duen.
/djuː/, /dʒuː/, U.S. /d(j)u/ 1.
a. Usually in plural.
(a) An obligatory payment due to an authority such as the church or the State; a tax, tribute, toll, etc. Frequently with modifying word specifying the nature of the charge.crown dues, Easter dues, harbour-due, market dues, tonnage due, etc.: see the first element.
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society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > [noun]
yieldc950
tollc1000
tolne1023
mailOE
lotlOE
ransomc1325
tail1340
pensiona1387
contribution1387
scat gild14..
due1423
responsionc1447
impositionc1460
devoirs1503
excisea1513
toloney1517
impost1569
cast1597
levy1640
responde1645
reprise1818
1423–4 in H. E. Salter Churchwardens' Accts. St. Michael's Oxf. (1933) 16 (MED) Summa totalis dues to the paroche ix s. i d.
1590 R. Harvey Theol. Disc. Lamb of God 151 A mighty malediction ouer them which empayre Gods tenthes, or any other dues.
1620 in M. Burrows Worthies All Souls viii. 139 This I doe not..to prevent any dues either of plate or gawdies usually to be paid.
1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 213 Who have not paid the King dues for their harvest of silk.
1714 London Gaz. No. 5246/3 In Arrear to the Corporation of Portsmouth, for Town-Rents, Reliefs, Capon-Money or other Dues.
1753 Scots Mag. Apr. 204/2 The produce of herring caught last season..was, after deducing 16s. 8d. per boat for admiral dues, 2028l. 9s. 2d.
1809 W. Bawdwen tr. Domesday Bk. 414 And it still pays all customary dues except gable and toll.
1875 Act 38 & 39 Vict. c. 39. §1 The bar-master or other local officer, if any, employed to collect the dues or royalty.
1908 Rep. Joint Select Comm. Port of London Bill 399/2 in Parl. Papers (H.C. 288) X. 1 A vessel coming from Harwich to Brentford..would have to pay a due for entering the Port of London.
1959 B. B. Misra Central Admin. E. India Company iv. 174 These..plundered the country under the pretence of collecting public dues.
2011 N.Y. Times Mag. 16 Oct. 74/2 (caption) Each of the 24 floating homes in the community pays $720 monthly dues for moorage, water, sewer and garbage collection.
(b) A fee charged for membership of an organization (as a college, society, or trade union), permission to use a club, etc.
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society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > [noun] > membership fees
due1670
1670 in Publ. Colonial Soc. Mass. (1925) 15 52 To require ye Colledge dues from him forthwth.
1671 M. Lister Let. 11 Nov. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1971) VIII. 354 I am very sensible of ye great honour, ye R.S. hath done me in making me one of their body... I shall take care to returne ye Dues.
1739 Rules & Statutes Govt. Hertford Coll. xi. 21 Every Student at his Admission shall Deposite in the Hands of the Burser Eight Pounds..as a Caution or Security for the Quarterly Payment of his..University and House Dues.
1790 Let. to V. Knox 10 The Collegiate and University dues are peculiarly trifling.
1843 Freemason's Monthly Mag. May 194 I very much doubt whether it has ever happened, where a Lodge has insisted upon the payment of dues from a member, who was unable from misfortune or poverty to do so.
1865 Telegrapher 26 June 110/2 The duties of the District Treasurer, among which are, collecting and remitting the Union dues to the Treasurer of the National organization.
1904 Publ. Sharon Hist. Soc. Apr. 29 Failure to pay a due for six months, may..be treated as resignation of the member.
1966 Rep. Comm. Inq. (Univ. of Oxf.) I. v. 168 There are only small variations in those charges, if dues and establishment charges are added to those made for board and lodging.
2011 Rotary Today June (Global Outlook Suppl., following p. 26) Dues at her current club are only $200 a year.
b. gen. (in singular and plural).† (a) That which is due or owed legally or morally; a debt. Obsolete except as in sense 1b(b).
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society > law > legal obligation > [noun] > a legal obligation
obligationa1325
due1439
society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > indebtedness > [noun] > a debt
yielding1340
debtc1380
due1439
debitc1450
devoirs1503
debitory1575
debenture1609
money-debt1627
balance (due)1720
outstandings1755
liability1842
engagement1849
live horse1859
payables1896
1439 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 127 (MED) Payment of his dettes, and all othir dueez..for the performyng of his wyll.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxx. 410 Ye ar abill To take wage. Thou can of cowrte thew; Bot lay downe the dewe.
1583 G. Whetstone Remembraunce Erle of Sussex sig. A3v It is each wryters charge, of good men dead to show the liues... My selfe for one, who worst may pay this due.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) ii. ii. 16 My Lord, heere is a note of certaine dues . View more context for this quotation
1682 N. Grew Anat. Plants iv. Ep. Ded. sig. B The Performance whereof..is to be looked upon, as a Due to the Authority which Your Judgment hath over me.
(b) With possessive of the person owing: that which is owed by a person; a person's debt. Also figurative.
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1584 R. Cosin Answer to Two Fyrst & Principall Treat. sig. A7 Charge him to pay and make ouer to some other his whole goods, dues, and credits.
1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. ii. iii. xv. 184 Litigious people, that will not pay their dues without much repining, or compelled by long suit.
1709 I. Watts Horæ Lyricæ (ed. 2) i. 74 Shall Creatures of a meaner Frame Pay all their Dues to Thee?
1832 H. Martineau Ireland i. 14 There was no chance of paying the rent..even if Sullivan had been answerable for nobody's dues but his own.
1878 B. Taylor Prince Deukalion ii. i. 54 Pay your dues And make them debtors.
1932 Spectator 2 Dec. 778/1 We would ask from our own European debtors no more than would suffice to pay our due to America.
1999 J. Gleeson Millionaire ix. 122 He decided..to relinquish his Mississippi concession in part payment of his dues.
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the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > suitability or appropriateness > [noun] > fittingness or propriety
righteousnessOE
duea1425
properness1531
decency1567
dueness1576
decorum1586
fitness1597
orthotes1605
propriety1612
befittingnessa1645
beseemlinessa1645
fittingness1653
becomeness1656
beseemingness1656
becomingness1657
condecency1662
competibleness1667
decence1678
a1425 in M. Day Wheatley MS (1921) 68 Thy riȝt name þat is Ihesu, That is to seye, oure saueour. Þanne I aske it as dewe, Of þin help and socour Now sende me help.
c1450 Speculum Christiani (Harl. 6580) (1933) 224 (MED) In etynge and drynkynge bi-for dewe [L. prepropere, id est ante tempus debitum], as to erly.
1594 R. Carew tr. J. Huarte Exam. Mens Wits vii. 90 If the same grow hot or cold beyond due [It. più del dovere].
1626 G. Sandys tr. Ovid Metamorphosis vii. 142 Dead corps, without the Dues of funerall, They weakly beare:..Or vn-inhum'd they lye.
1735 Coll. State-trials VII. 49/2 For the honour of the Indictment, and manifesting the due of their proceedings.
1823 W. Scott Peveril I. iv. 124 Independent so long as my dues of homage are duly discharged.
3. † a. That which is merited by a particular situation, action, etc.; an appropriate punishment or reward. Often with of. Obsolete (archaic in later use).
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1425 in Rotuli Parl. (1767–77) IV. 292/2 That all such Prisoners..have the dewes that they have deserved.
1567 G. Fenton tr. M. Bandello Certaine Tragicall Disc. f. 274v Reaposynge muche for my selfe in your vertue, which moueth me also to a remorse to satisfie in some parte the due of your deserte.
1604 W. Cornwallis Miraculous & Happie Vnion 4 Leauing vnto you the glory of so great an action, as the due of those progressions that are performed with iust and vnspotted mindes.
1659 R. Younge Hearts-index 3 A generation of hearers..plainly reproved for their sinnes, shewn the judgments of God, and the due of what they deserve.
1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 199. ¶5 Whatever Gratifications you may promise your self from an agreeable Person..you may expect as the Due of your Generosity.
1754 J. Cennick First Princ. Christianity 32 He..suffered the full Due and Reward of their Sins.
1817 S. T. Coleridge Biographia Literaria II. 231 Rewarding with all the sympathies that are the dues of virtue, thos[e] criminals whom [etc.].
1874 Southern Mag. (Baltimore) May 498 When thy deeds deserve the due, Thy fame shall be immortal.
1921 J. N. Figgis Polit. Aspects St. Augustine's City of God i. 10 The Roman Empire he seems..have viewed as a just reward earned partly as the due of Roman virtue and partly in compensation for unjust attacks.
b. With possessive of the person owed: that which is due or owed to a person; that to which a person has a right or which he or she deserves; a person's due share or reward.
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society > law > legal right > [noun] > one's right(s)
i-rihtsc1000
rightc1300
judgementc1350
duec1450
droit1481
shayth1542
say1614
legitimate1650
pretension1710
entitlement1782
society > morality > dueness or propriety > [noun] > right or moral entitlement > one's due
rightOE
dutyc1386
duec1450
expectativec1540
expectancy1624
expectance1652
c1450 Speculum Christiani (Harl. 6580) (1933) 46 (MED) Rightwysnes es in ȝeldynge euery man hys due.
1582 Bible (Rheims) Rom. xiii. 7 Render therfore to al men their dew [1611 their dues; L. debita].
1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. I1 Which..shall for him be spent, And as his due writ in my testament. View more context for this quotation
1612 S. Rowlands More Knaues Yet 32 The cursed crew, That will not cheate the hangman of his due.
1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 458 Praise..becometh their Due on whom it is bestowed.
1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives (1879) I. 118/2 It was no more than his due.
1779 E. Pendleton Let. 1 Nov. in Lett. & Papers (1967) I. 302 You have frequently the command and I wish you had the Rank and Pay of a Major General, which I have long supposed your due.
1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece V. 249 He charges them with having defrauded the masters under whom he studied of their dues.
1885 Durham Univ. Jrnl. 27 June 132 Dr. Stainer received the ovation that was his due.
1948 New Yorker 4 Dec. 36/1 We no longer demanded our due, and the wish to see our parents insensibly weakened.
1974 Daily Tel. 22 Feb. (Colour Suppl.) 40/1 The oyakata will take part of the wrestler's income as his due.
2005 C. Alliott Not that Kind of Girl xviii. 269 He pocketed his tip..as his due for having to escort yet another loved-up inebriate home in the small hours.
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c1450 Speculum Christiani (Harl. 6580) (1933) 228 (MED) These ben leefful causes of matrymonye: Chastite [etc.]..These thynges letten fro dwe of wedloke to be askede: Incest [etc.].
5. That which ought to be done; duty; a duty or obligation. See also of due at Phrases 1. Now rare (archaic in later use).
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society > morality > duty or obligation > [noun]
debtc1330
officec1330
obliginga1382
dutyc1385
bondc1449
due?a1475
bounden duty1530
dueness1576
behoof1591
obligement1611
obligationa1616
ought1678
right1752
society > morality > duty or obligation > [noun] > one's duty, duties, or obligations
righteOE
devoirc1315
due?a1475
vower?a1500
job1841
?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 360 (MED) We schal wachyn and wake as oure dewe and ryth.
1548 E. Gest Treat. againste Masse Ded. 3 To the full discharge of my bonden dew herin.
1549 J. Hopkins Psalmes of Dauid in Metre lxxxii, in T. Sternhold Al Such Psalmes of Dauid sig. Hii Whereas of due ye should defende, The fatherles and weake.
?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) i. 658 Euryclea, that well knew All the observance of a handmaid's due.
1637 J. Milton Corrections of Comus in Wks. (1738) I. 8 And favour our close Jocondrie, Till all thy Dues bee done, and nought left out.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis xii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 587 All dues perform'd which holy Rites require.
1740 S. Richardson Pamela II. 296 I intend by degrees to take off the world's wonder, and to teach them to expect what is to follow, as a due to my Pamela.
1820 G. Chetwynd Burn's Justice of Peace (ed. 23) V. 162 The plaintiff said, that he had done his due, and would not go till he had had his dinner.
1888 J. L. Joynes tr. F. Freiligrath in Songs Revolutionary Epoch 50 We'll feast together on the day When this your bounden due is done.
2014 R. Goring After Flodden viii. 123 There's none of the clan who's done his due that doesn't feel his joints in this weather.
Phrases
a. As a matter of duty. Obsolete.
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a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) iii. l. 1987 Lik a sone, off due and off riht, To hire he saide [etc.]. [No corresponding passage in the French original.]
c1450 ( J. Lydgate Select. Minor Poems (1840) 19 (MED) Of dew os thei oughte to doo, On procession withe the kyng to goon.
b. By right; rightfully. Also by due. Obsolete.
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1565 J. Hall Courte of Vertue f. 137 Of them that ought of due, Suche vyces to correct.
1594 R. Carew tr. J. Huarte Exam. Mens Wits x. 143 Whereas of dew, a good wit and sufficiencie should rather encline a man to vertue and godlinesse.
1637 R. Monro Exped. Scots Regim. i. 15 Such then, that have travelled well, should by due have rest.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 850 The key of this infernal Pit by due..I keep. View more context for this quotation
1669 W. Simpson Hydrologia Chymica 122 That which should of due have been separated.
P2.
a. to give (a person) his (her, etc.) due: to acknowledge or do justice to a person's merits; to be fair to a person (often used parenthetically).
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society > morality > rightness or justice > [verb (transitive)]
justicec1300
justifya1393
to give (a person) his (her, etc.) due1577
1577 J. Knewstub Lect. 20th Chapter Exodus v. 92 For if we giue men their due, and in the meane time deny the Lorde his, what auayleth it vs?
1584 J. Rainolds Summe Conf. J. Rainoldes & J. Hart vii. 306 I cannot abide, that you should detract from the Popes. Nay, yet giue them their due.
1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 i. ii. 52 Prince. Did I euer call for thee to pay thy part? Falst. No, ile giue thee thy due, thou hast paid all there. View more context for this quotation
1630 J. Taylor Wks. 115/2 Now if my Whore or Thiefe play well their parts, Give them their due, applaud their good deserts.
1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 38 Fryers; who, to give them their due, compass Sea and Land to make Proselytes.
1755 J. Smeaton Diary 29 June in Journey to Low Countries (1938) 30 To give the dutch their due, in this branch of Statuary they have shown great tast and skill.
1825 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Apr. 409/1 These fellows.., to give them their due, are very naîve and diverting.
1863 Harper's Mag. Aug. 377/1 In giving him his due I must protest that he was too good for that.
1911 S. L. Robinson Cross-roads Prol. 7 To give her her due, I think she is genuine.
1951 W. S. Burroughs Let. 5 May (1993) 84 To give him his due, he is good at that sort of thing.
2007 Daily Tel. 16 Apr. 25/4 To give my parents their due, throughout my childhood they did try to talk to me openly.
b. to give the devil his due: to acknowledge the merit or redeeming features of a person or thing otherwise regarded with disapproval.
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1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. F2v Nay, giue the diuell his due, and there an ende, the Giant that Magellan found at Caput sanctæ crucis, or Saint Christophers picture at Antwerpe..are but dwarfes in comparison of it.
1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 i. ii. 118 He was neuer yet a breaker of prouerbes: he will giue the diuell his due . View more context for this quotation
1642 Prince Rupert Declar. 2 The Cavaliers (to give the Divell his due) fought very valiantly.
1773 J. Murray Let. 7 June in E. Robson Lett. Amer. (1951) 6 To give however the devil his due, if it was possible for a Court to be agreeable this one would be so.
1879 W. D. Howells Lady of Aroostook x. 119 ‘Well,’ observed the captain..with the air of giving the devil his due, ‘I've seen some very good people among the Catholics.’
1911 C. Fuller Bramble Bush xxvii. 278 ‘Ole never meant as much as this, though,’ said Brant, who invariably gave the devil his due.
2010 Telegraph (India) (Nexis) 25 June But to give the devil his due, he's handled the mess much better than his French counterpart.
P3. colloquial (originally U.S.). to pay one's dues and variants: to fulfil one's obligations; to work hard or experience difficulties as one may expect to do before achieving success or recognition.Apparently first widely used by jazz musicians. Quot. 1943 appears to be an isolated early instance.
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1943 ‘S. G. Wolsey’ Call House Madam xiv. 403 She was mixed up later in one of the rottenest shooting messes ever staged in Hollywood, but she got away with her end of it and never paid her dues.
1956 Esquire Feb. 63/2 ‘Some of the commercial jazz guys think they're playing real jazz, but they aren't making it because they haven't paid their dues.’ (Suffering enough of the trials and tribulations of life to realize that jazz comes from the heart.)
1969 Down Beat 17 Apr. 19/2 Duke, Thad, Mel and myself, we've paid considerable amounts of dues in trying to get this thing off the ground.
2012 N. Silver Signal & Noise iii. 86 They had paid their dues and gradually worked their way up through the organizational hierarchy.
P4. for a full due: see full due n.
Compounds
With the first element in plural form.
dues-paying adj. originally U.S. designating a person who pays the fees required to become or remain a member of a club, organization, etc.; also figurative (sometimes spec. after to pay one's dues at Phrases 3; cf. paid-up adj. 2).
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1867 Daily Evening Bull. (San Francisco) 2 July The Society comprises at present: Life members, 330; dues-paying members, 625 [etc.]
1889 Sunday Inter Ocean (Chicago) 1 Sept. 11/2 With a large State association, and the 20,000 dues-paying membership of the National body, surely they should be able to accomplish effective work.
1935 Arizona Republic 6 Oct. We learn..that there are now 3,000,000 dues-paying Communists in the Soviet Republics.
1971 B. Sidran Black Talk v. 135 It was left to Coltrane and Davis to choose and groom the younger musicians who then themselves became recognized as ‘dues-paying’ members of the black culture.
2000 Times (Nexis) 14 July Being a big, authentic, dues-paying rock'n'roll band, they played live.
2012 P. A. Sokya Creating Sustainable Organization (2013) iv. 123 Having been a dues-paying member of several of these organizations, I can report that none ever solicited my opinion about any issue.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
dueadj.adv.
/djuː/, /dʒuː/, U.S. /d(j)u/ A. adj.
I. That is owed, appropriate, allotted, or attributable to someone or something, and derived senses.† 4. With to or simple complement. Incumbent upon a person as a duty. Obsolete.† 6. Genuine, real; rightful; true. Obsolete.
1.
a.
(a) That is owed or payable as an enforceable obligation or debt; owing.
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society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > indebtedness > [adjective] > owed
duea1325
debta1340
dettya1387
payable1394
owing1411
debteda1425
oughting1500
outstand1729
outstanding1797
defaulted1857
called1882
a1325 Statutes of Realm (2011) vii. 38 Ne þe chef louerd ne sal habbe no poer for te destreinen, þe wile þat te tenaunt him offerez his duwe seruises ant costumes.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) 68 For þere shal mede wiþouten let Be sett to him for dew [Gött. duel] dett.
?c1430 (?1383) J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 312 (MED) Ȝif tiþes weren dewe bi Goddis comaundement.
1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) v. xiv. f. ciiijv Oure raunson were Superhaboundaunt ouer that was due.
1556 in Statutes at Large, Ireland (1786) I. 264 All rents services due or going out of eny the said lands, or tenements, or hereditaments, soo to be amortified as is aforesaid.
1616 Sir F. Kingsmill in Lismore Papers (1887) 2nd Ser. II. 18 Bouth confesse the dueue debt but I can gett itt of neyther.
1714 E. Freke Remembrances (2001) 98 I paid att Norwich all the quitt rents due for 8 years past.
1848 J. J. S. Wharton Law Lexicon (at cited word) A debt is said to be due the instant that it has existence as a debt; it may be payable at a future time.
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People v. §4. 238 The amount of service due from the serf had become limited by custom.
1935 M. E. Sheppard Cabins in Laurel xvii. 269 ‘I want to settle with you For the pills I got. How much is due?’ ‘About two dollars,’ says McGown.
1998 Jrnl. Marriage & Family 60 309/2 Approximately one half of resident parents with child support orders received the full amount due.
2008 New Yorker 7 Apr. 63/1 Godard asked Truffaut for money that he claimed was due from ‘Two or Three Things I Know About Her’.
(b) With to or †unto followed by an indication of the person or party to whom the debt or other obligation is owed.
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a1402 J. Trevisa tr. Dialogus Militem et Clericum (Harl.) 32 (MED) Ȝeldeþ & payeþ to alle men what is dewe; to hem to whom tribute is dewe, payeþ tribute.
c1454 R. Pecock Folewer to Donet 78 (MED) If in stide of a peny dew to man, he wolde ȝeue to þe same man a groot or a noble.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xviii. f. xxvj His lorde..delyvered hym to the iaylers [printed ioylers], tyll he shulde paye all that was due to hym.
1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iv. i. 408 Three thousand ducats due vnto the Iew. View more context for this quotation
1674 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation ii. 76 It must speedily die, and pay the Debt that's due to Nature.
1732 Gentleman's Mag. 2 709 There was 1,200,000l. due to the Bank.
1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. IV. 53 Offering him the immediate payment of a debt due to his uncle.
1812 Dramatic Censor 1811 400 The creditors on the trust deed..had due to them 52,611 l.
1885 Leeds Mercury 20 Feb. 2/4 Jarvis repaid the sum of £145 or £150,..and there remained due to Mr. Kirkwood a sum amounting to about £176.
1901 Financial Times 19 Apr. 2/6 These bonds realised £30,625, leaving a balance of £5,229 still due to the company.
1993 A. Brink On Contrary i. 102 He would be only too happy to respond, provided Landdrost Lourens paid him the three rix-dollars due to him for his previous round of duty.
(c) With noun or noun phrase as complement: designating a debt or obligation owed to the person or party indicated by the complement. See also sense A. 2a(c).The use with simple complement seems initially to have been chiefly Scottish; it subsequently became common in U.S. use.
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1711 J. Kirkwood Hist. Twenty Seven Gods Linlithgow 37 Salary, School-wages, and any thing else that is due you as School-master.
1795 N.-Y. Mag. May 268/2 I thought I would..try if I could not get a little pay of congress, which is due me.
1849 in Irish Chancery Rep. (1855) III. 134 For the payment of £12,600 that was due me.
1853 F. A. Durivage Life Scenes 172 [He] requires the immediate payment of the ten thousand dollars which are due him for our violation of the marriage contract.
1886 Cases Court of Session 4th Ser. 13 244 Of the proceeds of their 1883 consignment, £420 and interest was due them at the date of Girdwood and Forrest's sequestration.
1947 J. Thurber Let. 26 Aug. (2002) 413 The sum you mention as being due me for cost of living adjustment on ‘Here Come the Tigers’.
1994 Sub-terrain Fall 20/2 My last six-hundred bucks..and a few hundred I figured was due me from the joint account, put me at almost a grand.
(d) Originally U.S. With noun or noun phrase as complement: designating a person or party to whom the debt or obligation indicated by the complement is owed. See also sense A. 2a(d).
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1895 Daily Picayune (New Orleans) 28 June 8/3 The Atlanta club is due money from Mr. Nicklin.
1939 E. Caldwell Balm of Gilead in Story Mar. 20/2 I figure I'm due five or six dollars discount for having that tree where it is.
1968 W. S. Graham Let. 8 Nov. in Nightfisherman (1999) 223 In a week or two I should be due £15.
1972 Changing Times July 4/2 The excise tax repeal was retroactive to August 16, so better check..to see whether you are due a refund.
2012 News Let. (Belfast) (Nexis) 1 Sept. I was slightly inconvenienced during the crisis, and I'm probably due a few quid to compensate, but I just can't be bothered.
b. Of a debt, payment, etc.: having to be settled or paid immediately or at a specified time.As a complement with various verbs, as come, fall, grow, etc.; also in simple predicative use.
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1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 169 The same Rent grew due and payable.
1595 ‘J. Dando’ & ‘H. Runt’ Maroccus Extaticus 12 His minde was on the twentieth daie of the moneth following, when his money was due.
1607 T. Ridley View Civile & Eccl. Law 10 At what day a Legacie becomes due; that is streight from the death of the Testator, vnlesse it be left to be paied vpon a certaine or vncertain day, or vnder a condition.
1639 Act in Arch. Maryland (1883) 1 69 All debts growing due for wine..or other licquors shall be paid in the last place after all other debts are satisfied.
1653 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 12. 154 With his Name, Sir name, and place of abode, affixed to the sum or sums so claimed, and the times thereof, and maner how the same came due.
1682 J. Scarlett Stile of Exchanges 96 The Time must precisely be..written in every Bill of Exchange, that the Drawer may certainly know when they fall due.
1766 J. Burrow Rep. Court King's Bench 2 1087 He can not bring a new Action for any Interest grown due between the Commencement of his Action, and the Judgement in it.
1771 Philos. Trans. 1770 (Royal Soc.) 60 509 The present worth of those Rents, some times before they are due; or, of a Sum to be received before it is due, Discount being allowed.
1798 N. Van Staphorst et al. Let. 28 Aug. in T. Jefferson Papers (2003) XXX. 503 We beg of you to pay as they fall due the Interest and Reimbursments of the aforegoing.
1804 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. IV. 319 Nor for what estate the rent was to be paid, nor when, or on what days it was to grow due.
1882 R. Bithell Counting-house Dict. (1893) 89 The bill really becomes due on the third day of grace, and not earlier.
1884 Times of India 11 Apr. 3/5 Certain deficits of interest which accrued due in the years 1873 to 1877..were paid.
1888 Law Times 17 Mar. 79/1 No application..was made to Butler for the rent due on the 29th Sept.
1911 W. Thomson Dict. Banking 397/1 The funds necessary to pay the bill when it is due.
1937 Life 26 July 12/2 (advt.) You would not be expected to pay any premiums that fell due while you were disabled.
1972 R. Allen Skinhead Girls xv. 112 Pay up—rent's due!
1988 Texas Monthly May 116/2 We figured that when the bills came due there would be that many more of us to pay for all the goodies.
2006 H. Ominsky Real Estate Lore iii. 49 The bank's first mortgage..became due at the time she acquired the property.
2007 A. D. Kessler Revol. in Commerce 213 The holder of a bill who hoped to receive payment before it fell due could entrust it to a broker.
2.
a.
(a) More generally: that ought (by right, in fairness, etc., or in the opinion of the writer or speaker) to be given, granted, or carried out; requisite; merited, deserved.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > dueness or propriety > [adjective] > that is due
duea1387
debite1678
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 189 (MED) He axede þe worschippe þat was due [L. honores..debitos] for so grete victories.
a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate Siege Thebes (Arun.) (1911) l. 1022 (MED) To do [ho]nur and dieu [?a1425 Lamb. diwe, a1500 Cambr. Add. 6864 dew] reuerence To fader [and] moder.
a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 165 Full law inclynnand with all dew reuerens.
1534 J. Fewterer tr. U. Pinder Myrrour Christes Passion ii. f. xii There is none that wyll beholde or regarde it and gyue to me due thankes therfore.
1591 E. Spenser Prosopopoia in Complaints 1237 Hell, his dewest meed.
1611 Bible (King James) Luke xxiii. 41 We receiue the due reward of our deeds, but this man hath done nothing amisse. View more context for this quotation
1633 Bp. J. Hall Plaine Explic. Hard Texts i. 321 The Lord..shall execute his due vengeance upon Satan.
1635 R. Brathwait tr. M. Silesio Arcadian Princesse Ded. Your Honours in duest observance Ri: Brathwait.
a1734 R. North Examen (1740) iii. ix. §14 657 A due Reward of unconscionable Cheating.
1785 J. Pinkerton Lett. of Lit. xvii. 98 Dubos has given us a curious theory of the manner in which works of merit attain their due reputation.
1809 New Ann. Reg. 1808 Brit. & Foreign Hist. 233/1 Look for numerous instances of the transgressors of the law possessing both the will and the power to elude their due punishment.
1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. II. xv. 304 Let then the honour be given where it is due.
1930 Spectator 8 Nov. 660/2 Some hope that due recognition of the wholeness of the organism will suffice to reform the psychology of yesterday.
1968 M. Woodhouse Rock Baby xxii You aren't half as daft as I thought... Credit where credit's due.
2004 V. N. McIntyre Duty, Honor, Redempt. 224 Ambassador, with all due respect—that explanation is getting pretty stale!
(b) That ought to be given to or †unto a person.
ΚΠ
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 510 To poursuie Thing which that is to love due.
c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 894 (MED) Þay arn boȝt fro þe vrþe aloynte As newe fryt to God ful due.
?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 14 For to grete [people] ye make curtesie of right, the whiche is dew to hem.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxiii. 219 Honoure is dew to them that dyserueth it.
1560 J. Knox Answer Great Nomber Blasphemous Cauillations 70 Thow shalt fele what punishment is due to such as go aboute to bring the eternal God and his incomprehensible iudgements vnder [etc.].
1661 T. Toll Female Duel 52 That is but their duty, and no thanks are due to them.
1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 426. ⁋1 The Care of Parents due to their Children.
1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. i. 371 That temporary allegiance, which was due to him as king de facto.
1814 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Vision III. xxv. 11 I..shall claim the wreath Due to the poet's temples.
a1882 T. H. Green Wks. (1886) II. 499 The degree of moral depravity on the part of the criminal..must be considered in determining the punishment due to him.
1923 Times 21 Mar. 6/5 Praise is due to the ball-girls.
1968 Jrnl. Asian Stud. 27 589 It seems that Chiang had not received the honor and reward due to him for his contribution to the consolidation of Kwangtung.
2004 Daily Record (Glasgow) (Nexis) 15 June 32 Why don't..politicians treat OAPs with the respect due to them?
(c) With noun or noun phrase as complement: that ought to be given to the person or party indicated by the complement.The use with simple complement seems initially to have been chiefly Scottish; it subsequently became common in U.S. use.
ΚΠ
a1627 W. Sclater Expos. 4th Chapter Rom. (1650) 28 Their faith is so weak, and wavering, that even, for it, Condemnation is due them.
1698 Answer Dr. Jaques Vindic. Master Kirkwoods Defamation 6 We must not here omit to do Mr. Jaque all the Justice that's due him.
1828 Casket June 233/1 Mr. Adams bore a full part in its counsels and labors; and a proportionate share of the credit is due him.
1867 C. S. De Graw Let. 31 July in Rep. Epidemic Cholera & Yellow Fever in Army of U.S. 1867 (1868) 49 Many thanks are due him for much valuable service.
1900 Michigan Alumnus July 460 A great deal of credit is due Professor Scott for his resourcefulness in advertising the University through the News Letter.
1973 Publishers Weekly 26 Nov. 32/1 Credit is due Nigel Calder..for his gathering of 26 original essays.
2005 M. C. Huismann Frederick Delius p. xiii Many thanks are due Mr. Jeff Driggers, Curator of the Delius Collection at the Jacksonville Public Library.
(d) Originally U.S. With noun or noun phrase as complement: designating a person or party to whom what is expressed by the complement should be given, granted, etc.
ΚΠ
1897 Ariel (Univ. of Minnesota) 11 Dec. 169/1 You are due an apology from me for my non-appearance at the Economic Club.
1937 Times 17 Dec. 19 He was due, by regulation, a report on the efficiency of his first aid.
1975 Cycle World Jan. 10/3 I feel that Gene Mitchell's letter was due a bit more respect.
2000 M. Beaumont e 95 Have Liam see me in fifteen minutes. He is due a severe dressing-down apropos Mako.
b. With to, †unto an action, quality, etc. Merited or deserved by virtue of the thing specified.
ΚΠ
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) Prol. l. 457 Ther is an helle, Which unto mannes sinne is due.
1549 H. Latimer 2nd Serm. before Kynges Maiestie 7th Serm. sig. Cc.viiiv Thys that the father wold not here hys own sonne, was an nother punyshmente deu to our sinne.
1571 R. Cavendish Image Nature & Grace i. f. 11v Originall synne is not onelye..an imputation of Adams giltishippe, or bonde to the penaltie due to the offence.
1601 tr. M. Martínez 9th Pt. Mirrour of Knight-hood iii. iv. sig. Z2 Come with mee..and you shall enioy the spoyle due vnto your rare vertue.
1648 T. Gage Eng.-Amer. iii. 8 Absolved..from all sinne, and from their Purgatory and Hell due unto it.
1737 R. Challoner Catholick Christian Instructed x. 126 Were these primitive Indulgences understood to release the Punishment due to Sin in the Sight of God?
1782 J. Nichols Biogr. & Lit. Anecd. W. Bowyer 37 Whether there were not some among them at least who enjoyed..the honour due to their services.
1839 Mem. Ld. Brougham in Ld. Brougham Opinions I. 5 None..hesitate for one moment to accord the homage due to his great talents.
1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) 444 Plenary [indulgences] remit all..of the temporal punishment due to sin.
1951 W. Parsons tr. St. Augustine Lett. I. xliii. 200 Temporal penalties..which would ward off the eternal chastisement due to their great blasphemies.
2012 A. D. Persaud et al. in J. M. Sullivan & A. Esmail Afr. Amer. Identity ix. 234 Psychological illness is often thought to be a form of holy chastisement due to sin, resolved only through prayer and atonement.
3. Chiefly attributive.† d. With to. Of a quality, attribute, etc.: appropriate to or befitting a person or thing. Obsolete.
a. Of a time or period of time: appropriate; proper; (sometimes) specified, predetermined. in due time: when the proper or appropriate time has arrived; eventually.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > [adjective]
timelyOE
tidefula1300
tidya1375
duea1387
timefula1400
seasonablec1412
convenient1415
opportunec1425
seasonedc1440
tempestivous1574
timed1592
ripe1595
well-timed1604
opportuneful1605
mature1608
advantageous1609
opportunous1609
punctual1611
tempestive1611
timeousa1626
time-serving1627
timed1656
tidive?17..
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 407 (MED) Assentiþ to me and holdeþ þe Ester day in dewe tyme [L. debito tempore].
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vi. l. 2258 In due time is bore This child.
?a1425 (?1373) Lelamour Herbal (1938) f. 48v (MED) Hit takyn in dew tyme..will kole a woman that ys hote.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 3639 (MED) For þing parformed in his due date More vertu haþ þan whan it commeþ late.
c1475 Wisdom (Folger) (1969) l. 401 Thys ys my suggestyun. All thynge hat dew tymes Prayer, fastynge, labour, all thes.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Prov. xv. C O how pleasaunt is a worde spoken in due season?
1611 Bible (King James) Gal. vi. 9 In due season we shall reape, if we faint not. View more context for this quotation
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xii. 152 This Patriarch blest, Whom faithful Abraham due time shall call. View more context for this quotation
1711 E. Budgell Spectator No. 77. ⁋1 I left him to be convinced of his Mistake in due time.
1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 53 The particulars of the denouement you shall know in due season.
1812 M. M. Sherwood Susan Gray 82 If God sees fit..that I should marry, in his due time he will provide me with a worthy husband.
1889 C. E. L. Riddell Princess Sunshine I. vi. 96 That movable feast..came about in due season.
1917 Nation 25 Jan. 107/1 She goes, and at the due hour sends back the necessary money.
1962 J. Kosa Two Generations Soviet Man ix. 145 The dependent individual..is unable to loosen his parental ties when the due time comes.
2003 C. Birch Turn again Home ii. 23 ‘Oh, well,’ said Uncle John, ‘no doubt she'll make her appearance in due time.’
b. More generally: that is as it ought to be; occurring, done, etc., as is fitting, expected, or natural; correct, right, proper.in due course: see course n. 33b.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > dueness or propriety > [adjective]
goodOE
proper?c1225
felea1250
featc1325
seeming1338
rightful1340
thriftyc1386
sittingc1390
duea1393
truea1398
goodly1398
convenienta1400
wella1400
seemc1400
likelyc1425
fitc1440
tallc1440
befalling1542
fittinga1616
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 3247 (MED) Of due constellacion Thou..dost that children ben begete.
?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) i. met. v. l. 528 O þou gouernour gouernyng alle þinges by certeyne ende, why refusest þou oonly to gouerne þe werkes of men by dewe manere?
a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 42 Aristotel..wrote alle þe philosophi and sette it in dew forme.
1535 W. Marshall tr. Marsilius of Padua Def. of Peace v. f. 15v The excesses..shulde be corrected or amended, and be broughte to equalytie, or due proporcion.
1562 N. Winȝet Certain Tractates (1888) I. 4 The passage and dew course is partlie tyll vs knawin.
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxix. 173 At last reduceth the people to their due temper.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 146/1 In the working of Landskips..observe a due distance of things.
1728 T. Sheridan tr. Persius Satyrs ii. 29 You may offer these Prayers in due Form.
1762 Ld. Kames Elements Crit. II. xviii. 435 The beauty that results from..a due mixture of uniformity and variety.
1806 A. Knox Remains I. 35 It will produce its due effects.
1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iii. xxxviii. 136 The due use of some human gift.
1885 Act 48 & 49 Victoria c. 54. §4 Such certificate shall be conclusive evidence of the due election of the person therein mentioned.
1935 Irish Times 17 Oct. 3/4 The issues regarding the due execution of the will were to be tried.
1994 Jrnl. Politics 56 73 The due elaboration of these discoveries will demonstrate that Aristotle's account of natural slavery is coherently formulated.
2004 R. Hoggart Mass Media in Mass Society iii. 54 Knowing what ‘news’ in Britain should be, its due order in any bulletin, its proper length and style of treatment.
c. Such as is necessary or requisite; of the proper quality or extent; adequate, sufficient.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective]
enoughOE
enowOE
goodOE
suffisanta1340
skilfula1350
sufficientc1380
duea1398
aboundable?1440
competentc1440
suffiand1456
sufficient1539
answerable1551
honourable1590
sufficinga1616
well1673
undeficient1854
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. lxxiii. 963 It rypeþ nought for defaute of dewe hete.
a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 112 [Veynes] bryngen lijf & dewe norischinge & cordialle..spiritis.
?1464 H. Berry in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 296 Ye hauynge dwe swerte [i.e. surety] both in obligacions and pleggys.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 207 Þat þe pepull..shuld send ffor Dyamed the dughty, with his du helpe.
1563 W. Fulke Goodle Gallerye Causes Meteors v. f. 65v They haue not the due quantitie of brimstone.
a1610 J. Healey tr. Epictetus Manuall (1636) 47 Adventure upon nothing without due consideration of the precedences and consequences thereof.
1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 63 in Sylva To bring them to a due stature, and perfect their Seeds.
1747 J. Wesley Primitive Physick p. xxi A due degree of Exercise is indispensably necessary to Health.
1833 Gardener's Mag. Apr. 187 He surely cannot, upon due consideration, refuse to receive Mr. Knight's own testimony.
1871 Punch 2 Dec. 235/2 Due observance of the scraper and the door-mat.
1935 Washington Post 16 Jan. 9/4 I should like to see a list of first-class light novels which..did not receive due attention when published.
2012 C. Cumming Foreign Country xxxiii. 153 Somebody had picked up the book and put it back without due care.
ΚΠ
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. ii. xvi. 80 He [sc. the angel] fongiþ al þat is dewe to a creature, suffisaunt strengþe [etc.].
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. l. 3162 (MED) To a wysman only is nat dewe To se þe gynnynge and þe endynge noȝt, But boþe attonis peisen in his þouȝt.
1567 G. Fenton tr. M. Bandello Certaine Tragicall Disc. f. 95v The statelie viewe and feyture of his complexion and lyms, presented a speciall conninge of nature, lackynge besides no gyfte or qualitie due to a gentleman.
1656 T. Hobbes Six Lessons vi. 55 in Elements Philos. It cannot be expected there should be much..Judgement in a man that knoweth not the Manners due to a publique disputation in writing.
1757 N. Tindal tr. P. Rapin de Thoyras Hist. Eng. Eccl. & Civil (ed. 4) X. 90 The king throughout the beginning of his answer, supposes an ignorance of what is due to a king of England.
1781 Hibernian Mag. July 382/1 The noble earl,..forgetting what is due to a gentleman, forgetting what is due to a member of parliament, had in effect dared to say [etc].
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > duty or obligation > [adjective] > due or owed (of an obligation) > falling upon one as a duty
duec1390
incumbent1567
dutiful1588
behovable1596
c1390 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 129 (MED) Now is non so vnkuynde a beeste Þat lasse doþ þat weore him duwe.
c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 603 Hym thoute there nas to hym no thyng so dewe As Cleopatras for to loue & serve.
1449 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1855) II. 147 I John Nevill..remembryng ye uncertante of this worlde, and as it [is] due to every creatur to dispose and ordeyne for the helthe of his saule, [etc.].
a1475 (?a1410) J. Lydgate Churl & Bird (Longleat) in E. P. Hammond Eng. Verse between Chaucer & Surrey (1927) 105 To synge ayein as it was to hir dewe [c1475 Harl. as was hir due].
5. Of a person's fate, destiny, etc.: inevitable, preordained; unavoidably allotted to a person. †for due: as inevitable (obsolete). Now rare (chiefly archaic in later use).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > necessity > [adjective] > absolutely compulsory
duec1400
compulsory1581
compulsive1611
unelective1666
must1912
c1400 (?c1380) Patience l. 49 Ȝif me be dyȝt a destyne due to haue, What dowes me þe dedayn oþer dispit make?
c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 2180 To maken vertu of necessitee And take it wel, þt we may nat eschue And nameliche that [sc. death] to vs alle is due.
1491–2 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1491 §5. m. 2 Deth is due to every creature born in this world.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 42v It was desteynid by dome, & for due holdyn.
1632 J. Vicars tr. Virgil XII Aeneids v. 144 Or else (great sire) if it be my due fate, Strike me..to death with lightning fierce.
1763 R. Lloyd tr. F. G. Klopstock Death of Adam ii. iii. 28 Grieve not, my daughter, death is due to all.
1855 A. Poole Spare Moments with Word of God 181 The curse of death is due to all!
1899 R. N. Stephens Gentleman Player xiv. 246 A properly bred thief, brought up to regard the hempen rope as his due destiny.
2011 A. Verity tr. Homer Iliad xviii. 300 His due destiny and Hera's cruel anger beat him down.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > [adjective] > specifically of person
goodlyOE
thriftyc1374
duec1449
prettya1450
honest1551
well-qualitied1567
tight1601
of sort1606
reg'lar1814
bricky1864
sublimish1864
c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 390 (MED) This word meede..is takun vnpropirly and out of his dewist signifying.
c1450 (?a1400) Quatrefoil of Love (BL Add.) (1935) l. 352 (MED) Now es no wighte in þis werlde so dewe ne so dere, No kyng ne no kayser, þof þay bere crown.
c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) iii. l. 60 But þan þe dewe dame..fostrith hem forthe.
a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 575 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 112 The forest of ettrik & vyer ynewe..With dynt of his derf swerd ye dowglass so dewe Wan wichtly of weir.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 175v Amphimac the fre for his fell wordes Was dampnet in dede þof þai du were.
7. Of a title, honour, etc.: belonging to a person, a person's rank, etc., by right or custom.
ΚΠ
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 2v Dites full dere was dew to þe grekys A Lede of þat Lond & loged hom with.
1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Hvij Whatsoeuer vnknowen landes shoulde be discouered in the Easte partes, the same to be dewe to the Portugales.
1602 W. Segar Honor Mil. & Civill ii. viii. 61 (heading) Of honourable ornaments due vnto men of vertuous merit.
1648 T. Gage Eng.-Amer. ii. 6 In Rome there is an other preferment successively due to Dominicans, from the time of Dominicus de Guzman.
1655 M. Carter Anal. Honor in Honor Rediv. 26 A new Coat..which is due to the descendents onely of his body.
1790 A. Bicknell Grammatical Wreath i. 137 To prevent mistakes in the stile and title due to such as are of rank and dignity.
1866 in C. Fraser-Mackintosh Dunachton vi. 24 There is no place of preferment due to any private subject below a baronet.
1876 G. E. Voyle & G. de Saint-Clair-Stevenson Mil. Dict. (ed. 3) 269/1 The playing of the national anthem is only due to those personages who are entitled, under the regulations, to a royal salute.
1915 F. Jordan tr. L. Mühlbach Lousia of Prussia xxxiii. 259 I authorize my wife to assume the title and rank due to her.
1985 J. Plaidy Victoria Victorious 387 Owing to the opposition of the uncles Albert had never been given the title due to him.
8. That may or should be ascribed or attributed to a person; (in later use esp. of an invention, discovery, theory, device, etc.) that is to be credited to a person as the original author or inventor, or as having devised it, discovered it, first carried it out, etc.
ΚΠ
1669 Earl of Orrery Tryphon v. 45 in Two New Trag. Try. Since Demetrius proves so false to me, Sure 'tis he too that doth my Life pursue. Sel. No, Sir, that Guilt is to Aretus due.
1707 E. Ward Hudibras Redivivus II. ix. 17 All the Ills that happen in it, Are due to them that did begin it.
1761 New & Gen. Biogr. Dict. II. 422 Whatever reputation Westminster-school enjoys..is chiefly due to Busby.
1809 C. Hutton et al. Philos. Trans. Abridged 1665–1800 I. 45 It is asserted, that the discovery of a method of conveying liquors immediately into the mass of blood is due to Dr. Christopher Wren.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 875 The first nail apparatus to which I shall particularly advert is due to Dr. Church.
1870 J. Tyndall Lect. Electr. 5 This beautiful experiment is due to Grove.
1924 W. B. Selbie Psychol. Relig. xv. 286 The inception of this method is due to Professor Sigmund Freud.
1953 F. G. Spreadbury Design Electronic Measuring Instruments 81 Here it is pertinent to quote some remarks due to Evershed.
1965 Economica 32 458 The conception of an assemblage of Mill's earlier letters and the discovery of the larger fraction of the unpublished material is due to Professor Hayek.
2006 P. J. Nahin Dr. Euler's Fabulous Formula iv. 181 The Fourier proof..is due to the German mathematician Adolf Hurwitz.
9. due to.
a. In predicative use: attributable to a particular cause or origin; derived or arising from; caused by, consequent on; as a result of. Cf. owing adj. 3a.rare before 19th cent.; described by Johnson (1773) as ‘proper, but not usual’.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > attribution or assignment of cause > [adjective] > attributable or imputable
longc1300
referrible1576
referable1583
imputable1635
ascriptive1649
attributary1650
attributable1661
due to1669
ascribable1671
assignable1673
accountable1681
creditable1862
1669 R. Boyle Hist. Fluidity & Firmnesse i. xxiv, in Certain Physiol. Ess. (ed. 2) 196 The motion of the Oyly drops may be in part due to some partial solution made of them by the vivous spirit.
1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 352. ⁋1 All this is due to the very silly Pride that generally prevails, of being valued for the Ability of carrying their Point.
1801 Monthly Rev. 35 537 M. De La Place..found the secular equation of the moon to be due to the action of the sun on the moon.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Driftage, the amount due to lee-way.
1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) IV. 136 The..difficulty in the Philebus, is really due to our ignorance of the philosophy of the age.
1928 Daily Express 11 Aug. 7/1 Death was due to heart failure.
1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 5 Aug. 286/1 Improved treatment of diabetes mellitus in the past 45 years, due largely to the discovery of insulin and antibiotics.
2007 A. Theroux Laura Warholic vi. 85 Much of the grit around the stoveworks was due to his rather bad eyesight.
b. As a compound preposition: as a result of, on account of, because of.This use become well established during the 19th century, and is now usually regarded as acceptable standard English, but began to be criticized in usage guides in the early 20th century, apparently beginning with H. W. Fowler Dict. Mod. Eng. Usage (1926), which described it as ‘often used by the illiterate as though it had passed, like owing to, into a mere compound preposition’. Cf. owing adj. 3b.
ΚΠ
1840 Rep. Comm. Physics & Meteorol. Royal Soc. Antarctic Exped. 2 Periodical variations of temperature at its [sc. the earth's] surface, due to the sun's position above the horizon.
1847 J. Craig New Universal Dict. at Arborized Agates which have the ramified appearance of plants, due to the infiltration of water charged with metallic oxides.
1897 S. T. Clover Paul Travers' Adv. 190 [The Koturah] was taxed to her capacity, due to the fact that..she was advertised to go first to Adelaide.
1920 Science 29 Oct. 406/2 Due to added medical responsibilities, Dr. Hancock has now closed his Orthopterological studies.
1957 Queen Elizabeth II in Times 15 Oct. 10/6 Due to inability to market their grain, prairie farmers have for some time been faced with a serious shortage of funds.
1978 A. North & I. Hogg Guns & Gunsmiths i. vii. 122 The earliest multi-barrelled guns are known as ribaudequins or organs, due to their similarity to organ pipes.
2014 B. Moran Making Marion vii. 68 Valerie had made me promise to come along to Fire Night that Sunday, the last one having been cancelled due to the sudden disappearance of Grace.
10.
a.
(a) Expected, intended, or scheduled to arrive or be present, now (or in the immediate future) or at the specified time. Also: required to be submitted, provided, returned, etc., now or at the specified time.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adjective] > imminent, near, or at hand > due
due1695
1695 London Gaz. No. 3075/3 There are Two Mails due from Holland.
1705 Boston News-let. 22 Jan. 2/2 There are two Mails due from the Eastern Post, and one from the Western, by reason of the great Snows.
1795 Sun 13 Feb. Not one of the Mail Coaches due this day, had arrived at the General Post-Office at half-past nine o'clock this morning.
1833 T. Moore Mem. (1854) VI. 336 Bills coming in at Christmas, and my History due at the same time.
1864 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend (1865) I. i. vi. 49 Williams, Bob Glamour, and Jonathan, you are all due.
1912 E. H. Porter Miss Billy's Decision iv. 37 Her train is due at the South Station at four-thirty.
1960 M. T. Zimmerman Using Libr. 28/1 Return library books when they are due, so that other people will have a chance to use them.
2010 R. H. Boyer Sundays in Manila ix. 84 The typhoon season was due soon.
(b) spec. Of a baby or an animal's young: expected to be born (in the immediate future or at a specified time). Also of a pregnant woman or female animal: expected to give birth (at a specified time).
ΚΠ
1857 Notts. Guardian 18 June 1/3 (advt.) A finely-framed Milch Cow, her Third Calf due.
1886 Harper's Mag. Mar. 585/2 By noting the date when puppies are due, much suffering and probable loss and disappointment may be prevented.
1897 Live Stock Jrnl. 2 Apr. 380/2 The lambing commenced the first week in February, and, with the exception of the five ewes due in April, has been over for some time.
1914 Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Dis. Women & Children 70 103 I think most of these babies are due, like a good many of the trains of the Southern Railway, that is, when they get there.
1963 M. J. Gerber in New Yorker 20 Apr. 42/2 She is due to have her baby any day. I say this to my mother. ‘She's due today,’ my mother says.
1989 St. Louis (Missouri) Post-Dispatch (Nexis) 22 Mar. 2 Barbara Bush says she will stay close to home for the next week or so to watch for the arrival of puppies. First dog, Millie, is due.
2007 Washington Post 26 Aug. (Home ed.) m13/2 On the very long list of questions that I can't imagine asking a stranger, ‘Are you pregnant?’ or ‘When are you due?’ would be at the tippy top.
b. Scheduled or expected to do something, or to be acted on in a specified way. Cf. sense A. 10d.
ΚΠ
1851 Sheffield & Rotherham Independent 31 May 2/2 The passenger train due to leave Derby at 9.5 p.m., did not, on Monday night, leave till 9.20 p.m.
1888 Arrangem. Papers printed by Order House of Commons 96 in Parl. Papers (H.C. 447) CXI. 1 Statement showing the dates on which the gun and hydraulic mountings..were, or are due to be, delivered.
1915 Herald of Gospel Liberty 10 June 718/2 I was due to give the baccalaureate sermon..on Sunday afternoon.
1960 Woman's Illustr. 16 July 44 He had completely forgotten that one of the men he liked the best was due to be executed that day.
1995 Which? Feb. 44/1 (heading) They're a stop-gap replacement, due to be phased out during 1995.
2003 Church Times 16 May 4/4 A new Book of Common Prayer..is due to come into use in the Church of Ireland.
c. Having reached the point at which a specified thing is required or (considered to be) owed, or a specified action or event is likely or expected.
(a) With for.
ΚΠ
1869 F. Henderson Six Years in Prisons Eng. xvii. 195 A convict just about due for his liberation had half-an-inch of tobacco given him by another prisoner.
1915 Z. Grey Redheaded Outfield 3 Lord!—he's about due for a nutty stunt.
1940 Lima (Ohio) News 8 Nov. 18/1 The Navy Middies will furnish Notre Dame strong opposition at Baltimore, but the Irish are due for a bounce-back.
1974 J. Seymour Fat of Land (new ed.) v. 66 The back..was put on sixty years ago, and is about due for a re-thatch.
2010 K. Laye Positive Drinking vii. 79 My boss is much happier with the way I'm performing now so I may be due for a promotion review soon.
(b) With noun or noun phrase as complement.Not always clearly distinguishable from sense A. 2a(d).
ΚΠ
1984 New Yorker 16 Jan. 42/1 At dinner she recounted Bobby's travels... ‘We're about due a letter from him soon.’
1990 R. Doyle Snapper (1993) 184 Snot burst out of Darren's nose..but Jimmy Sr didn't mind. His cardigan was due a wash anyway.
2002 E. Wooff Mud Puppy xix. 187 Turns out our waitress has been due a break for twenty minutes and her feet are killing her on account she's wearing new red stilettos.
d. Originally U.S. colloquial. Having reached the point where one is about to do something.
ΚΠ
1923 R. D. Paine Comrades Rolling Ocean ii. 22 These..relatives of his had never taken the trouble to find out whether he amounted to anything or not... Well they were about due to find out.
2002 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 5 Oct. 18 Ave is due to discover a few shocking truths about her own private life.
II. Of a person: under obligation to do something.
11. That owes a specified debt.In quot. 1483 followed by to pay (for the construction cf. the much later sense A. 12); in later use with noun or noun phrase as simple complement, indicating the debt owed. Sometimes with second complement denoting the person to whom the debt is owed.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > indebtedness > [adjective]
yielding1340
indebtedc1386
dettya1398
due1483
debtedc1540
underwater1627
borrowing1640
debtful1649
ticking1673
1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) iv. vii. f. lxj They ben due to payen this dette.
1683 J. Dalrymple Decisions Lords of Council & Session I. 554 The Laird of Wamphray, being due a yearly Annuity to his Good-mother, the Lady Wamphray.
1746 D. MacDonald Let. 17 Oct. in Chambers' Edinb. Jrnl. (1834) 23 Aug. 239/2 You'll manage what money Mr Stewart is due me, as you see proper.
1793 R. Bell Cases Court of Session 1790–2 70 Sixty days previous to the bankruptcy Stein was due them a certain sum of money in consequence of these purchases.
1812 W. Ingram Poems 75 He..strives to pay what he is due Without repeated craving.
1874 Fraser's Mag. Nov. 613/1 It is imperative, if he loses [a bet],..that he should pay what he is due on the Monday after the race.
1882 In Senate: Testimony to investigate Admin. Coll. Internal Revenue 6th District N. Carolina 382 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (47th Congr., 1st Sess.: Senate Misc. Doc. 4) IV Dr. Mott is due me $27, for which he has my receipt on account for nine days' services.
a1900 A. Warrack in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1900) IV. 202/1 I am due you sixpence.
1940 St. Andrews Citizen 2 Mar. 7/4 She and her husband were due a considerable sum of money to tradesmen.
2014 C. Meggy Key-stone of Bridge iii. 20 Yer due me five quid each.
12. More generally: under obligation to do something. Cf. owing adj. 1.Perhaps a development from sense A. 10b, with implication of a general obligation rather than an expectation generated by a schedule, the passage of time, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > [adjective] > bound or under obligation
indebted?c1225
boundena1400
owingc1400
debtfulc1425
belast1441
beholdena1450
worthy1469
obligate?a1475
subjectc1480
bound1488
debt-bounda1522
obstrict1527
addicted1535
oughting1567
devinct1573
bounded1586
obliged1596
affineda1616
boundant1654
guilty1700
obligated1740
behoven1880
duty-bound1908
due1913
1913 N.Y. Times 14 Mar. 7/3 (headline) McAdoo due to pay $50. Justice Lauer rules he had no business to repair summer cottage.
2003 P. G. Lauren Evol. Internat. Human Rights i. 10 Ideas about human duties, or what one is due to do, led quite naturally to [etc.].
2013 J. Jarrett Toy Bulldog xviii. 135 That made Loughran's share $78,029, out of which by the terms of the..contract he was due to pay Walker $50,000.
B. adv.† 2. Originally and chiefly poetic. = duly adv. (in various senses). Obsolete (archaic in later use).
1. Originally Nautical. With reference to a bearing or direction, esp. a point of the compass: properly, exactly; straight; directly.Related to sense A. 3. Cf. right adv. 2a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > direction > [adverb] > straight or due
rightOE
rightlyOE
evenc1300
plata1450
plain1509
straight1512
directly1513
fulla1529
flat1531
due?1574
dead1800
slap1829
plunk1866
squarely1883
?1574 W. Bourne Regiment for Sea Introd. f. 1v If you doe trauell due South and North, you doe not chaunge youre Meridian.
1581 W. Borough Discours Variation Cumpas ix. sig. F.ijv The course set downe from Silly to Cape Raso is due Weste.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1623) iii. iii. 458 The Ponticke Sea, Whose Icie Current..Neu'r keepes retyring ebbe, but keepes due on To the Proponticke.
1652 T. Elsliot True Mariner 30 Direct his course due South, leaving India on the startboard-hand.
1720 D. Defoe Life Capt. Singleton 110 We went due East.
1766 L. Carter Diary 6 May (1965) I. 296 It lightned much due South last night.
1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake i. 32 Due westward, fronting to the green, A rural portico was seen.
1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) xx. 345 This..does not take the shape of a due north wind.
1920 Geophysical Mem. (Meteorol. Office) No. 15. 98 The westerly or Falkland current travels due northward west of the Falkland Islands.
1967 Appraisal Terminol. & Handbk. (Amer. Inst. Real Estate Appraisers) (ed. 5) 19 A survey line running due east and west through the initial point of a principal meridian.
2013 Vanity Fair Aug. 126/1 The road..cuts due south from the old whaling port of Sag Harbor to the ocean beaches of Sagaponack.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > suitability or appropriateness > [adverb] > fittingly or properly
welleOE
fairOE
meetlyOE
rightOE
worthlylOE
haghelyc1175
worthilyc1175
becomelyc1200
properly?c1225
i-semelichec1275
thriftilyc1374
duly1382
sittinglyc1390
justlyc1392
rightfula1400
goodlyc1400
hemelyc1400
meeta1450
statelya1450
ensuingly?1518
handsomely1525
worshipfully1532
decently1552
due1581
meeterly1589
fairly1600
beseemingly1611
dightly1616
becomingly1624
befittingly1638
fittinglya1643
condecently1656
1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades i. 11 For hir raunsome also due he gallant presents brought.
1585 J. Sharrock tr. C. Ocland Valiant Actes & Victorious Battailes Eng. Nation ii. sig. G2v Unto the pallace of the Queene, which to her husband drownd, The sacred rites of funerall, performing due they found.
1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 iii. ii. 302 Euery third word a lie, dewer [1623 duer] paid to the hearer then the Turkes tribute. View more context for this quotation
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 303 And Eve within, due at her hour prepar'd For dinner savourie fruits. View more context for this quotation
1801 Edinb. Mag. Sept. 223/2 So due thy plighted step returns, To chambers brighter than the rose.
Compounds
C1. Compounds of the adjective.
due bill n. U.S. a written acknowledgement of a debt, not payable to order or transferable by endorsement.
ΚΠ
1782 Resolves Gen. Court Mass. 112 Resolve, directing Thomas Ivers, Esq. Treasurer, how to proceed with respect to Due-bills given by the late Treasurer.
1849 D. Adams Book-keeping 49 A due-bill payable in money is the same in effect as a promissory note payable on demand.
1927 Constit. N.Y. Stock Exchange Rules v. 94 The holder or maker of said due-bill may require that it shall..be kept marked to the market.
2003 D. L. Scott Wall St. Words 118 The buyer will be required to sign a due bill indicating that the dividend belongs to the selling party.
due day n. the day on which a payment falls due; cf. due date n. 1.
ΚΠ
1606 R. Parsons Answere 5th Pt. Rep. Cooke vi. 147 His Iustice should punish them, that refused to pay the said money, or paid it not at the due day appointed.
1715 G. Clerke Landed-man's Assistant 15 For a Due-day yearly 6 d. and for three Plowing-days 12 s. 6 d. yearly.
1841 T. S. Arthur Insubordination vii. 113 Hardamer found the due-day of a note drawn for three hundred dollars, approaching with unwelcome rapidity.
1921 N.Y. Times 15 Dec. 18/3 Many circumstances..make it impossible for us to look upon them [sc. the war debts owing to Great Britain] as ordinary commercial obligations subject to full interest and payments without fail on due day.
2012 S. Van Woenzel Oil Traders' Word(s) 434 Buyer and seller agree in their contract that if the due day falls on Saturday it will be replaced by the Friday before.
due diligence n. chiefly Law appropriate, sufficient, or proper care and attention, esp. as exercised to avoid committing an offence; (Business, originally U.S.) comprehensive appraisal of a business undertaken by or on behalf of a prospective buyer, esp. in order to establish the exact scope of current assets and liabilities, and to evaluate future commercial potential.
ΚΠ
c1450 tr. Jan van Ruusbroec Treat. Perfection Sons of God (BL Add.) (1957) 232 (MED) In loue it is euerlastynglye drawynge yn..who that gyffes dewe dyligence to this indrawynge..into the felthe of dedly synne..maye nought falle.
1598 R. Carew Herrings Tayle sig. C2v That as the mindes like Monarchs, with due diligence Had their directions in euery part obeyd.
1666 M. Wigglesworth Day of Doom 89 Then will I draw all sorts of men to me, Oh, wait upon him with due diligence.
1789 Pennsylvania Gaz. 25 Feb. If any Sheriff or Sheriffs, to whom any such writ or writs of capias shall be directed and delivered, shall refuse or neglect to use due diligence to execute the same, he and they shall severally forfeit and pay..the sum.
1820 Ohio Laws 18 xxiv. 164 [The endorsee] may..institute and maintain, an action on such bond, note or bill, for the recovery of the money due thereon..having first used due diligence to obtain the money of the drawer, maker or obligor.
1905 N.Y. Times 1 June 10/3 The courts have not yet been called upon to decide whether the owner of a multiple apartment dwelling..is under any obligations to exercise due diligence to see that his tenants are protected.
1964 U.S. Customs Court Rep. 51 406 After due diligence on the part of the importer to ascertain the profit added by competing manufacturers.., he was unable to obtain this information.
2002 Shares 3 Oct. 63/1 Logistics company Simon continues in its takeover talks that have been going on since January, and confirmed that one company is conducting due diligence on Simon.
C2. Compounds of the adverb.† due-distant adj. (also due-distanced) Obsolete at the appropriate distance.
ΚΠ
1726 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey IV. xix. 120 A seat..prepare, Due-distant for us both to speak, and hear.
1744 E. Young Complaint: Night the Sixth 31 By some due-distanc'd eye,..Seen at once.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
† duev.1
Obsolete.
transitive. To endow, invest (with; also with in, of); = endue v. V. Cf. dow v.2
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > giving > give [verb (transitive)] > endow with qualities or attributes
girdc1000
enfortunec1374
due1395
endowa1420
endue1447
garnishc1450
invest1590
clothe1611
12 Concl. Lollards (Trin. Hall Cambr.) in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1907) 22 297 (MED) If Crystis body be dewid [L. dotatum] with euerelasting joye, þe seruise of Corpus Christi imad be frere Thomas is vntrewe.
c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. xi. l. 199 Dobet doþ ful wel & dewid he is also, And haþ possessions.
c1450 J. Lydgate Secrees (Sloane 2464) 99 (MED) Dewyd in vertu..Abovyn alle othir.
a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) ii. 482 (MED) Thomas dewyd..his wyf, the day that he wedded her at the chirche dore, of the halle.
1553 (?c1395) Pierce Ploughmans Crede sig. D.ii Fraunceis founded hem nought, to faren on yt wise. Ne Domynyk dued hem neuere swyche drynkers to worthe.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. ii. 34 This is the latest Glorie of thy praise, That I thy enemy dew thee withall. View more context for this quotation
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
† duev.2
Obsolete. rare.
transitive. With non-referential it as subject. To be appropriate or fitting for.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > suitability or appropriateness > suit or be suitable for [verb (transitive)] > be fitting or proper for
riseeOE
i-riseOE
seemc1175
becomea1230
i-semec1275
comec1325
beseema1425
besitc1449
befitc1460
betidea1555
beset1567
due?1606
?1606 M. Drayton Ode iii, in Poemes sig. B4v Which when it him deweth His fethers he meweth.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
<
n.1423
adj.adv.a1325
v.11395v.2?1606- to rough out
- to rough up
- to rouk and round
- to round a pistle in a person's ear
- to round a pistle in ear
- to round aft
- to round down
- to round in
- to round in a person's ear
- to round in a person'the ear
- to round off
- to round on
- to round out
- to round over
- to round to
- to round up
- to roup at the door
- to roup from the door
- to roup to the door
- to rouse and bitt
- to rouse out
- to rouse stir the gorge
- to rouse the gorge
- to rouse the possum
- to row a competitor to a standstill