835 B. Dockray On Mutual Tolerance 33 The uncertainty under which the parties remain, on what each other are really meaning, in their several differences of opinion.

1927 E. Bowen Hotel iii. 21 So that they might get to know each other and understand each other's ways.

1993 C. MacDougall Lights Below 76 We both know what each other knows.

2016 Parents Jan. 78/3 Preschoolers often hug and squeeze each other too hard.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	each
释义	eachadj.pron. Brit. /iːtʃ/, U.S. /itʃ/ Forms: α. early Old English oelc (Mercian), Old English æcne (accusative singular masculine, rare), Old English æl (transmission error), Old English eolc (rare), Old English hælc (Northumbrian), Old English–early Middle English aelc, Old English–early Middle English ælc, Old English (rare)–early Middle English ealc, Old English–early Middle English elc, late Old English æcl (transmission error), late Old English æclc (transmission error), late Old English ealch (Kentish), late Old English eælc (Kentish), late Old English–early Middle English æalc, late Old English–early Middle English æc, late Old English–early Middle English (in copy of Old English charter) ælcc, late Old English–early Middle English ælch, late Old English–early Middle English ællc, early Middle English alc, early Middle English alch, early Middle English alk (in copy of Old English charter), early Middle English æch, early Middle English æche, early Middle English æhc, early Middle English ælene (accusative singular masculine, in copy of Old English charter), early Middle English ec, early Middle English ehc, early Middle English elche, early Middle English elene (accusative singular masculine, transmission error), early Middle English elhc, early Middle English ȝelc, early Middle English helch, Middle English ach, Middle English ache, Middle English eayche, Middle English ecch, Middle English ecche, Middle English eeche, Middle English elch, Middle English esch, Middle English esche, Middle English eych, Middle English hech, Middle English heche, Middle English–1500s eiche, Middle English–1500s eyche, Middle English–1600s eache, Middle English–1600s ech, Middle English–1600s eche, Middle English–1700s eich, Middle English (1700s archaic) elke, Middle English– each, late Middle English echee, 1500s–1600s eatch; English regional 1800s aitch, 1800s etch, 1800s eych, 1800s eyche, 1800s yeach, 1800s– aich; also Scottish pre-1700 eche, pre-1700 eich, pre-1700 elk, pre-1700 helk. Middle English and early modern English forms with stem vowel ei, ey may in some instances belong rather at γ. .eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) civ. 31 (36) Percussit omnem primogenitum in terra aegypti : slog oelc frumbearn in eorðan ægipta.OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) vii. 17 Swa ælc god treow byrþ gode wæstmas.a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 29 Elch pine [of helle] is fremed on þre fold wise.a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 75 Ec of heom wrat..his uers.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7411 Habbe alc god mon his rihte.a1399 in W. G. Benham Oath Bk. Colchester (1907) 8 Beir a last iiijd.; and for each barel ob.c1425 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Harl.:Wright) l. 4920 + 36 Seynt Petur..tormented hym sore ynou þat hech lyme hym oke.a1475 MS Sloane 1986 f. 30, in J. H. Parker Domest. Archit. (1859) III. 69 In halle make fyre at eyche a mele.1570 B. Googe tr. T. Kirchmeyer Popish Kingdome iv. f. 48 Eche partie hath his fauourers, and faythfull friendes enowe.1616 Southampton Court Leet Rec. (1907) iii. 512 We have..from eache of them..taken some smale quantities of there howesholde vnassized bread.1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the Second 20 Each Night we Dye, Each Morn are born anew.1890 S. S. Buckman John Darke's Sojourn in Cotteswolds x. 110 'Bout two men to yeach varm 'twill be soon.1951 E. Rickman Come Racing with Me x. 84 A very small bet ‘each way’.2016 Arts & Bk. Rev. (Nexis) 19 Mar. (Bks. section) 26 Acerbic, melancholic humour..drips off each and every page. β. early Old English gihuelc, early Old English gihuuuelc, Old English gehilcre (dative singular feminine, perhaps transmission error), Old English gehuelc (Northumbrian), Old English gehwelc, Old English gehwilc, Old English gehwylra (genitive plural, perhaps transmission error), Old English gehylc (rare), Old English gewhylc (perhaps transmission error), Old English gewilc (rare), Old English ghwilcere (dative singular feminine, transmission error), Old English gihwelc (Northumbrian), Old English–early Middle English gehwylc, Old English (rare)–early Middle English gewylc, late Old English gefylce (plural, transmission error), late Old English geghwilc, late Old English gehweolc, early Middle English gehwulc, early Middle English ȝehwilc, early Middle English ȝehwylc, early Middle English ȝehylc, early Middle English ȝewilc, early Middle English ȝeylce (dative, perhaps transmission error), early Middle English hywilc, early Middle English ihulch, early Middle English ihwlc, early Middle English ihwlke (dative), early Middle English ihwulc, early Middle English ihwulch, early Middle English ihwulk, early Middle English iwhillc ( Ormulum), early Middle English iwi- (south-west midlands, in compounds), early Middle English iwil- (south-west midlands, in compounds), early Middle English iwilc (south-west midlands), early Middle English iwilch (south-west midlands), early Middle English iwulc- (inflected form), early Middle English iwulch (south-west midlands), early Middle English iwulk (south-west midlands), early Middle English uich (south-west midlands), early Middle English ulk (south-west midlands), early Middle English uwil (south-west midlands), early Middle English uwilc (south-west midlands), early Middle English uwilch (south-west midlands), early Middle English uwlch (south-west midlands), early Middle English vich (south-west midlands), early Middle English vych (south-west midlands), Middle English vuch (south-east midlands). eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) xi. 2 Uana locutus est unusquisque ad proximum suum : ða idlan spreocende is anra gehwelc to ðæm nestan.OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xiii. 284 Ioseph..wæs Cristes fosterfæder: & mid his fultume, & frofre, on gehwilcum þingum him þenode on ðære menniscnysse.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 10784 Iwhillc mann.a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 121 Seh ut on iwulche half.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12916 He þe awalt iwildel [c1300 Otho euereidel].a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 72 Þar-inne is vich balewes bote.c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xli. 15 Vuch daye. γ. early Old English aeghwilc, early Old English eihwilc (Kentish), early Old English ęghwelc, early Old English ęghwilc, early Old English oeghuelc, early Old English oeghuuelc, early Old English oeghwelc (Mercian), early Old English oghwelc (Mercian), Old English ægehwilc (rare), Old English æghuoelc (Northumbrian), Old English æghwelcicum (dative singular neuter, transmission error), Old English æghwilc, Old English æghwylc, Old English æghylc (rare), Old English ægwilc (rare), Old English ægwylc (rare), Old English eghuælc (Northumbrian), Old English eghuelc (Northumbrian), Old English eghueolc (Northumbrian), Old English eghuęlc (Northumbrian), Old English eghulc (Northumbrian), Old English eghuoelc (Northumbrian), Old English eghwelc (chiefly non-West Saxon), Old English eghweolc (Northumbrian), Old English eghwoelc (Northumbrian), Old English eguelc (Northumbrian, probably transmission error), Old English egwylc (rare), Old English ehuelc (Northumbrian, probably transmission error), Old English eihwelc (Northumbrian), Old English ęghuelc (Northumbrian), Old English ęghwylc (rare), Old English–early Middle English (in copy of Old English charter) æghwelc, Old English (rare)–early Middle English æighwylc, Old English (rare)–Middle English (in copy of Old English charter) eghwilc, late Old English æihwilc, late Old English eghwælc, late Old English egwilc, early Middle English aighwilc, early Middle English æȝhwilc, early Middle English æȝhwylc, early Middle English æȝhylc, early Middle English æigþwylcum (dative, transmission error), early Middle English eilc (south-west midlands), early Middle English eulne (south-west midlands, accusative), early Middle English ewc (west midlands), early Middle English ewilc (south-west midlands), early Middle English ewilch (south-west midlands), Middle English euch (chiefly south-west midlands), Middle English euche (chiefly west midlands), late Middle English oeuch (south-west midlands), late Middle English oeuche (south-west midlands); English regional (Lancashire) 1800s oich, 1800s oitch, 1800s oych, 1800s oytch. eOE Metres of Boethius (partly from transcript of damaged MS) (2009) xiv. 5 Þeah..him mon erigen scyle æghwelce dæg æcera ðusend.OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) vi. 34 Æghwylc [c1200 Hatton aighwilc] dæg hæfð genoh on hys agenum ymbhogan.a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily In Die Sancto Pentecosten (Lamb. 487) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 93 He ȝef ewilcum of þan wurhtan selcuðe speche.a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 17 Þet þu beode eilcmon al swa þu waldest þet me dude þe.a1250 Lofsong Lefdi (Nero) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 205 On euche half abuten.?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 124 World is wel falliþ vnliche And noȝt euch man ilich.a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 211 He sholde loue and haue in charite good men and ryghtfull, hate wronges, yeue euche man hesyn, helpe tho that nede haue.?1857 J. Scholes Tim Gamwattle's Jawnt iii. 13 Peg ud leyd oytch thing reddy for mi.1886 H. Cunliffe Gloss. Rochdale-with-Rossendale Words & Phrases Oich, each. δ. early Old English (Mercian) early Middle English (south-west midlands) ylc, Old English ilc, late Old English hilc (perhaps transmission error), early Middle English ulch (south-west midlands), Middle English ilch, Middle English ilche, Middle English ische, Middle English itche, Middle English jche, Middle English uch, Middle English uche, Middle English vcch, Middle English vch, Middle English vche, Middle English vsch (north-west midlands), Middle English ylche, Middle English–1500s ich, Middle English–1500s iche, Middle English–1500s ych, Middle English–1500s yche, late Middle English oche (north-west midlands), late Middle English uchi (south-west midlands, before a vowel); see also ilk adj.² and pron.²eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) lxxvii. 51 Percussit omnem primogenitum in terra aegypti : slog ylc frumbearn on eorðan.OE Inscription on Sundial, Kirkdale Church, Yorks. in E. Okasha Hand-list of Anglo-Saxon non-runic Inscriptions (1971) 88 Þis is dæges solmerca æt ilcvm tide.c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 143 Ylc mon sceolde æfre embe twelf monðe þone teoðe dæl his weorld æltæ [read weorldæhtæ] Gode syllen.a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 181 Ilch man of his wise noteð his swinhc.a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 65 Ulche dei.c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 3596 Ich of hem wel noble was.a1450 (?a1390) J. Mirk Instr. Parish Priests (Claud.) (1974) l. 416 Owre vche dayes bred, we þe pray.?1548 J. Bale Comedy Thre Lawes Nature ii. sig. Cv These two wyll hym so vse, Ich one in their abuse. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Probably a partial merging of three distinct words (although many details of the form history remain problematic): (i) Old English ǣlc (see α. forms), probably showing a reduced form of one or more constructions of disputed identity; compare with similar reduction Old Frisian ek , hek , ik , elk , ellik , Middle Dutch elc , ellic , elec , eelc , ilc , illic (Dutch elk ), Middle Low German elk , ellik , all in sense ‘each, every’, and see note; (ii) Old English gehwilc (see β. forms), cognate with Old Saxon gihwilīk (Middle Low German gewelīk ), Old High German gihwelīh < a prefixed form (compare y- prefix) of the Germanic base of which adj. and pron.; (iii) Old English ǣghwilc (see γ. forms), cognate with Middle Dutch iegewelc , Old Saxon eogihwelīk (Middle Low German ioiewelk , ioiewelīk ), Old High German iogihwelīh , iogiwelīh < the Germanic base of o adv. + the Germanic base of Old English gehwilc (see (ii) above); compare further (either with reduction of the medial syllable or showing a distinct formation < the Germanic base of o adv. + the Germanic base of which adj.) Old Frisian jāwelik , jāwelk , jēwelik , jowelik , Middle Dutch iewelc , Middle Low German iewelīk , iewelk , iowelīk , iowelk , julik , Old High German iowëlih (Middle High German iewëlich , iewëlch ). See also ilk adj.², ilk pron.²Germanic origins. The origin of Old English ǣlc (see α. forms) and its relationship with the reduced forms in other West Germanic languages cited at (i) above is uncertain and disputed. Several underlying West Germanic constructions have been proposed. a) It has been suggested that these forms may arise from a construction corresponding to Old English ā gelīc ‘always alike’ (see o adv. and ylike adj.), assumed also to underlie Old Dutch iegilīk* (Middle Dutch ieghelijc , Dutch iegelijk ), and perhaps also Old High German iogilīh (Middle High German iegelich , ieclich , German jeglich ), although the German forms could alternatively be explained as reduced forms of compounds listed at (iii) in the main etymology above. Although phonologically plausible, this explanation presents semantic problems, as it is unclear how a construction with the sense ‘always alike’ should develop a sense ‘each’. b) It has alternatively been argued that Old English ǣlc arose as a reduction of Old English ǣghwilc (see (iii) above), with Old Frisian elk , ek , Middle Dutch elc , etc. showing similar reduction from forms cited at (iii). c) Another view derives Old English ǣlc , together with the North Sea Germanic reduced forms, from a phrase corresponding to Old English ān gelīca , lit. ‘one fellow, one peer’ (see one adj. and ylike n.), with Old Dutch einuuilikīn* ‘each, every’ cited as evidence for the underlying compound. However, the origin of the Old Dutch word is uncertain; its second element has alternatively been identified with the Germanic base of which adj. (compare similarly Old Saxon ēnhwilik , Old High German einwelīh ). Given the range of variants attested for the West Germanic reduced forms cited at (i) in the main etymology, it is possible that they originate from more than one of the longer constructions in the sense ‘each, every’ detailed here. Distribution in Old English. In attested Old English sources ǣlc is overall noticeably more common than gehwilc , and ǣghwelc is the least frequent. However, preferences vary considerably across individual writers and texts. Notes on forms. On the development of the word-final affricate compare which adj. and pron. and the discussion at ylike adj. and n. See also discussion of probable paradigmatic levelling at ilk adj.² and pron.² The α. forms appear to show Old English ǣlc and its reflexes. This is the source of modern Standard English each (Brit. /iːtʃ/, U.S. /itʃ/). The loss of l before the following affricate apparently occurred during the transition period from Old English to early Middle English (compare forms of which adj. and pron. and such adj. and pron.). The vowel of ǣlc was originally long (the i-mutation of early Old English long ā < West Germanic ai ) and may have directly yielded the Middle English form with long open ē which underlies the modern standard form, although some of the Middle English forms clearly show reflexes of a shortened vowel, e.g. alch at α. forms (and some spellings with e from south-eastern areas could instead show reflexes of ylc ). With the early Mercian variant ōēlc (apparently showing the i-mutation of long ō ) compare Mercian ōēghwelc , form of Old English ǣghwilc (see γ. forms); compare further the β. forms at o adv. (i.e. these forms are probably of similar phonological origin, whether or not o adv. is etymologically related). Old English ēlc (perhaps also showing the same mutation) is rare and attested unambiguously only in Northumbrian, but Northumbrian ēghwelc (see γ. forms) is better attested; the origin of these forms, however, is disputed. Later forms with e are more likely to show reflexes of ǣlc . Early Mercian ylc , which is apparently the antecedent of the δ. forms, may represent an early reduced form of the same base as ōēlc . Although not attested in Old English in other sources except the Vespasian Psalter, ylc seems to be directly continued in early Middle English (south-west midlands) ylc (compare quots. c1175 at sense A. 1a(a), c1175 at sense B. 3), and its other Middle English reflexes suggest a much wider distribution; see further discussion at ilk adj.² and pron.² It is possible that some spellings with c listed at ilk adj.² and pron.² may instead belong in this section (if they in fact reflect forms with palatalized consonant). Isolated occurrences of the form ilc in later Old English, possibly showing an unrounded reflex of ylc (compare quot. OE at δ. forms), have been alternatively explained as reflecting confusion with ilk adj.¹ In Middle English some of the reflexes of ylc , ǣghwilc , and gehwilc are no longer easy to distinguish and it is difficult to assign reduced forms confidently to the δ. , β. , or γ. forms. Notes on phrases. Certain phrases beginning with each adj. were sometimes written as single words in the Middle English period (like the modern forms of anyone pron., everybody pron.). Compare e.g. vchadel for each a deal at deal n.¹ 5a (beside ilkadele for ilk a deal at deal n.¹ 5a), eachedayes for each day's at Phrases 2, ichone at each one pron. δ. forms (beside ilkane pron.), etc., and also e.g. ychemon in quot. a1450 at sense A. 1a(a). For similar development of a phrase with each adj. as its second element, compare every adj. However, word division in the Old English and Middle English examples sometimes reflects editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the scribe. A. adj. (attributive) (in later use, determiner). 1. Used as a universal quantifier with a singular noun. †a. Used as an equivalent to all or both with a plural noun and without reference to the separate members of the set: = every adj. 1. (a) Preceding the noun or modifying adjective: every. Obsolete.each and every originally had the same scope, the latter being in origin a more emphatic form of each with prefixation of the adverb ever (Old English ǣfre ǣlc).In Old English sometimes in plural (modifying a plural noun), with the sense ‘all’; this use survives very occasionally into early Middle English. ΘΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [adjective] > each eachOE aa1200 the1426 the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [noun] > an individual thing or person > each eachOE eitherOE every or each several?a1562 OE Ælfric Homily (Corpus Cambr. 162) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 253 Ælc man hæfð agenne cyre hwæt he lufige on his lifes timan. OE Rule St. Benet (Corpus Cambr.) iii. 15 On ælcum þingum [a1225 Winteney on eallum þingum; L. in omnibus] hie sceolon habban þone regol to lareowe. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1101 On þa gerad..þet se eorl Rotbert ælce geare sceolde of Englalande þreo þusend marc seolfres habban. c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 143 Ylc mon sceolde æfre embe twelf monðe þone teoðe dæl his weorld æltæ [read weorldæhtæ] Gode syllen. a1225 ( Rule St. Benet (Winteney) (1888) xiv. 51 On Godes halgena freolstydum & on æalcan [OE Corpus Cambr. eallum] oðrum massedægum..eallswa beo þonne gedon. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 195 (MED) He wot in siȝt in eche [a1300 Jesus Oxf. euche] songe. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1488 Uch wiȝh þat it wist. c1390 Castle of Love (Vernon) (1967) l. 28 (MED) Vche mon ouȝte wiþ al his mihte Loftsong syngen to God ȝerne. a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1869) I. 301 Ebreus clepen ech water a see. a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) l. 1106 (MED) Redy To help ychemon in his nede. c1475 (a1400) Sir Amadace (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 47 Iche mon in thayre degre. 1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes sig. A.ii^v (heading) Description of Spring, wherin eche thing renewes, saue onelie the louer. 1590 W. Vallans Tale Two Swannes 1 Time outweares eche creature that doth liue. 1637 J. Milton Comus 2 Neptune besides the sway Of every salt Flood, and each ebbing Streame [etc.]. 1669 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense (ed. 3) 11 Gardners had need each Star as well to know..as Sea-men. (b) With a or an (also one) before the noun: every. Obsolete.See also ilka adj. ΘΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > [adjective] > not specified > of every kind > each or every eacheOE anyOE allOE everyOE ilkc1175 ilkac1175 ilkinc1175 all and sundry1389 ever alla1513 all sundry1562 eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) iv. vi. 92 On ælcre anre talentan wæs lxxx punda. OE Blickling Homilies 91 Syx dagum ær þissum dæge gelimpeþ syllice tacn æghwylce ane dæge. a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily In Die Sancto Pentecosten (Lamb. 487) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 87 Þet heo sculden offrien of elchan hiwscipe [OE Royal æt ælcum hiwisce] gode an lomb. ?a1300 Maximian (Digby) l. 76 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 94 (MED) Ich wes..Proud in euchan pres, And wlonk in euchan res. c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 47 A forward fast þai bond Þat ich aman schul ioien his. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 511 Vch a burn of þis world worchipeþ him one. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xxiii. l. 19 He dronk of eche a diche. a1475 (a1450) Tournam. of Tottenham (Harl.) (1930) l. 112 In ycha stede þer þay me se. a1500 (?a1425) tr. Secreta Secret. (Lamb.) 98 (MED) Vche a wyt hauys in hym his represent. c1600 (?c1395) Pierce Ploughman's Crede (Trin. Cambr. R.3.15) (1873) l. 702 (MED) It is her mete at iche a mel. b. Used to give the same sense in relation to individual members of an identifiable set as all or both before a plural noun give in relation to the aggregate: every (individual of a definite group) regarded or treated separately.each now resembles every in being used with a singular noun, but differs from it in referring to the members of a numerically definite group (e.g. each theory is open to objection in contrast with every theory is open to objection), and hence in being capable of use in relation to a set of only two. (a) As the first constituent in a noun phrase. Π c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Ezek. xxxvii. 7 Bones wenten to boones, eche [L. unumquodque] to his ioynture. 1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 16 Eche monk in the place to haue xijd..eche man a french loof and a quart wyn. a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 5 (MED) Ych nyght he ȝede yn. ?1570 tr. Shepardes Kalendar (rev. ed.) xiv. sig. H.vi From the shoulders to the elbow in eche arme is a bone called the adiutor. 1586 W. Warner Albions Eng. i. iv. 11 How the Godds of Sun and Seas, offended doe require Each month a Virgin. a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 48 Allowinge to each waine two folkes, viz. a forker and a loader. 1683 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 13 101 Each whole Sheet opened containing but one Plant and its parts. 1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the Second 20 Each Night we Dye, Each Morn are born anew. 1790 Gen. Evening Post 14 Dec. 1/4 In the Account of each Bird the proper English Name will be first given,..and occasional, explanatory, and expletive Notes will be added. 1820 J. Keats Lamia ii, in Lamia & Other Poems 37 Before each lucid pannel fuming stood A censer. 1874 J. Morley On Compromise 96 Each citizen of the latter is an incorporated member of the former. 1919 E. H. Starling Feeding of Nations vi. 127 Each individual can buy of it according to his desire and satisfy his Calorie needs above those supplied in the rations. 1970 Financial Times 2 Jan. 2/3 The mileage for each fare would also be adjusted. 2016 Swindon Advertiser (Nexis) 20 Dec. Each person's individual personality traits really come out. (b) poetic. After a possessive (usually a determiner). Cf. every adj. 1c. ΚΠ a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. xi. sig. V6^v What toong can her perfections tell In whose each part all pens may dwell? 1598 J. Dickenson Greene in Conceipt 53 The bodyes each-sicknesse may be expelled by choyce of symples. a1637 B. Jonson Under-woods 203 in Wks. (1640) III God lightens not at mans each fraile offence. 1646 R. Crashaw Steps to Temple 49 A Face, in whose each looke, Beauty layes ope loves Fortune-booke. a1740 J. Brereton Poems (1744) 97 To God thy tuneful Voice devote, Let Alleluja's ever grace thy each melodious Note. 1838 I. Williams Cathedral 93 Tho' still the same, yet varying still, Our each successive want to fill. 1943 J. K. Baxter Coll. Poems (1980) i. 19 Teeming they weep, rejoice, Gill, fang, and stem; Our each desire has voice Innate in them. 2014 B. Dutta My Life & My Songs 22 My poets are the artist, and their each poem is an image filled with excellent colors. †2. After without or but: even a single, the slightest; = any adj. 1b. Cf. all adj. 4. Obsolete. ΘΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > any, however small eacheOE anyOE leastOE ever anyOE smallc1330 a blind1938 eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xl. 289 Ðonne hie wenað ðæt hiera unðeawas sien sum god cræft, ðonne gadriað hie hie & ieceað butan ælcum ege. OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) i. 187 He is acenned of þam fæder on heofonum buton ælcere meder [a1225 Vesp. A.xxii buton elcer moder]. ?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 13 (MED) Buta ælce læcecrafte. c1300 Life & Martyrdom Thomas Becket (Harl. 2277) (1845) l. 480 (MED) Withoute ech delay. B. pron. Used, with individual reference, of all the members of a given set. 1. With reference to a preceding noun phrase or followed by a partitive of-phrase: every one.When acting as subject of the clause, usually with singular agreement, but sometimes with plural agreement according to the context.In quots. OE¹, OE² with partitive genitive. Π OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xxii. 356 Ure ælc gehyrde hu hi spræcon urum gereordum. OE Genesis A (1931) 1521 Ælc hine selfa ærest begrindeð gastes dugeðum þære [read þæra] þe mid gares orde oðrum aldor oðþringeð. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 999 For ælc [c1300 Otho ecche] hefde his iwillen. c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 3596 Ich of hem wel noble was. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) Prol. l. 516 (MED) Eche in his compleignte telleth How that the world is al miswent. c1405 (c1375) G. Chaucer Monk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 155 He..maked ech of hem to been his thral. a1475 Revelations St. Birgitta (Garrett) (1929) 21 (MED) They ar elke colde from the lofe of God. 1513 T. More Hist. Edward V (1641) 13 Each laboureth to breake that the other maketh. 1588 J. Udall Demonstr. Trueth of Discipline xi. 55 If God do vsually bestow doctrine and exhortation vpon seuerall persons, wherein eche is found to excell. 1678 R. Barclay Apol. True Christian Divinity xi. §7. 354 Each made it their work to retire inwardly to the Measure of Grace in themselves. 1739 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 16 Apr. (1932) (modernized text) II. 363 Each of these verses have five feet. 1837 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. (ed. 2) III. xxii. 354 Each has his own place marked out for him. 1872 J. Morley Voltaire i. 3 Each did much to..purify the spiritual self-respect of mankind. 1905 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 3 Oct. 1159/1 The combination of treads or platforms of which each is adapted to support a passenger standing thereon. 1965 A. Ralston First Course Numerical Anal. iii. 57 This enables us to generate a sequence of interpolants each involving one more tabular point than the previous one. 2015 Wall St. Jrnl. 7 Mar. c13/4 Schussele visited each of the characters in the painting. 2. Used so as to indicate distribution of a plurality of things among the members of a set. a. Distributing a plural subject or object (e.g. the labourers will each receive a reward). Π OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xx. 9 Þa onfengon hig ælc his pening. lOE Homily: De Sancto Iohanne (Vesp. D.xiv) in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 147 Fægere gegreteð ealle Fenix, writigeð and singeð ealle abuten him, ælc on his wisen. a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 75 (MED) Þe twelue apostles..ec of heom wrat þer of his uers. ?1510 T. More tr. G. F. Pico della Mirandola Lyfe I. Picus sig. c.i^v Iche of them aftir their deseruinge. 1587 L. Mascall First Bk. Cattell ii. 110 Others take fenegreke, and baies, licoras, and turmericke, of ech a halfepeny worth. 1688 G. Parker & J. Stalker Treat. Japaning xviii. 54 Priming may be afforded for 6d. the pound, the other two will cost each of them 3d the ounce. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 130 Studious of Honey, each in his Degree. View more context for this quotation 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 19 His majesty's heirs and successors, each in his time and order. View more context for this quotation 1911 Catholic Encycl. XI. 337/2 The good and the wicked shall receive the retribution each has merited. 1945 Times 13 Feb. 4/1 The forces of the three Powers will each occupy a separate zone of Germany. 2004 S. Rothstein Predicates & Their Subj. x. 313 Four farmers have each built a fence. †b. Used to indicate distribution with reference to a pronoun in genitive plural (e.g. their each poem = ‘the poem of each of them’). Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ ?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) xiii. 149 Two rocks..whose each strength binds The boist'rous waves in from the high-flown winds. 1704 N. Rowe Ulysses ii. i. 944 The massie Goblets..Whose each capacious Womb..Portended witless Mirth. c. In final position in a clause, following a noun phrase expressing quantity (especially a statement of price): to, for, or by every one of a group.Originally an extension of sense B. 2a by the postponement of each from immediate proximity to the noun or pronoun to which it refers (e.g. the books each cost £5, the books cost £5 each). Subsequently used without anaphoric reference to a noun or pronoun in the preceding clause (e.g. there was enough for a glass each, there's one piece each), where the function of each resembles that of an adverb. Π 1650 W. Potter Key of Wealth i. vii. 18 He of whom the Whole-sale-man procures his ware, nor yet the Retayler to whom he sells it, under 5. s. each. 1673 tr. Mercury-gallant xiii. 105 Fifty Unregimented Companies, containing 200 men each. 1695 E. Hatton Merchant's Mag. sig. X4 18 Serge Denims that cost 6l. each. 1721 R. Bradley Gen. Treat. Husbandry & Gardening I. 84 About the same Time I likewise purchased twenty Turkeys, which cost me about one Shilling each. 1761 Gen. Evening Post 18 July The Peggy, of Borrowstowness, has got two fish,..and the Grand Tully, of Dundee, and the Aberdeen, of Aberdeen, have got one each. 1784 J. Abercrombie Propagation & Bot. Arrangem. Plants & Trees II. (end matter) (advt.) The Parliamentary Register..; price 1s. each. 1819 Jrnl. Senate Virginia 170 Our muskets cost $10 86 cents each, and our rifles $17 50 cents each. 1826 Sporting Mag. Feb. 282/1 A sweepstakes of 10 sovereigns each. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 309 The lords of the bedchamber [had] a thousand a year each. 1892 Sunday at Home 20 Aug. 671/1 Eat, my children. One cake each. 1962 Your Federal Income Tax 147/2 They cost $15 each, and she spent $6 having them laundered. 1984 Frontline Feb. 33 It [sc. a peach] quickly does the rounds. One bite each. 2016 Express Online (Nexis) 13 Nov. Light up your home with house-style tea light holders, light-up pyramids and baubles, which cost from £14.99 each. 3. As subject of a clause and followed by other (inflected in Old English) as object or complement of a verb, preposition, or noun, with reciprocal meaning. Now archaic or poetic.each immediately followed by other as clausal object gave rise to each other pron. at Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > correlation > [noun] > mutuality or reciprocity > each other eithereOE each otherOE ilk otherc1275 togetherc1330 one another1340 every other1389 OE Battle of Maldon (1942) 234 Us is eallum þearf þæt ure æghwylc oþerne bylde wigan to wige. OE Wulfstan Christian Life (Hatton) 208 Ne ænig ne syrwe ne oðrum ne swicie, ac healde ælc oðerne mid rihtre getrywðe. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1104 Feower circulas to þam middæge onbutan þære sunnan.., ælc under oðran gebroiden. c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 174 Ylc blissæþ on oðres gode & on oðres murhðe. a1200 (?OE) MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 149 Þat we sholden biwepen ure elch oðres sinne. 1258 Proclam. Henry III in Trans. Philol. Soc. (1868–9) 21 Þæt æhc oþer helpe þæt for to done. c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 31 And pleide & gamenede ehc wiþ oþer. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 2237 In armes louely eche lauȝt oþer. c1400 Brut (Rawl. B. 171) 278 Þousandes felle to þe gronde, eche oppon oþer. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cxi. 133 [He] saluted them eche after other. 1615 J. Wadsworth Let. 1 Apr. in W. Bedell Lett. (1624) 7 How these two could be..members..participant each of other. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 683 Responsive each to others note. View more context for this quotation 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 37 Justled each the other too much. 1820 J. Keats Isabella in Lamia & Other Poems 59 Each unconfines His bitter thoughts to other. 1875 E. Magnússon & W. Morris tr. Three Northern Love Stories 57 They two alone fought together with fierce onsets and mighty strokes, which they dealt each the other. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xiv. [Oxen of the Sun] 369 They had had ado each with other in the house of misericord where this learning knight lay. 1997 T. Pynchon Mason & Dixon 28 The twins consult each the other's Phiz, pretending to be stricken. Phrases †P1. each kins: of every kind, every kind of. Obsolete.See also ilkin adj. [Frequently also with the first element in the genitive; compare β. forms at alkin adj. and discussion at that entry.] Π OE Ælfric Gloss. (St. John's Oxf.) 315 Sicera, ælces cynnes [c1225 Worcester ilches cunnes] gewringc buton wine anum. OE Homily: Sunnandæges Spell (Tiber. A.iii) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 217 Þær wæran elces cynnes wihta twa gemeccan. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4025 Þe king bi-gon seruise on ælches cunnes [c1300 Otho in eche kinnes] wise. a1300 (?c1200) Prov. Alfred (Jesus Oxf.) (1955) 125 Vyches cunnes madmes. †P2. each day's: daily; everyday. Obsolete. Π eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. lxii. 134 Wiþ ælces dæges fefere drince on cealdum wætere betonican dustes þæt ænne pening gewege.] 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 112 Þe echedayes dol þet god yefþ to his wel wilynde. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 512 (MED) His echedaies fantasie Of sorghe is evere aliche. 1422 Will of Peryne Clanbowe (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/2B) f. 429^v Myn echedaies gown. c1450 (c1400) Bk. Vices & Virtues (Huntington) (1942) 110 (MED) We clepeþ hym oure echedaies bred, þat is of euery day. a1649 R. Crashaw Carmen Deo Nostro (1652) 30 Your each day's deuotion duly brings Three kingdomes to supply this day's three kings. P3. each other——: every other—— , every alternate——. Now rare.In quot. c1350 showing ilk adj.² in equivalent use. ΚΠ c1350 ( Bounds (Sawyer 716) in D. A. Woodman Charters of Northern Houses (2012) (corrected text) 128 Ilc oðer acra be eastan hode.] c1400 Brut (Rawl. B. 171) 152 For whiche ransoun to bene payede, eche oþere chalice of Engeland was molten & made in to monye. 1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. v. sig. E.iij When they are sicke, they heale them selues, eyther with fasting or vomiting: & that eyther euery eche other daye, or euery third daye, or fourthe. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xl. 1087 Many yeares after there were created foure Pretors according to the law Baebia, which provided that there should be each other yeare foure chosen. 1660 J. Sadler Olbia sig. D3 If each other Month had but 29 days. 1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VI. lii. 198 It ended in a compromise for a fee each other time. 1780 Virgil tr. W. Mills Georgics 8 Suffer the land to rest each other year, And, lying fallow, to recruit its strength. 1830 Times 4 June The precautionary treatment of invariably physicking them in the spring, by three purgatives, one each other day. 1902 Maine Reg. 210 Adjourned sessions, second Tuesday of each other month. 1956 Financial Times 13 Jan. 11/2 It is the responsibility of those who seek to rule to govern and help raise living standards and comforts, not only to use fluent words and bring a crisis each other year. P4. all and each (also each and all): every example or instance of something; every single one. Cf. all and every at every adj. and pron. Phrases 2. Π c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 79 Þou, holy goost..hast and art alle and ech of þe same noble dignitees..as þe fadir and sone. 1554 J. Gwynneth Declar. State wherin Heretikes leade Liues vii. f. 6 These three, that is to witte, more then trewthe, lesse then trewthe, and other then trewthe, are all and eache of them, euen as farre from trewthe, as trewthe it selfe is from no trewthe. 1591 H. Barrow Plaine Refut. Giffardes Bk. 198 Christ hauing therfore giuen vnto each and all of them his sacred power and aucthoritie to binde and to loose in earth. 1622 tr. True Originall Edict of Nants 31 Those of the Religion..shall reenter into the reall and actuall possession of all and each of their goods. 1649 H. Hammond Christians Obligations i. 24 By the opposition to each and all of these five, you will be able to make up the new qualified spirit, the spirit of the Gospel. 1782 W. Cowper John Gilpin 239 And all and each that passed that way Did join in the pursuit. 1867 T. C. Anstey Notes Represent. People Act 47 The Franchise in all and each was the same. 1929 L. W. Reese Victorian Village 121 These two were of that stripe of politics which belongs to each and all—the desire to make an honest living and keep away from disaster. 1992 Esquire Feb. 76/1 These were supposed to be the big boys, titans all and each. 2014 J. Mandle & D. A. Reidy Comp. Rawls i. 24 Under what conditions do they each and all have good reason to acquiesce in collective action determined by voting? P5. each and every: (used for emphasis) absolutely all, every single; cf. each and all at Phrases 4. Π 1536 J. Gwynneth Confutacyon Fyrst Parte Frythes Boke viii. sig. c.viii^v The hole trauth, of the hole fayth, is in eche and euery syngulare parte of it no more, no lesse, none other, but without any dyfference, euen the very same. 1655 Compl. Clark 66 A lawfull and sufficient Acquittance, upon the receipt of each and every sum aforementioned. 1770 Trial W. Wemms 8 Upon each and every of these several indictments, the prisoners at the bar have been arraigned. 1857 N.-Y. Evangelist 20 Aug. 271/4 (advt.) Each and every kind of Fruit and Vegetable..can be preserved for years in their fresh state. 1940 M. Hopper How to play Winning Checkers iv. 33 The beginner..falls into each and every trap and pitfall set for him. 1990 J. Bradshaw Homecoming ii. 56 Children are natural Zen masters; their world is brand-new in each and every moment. 2016 Arts & Bk. Rev. (Nexis) 19 Mar. (Bks. section) 26 Acerbic, melancholic humour..drips off each and every page. P6. equal each to each: (Geometry) designating corresponding parts of two geometric figures of the same type that are equal in magnitude, position, etc. Now rare. ΚΠ 1705 E. Scarburgh Eng. Euclide 234 In the foregoing Definition of like Figures, all the Angles are to be equal, each to each, and all the sides about the equal Angles directly proportional to one another. 1840 D. Lardner Treat. Geom. xiv. 164 The component plates..being equal in number, and equal each to each in magnitude, the volumes of the pyramids composed of them will be equal. 1972 Math. in School 1 23/2 The three angles will..then be equal each to each. P7. each way: (in betting) used to denote that a horse, etc., has been backed for both a win and a place; also in extended use. a. Used adverbially. ΚΠ 1869 Cassell's Mag. 4 170/2 One pound on Blue Gown each way. 1897 E. H. Cooper Mr. Blake vi I'll just go and put a little bit on Highborn for this race..; only fifty pounds or so each way. 1926 G. Frankau Masterson xvi Cynthia had decided to ‘risk a couple of Bradbury's each way’. 1951 E. Rickman Come Racing with Me x. 84 A very small bet ‘each way’. 2017 Chronicle (Toowoomba, Queensland) (Nexis) 23 Jan. 26 The winner She's Right was backed each-way at $5 and bookies had a small loss on the race. b. attributive. ΚΠ 1915 Coolgardie (W. Austral.) Miner 16 Jan. 4/2 Jack Brennan..will still lay you the little each way bet. 1930 Daily Mail 17 June 14/2 Sun Glory..has a useful each-way chance. 1963 Times 15 Feb. 11/4 Why should Britain back the 625 line horse to win when we can place an each-way bet on the dual standard? 2005 Northern Echo 6 Sept. 19/4 Punters prepared to have an each-way dabble at reasonable odds. P8. each to his (also her, their) own: everyone is entitled to his or her own tastes and preferences. Π 1886 R. C. Temple Fallon's Dict. Hindustani Prov. 16/1 Apnā apnā ḍhaṅg hai. To each his own way. (Quot homines tot sententiæ.)] 1907 Christian Observer 11 Dec. 21 Each to his own. It is an old saying that a man is himself in his pleasures. 1980 G. Josipovici Echo Chamber ii. 24 ‘The old civilisations for me,’ Peter said. ‘Each to his own,’ Mildred said. 2005 Z. Smith On Beauty 105 Strange date to pick for a party, but then each to their own. Compounds each other pron. (also (Scottish) †each others) used as a reciprocal pronoun (as object and in the genitive) = one another. In later use also (colloquial) as subject, e.g. we know what each other are doing.Some commentators on usage restrict each other to two parties and one another to more than two, but such a distinction is seldom found in actual use. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > [adjective] > belonging to a series > every other/every second every other1389 each other?c1450 every (also each) alternate ——1658 ?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 23 (MED) They..plucked eche other bi the here of the hede. 1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) ii. vi. sig. cviii^v We wil helpe eche other. 1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes h j b That you..should thus vnkindly, vnnaturally, and vnchristenly bathe youre swoordes in eche others blode. 1594 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. II. 338 Helping eche other so farre as wee may. a1649 W. Drummond Hist. Scotl. (1655) 193 They mutually entertained and feasted each others at the Christ-mass in..S. Andrews. 1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 47. ⁋2 These Two Lovers seem'd..made for each other. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth i, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. II. 24 To defy each other to mortal combat. 1835 B. Dockray On Mutual Tolerance 33 The uncertainty under which the parties remain, on what each other are really meaning, in their several differences of opinion. 1927 E. Bowen Hotel iii. 21 So that they might get to know each other and understand each other's ways. 1993 C. MacDougall Lights Below 76 We both know what each other knows. 2016 Parents Jan. 78/3 Preschoolers often hug and squeeze each other too hard. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.pron.eOE
随便看	to stable horses together to stable up to stack the cards against to stack the cards etc against to stack up to staff out to staff up to stage a comeback to stage it to stage to the crowd or show to stagger belief to stain a person's blood to stain blood to stake a claim to stake down to stake off a claim to stake one's shirt to stake one's shirt that to stake out a claim to stalk down to stalk it to stall a beggar to the rogue to stall forth to stall off to stall out