Easterlingn.

Brit.

/ˈiːstəlɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈistərlɪŋ/

Forms: Middle English Esterleyng, Middle English Esterlyng, Middle English Esterlynge, Middle English Estirlynge, Middle English Yesterlyng, Middle English–1600s Esterlinge, Middle English– Esterling, 1500s Asterlynge, 1500s Easterlinge, 1500s Easterlynge, 1500s– Easterling; also Scottish pre-1700 Easterline, pre-1700 Easterlyne, pre-1700 Eisterling. Also occasionally with lower-case initial.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; perhaps modelled on a Middle Low German lexical item, or perhaps modelled on a Dutch lexical item. Etymons: easter adj., -ling suffix¹.

Etymology: < easter adj. + -ling suffix¹, after either Middle Low German ōsterlinc person from the east, especially a German from one of the more easterly German territories, a Hanse, or Middle Dutch oosterling person from the east, person from northern Germany, a Hanse.In sense 3 and in uses at Compounds 2 and Compounds 3 chiefly arising from the (very probably mistaken) assumption that post-classical Latin esterlingus , variant of sterlingus sterling n.¹ and Anglo-Norman esterling sterling n.¹ are etymologically related to this word, the coin name being assumed to have denoted originally ‘the coin of the Easterlings’. (It is uncertain whether quots. 1598¹ and 1598² at sense 3 reflect this assumption, or simply reflect post-classical Latin esterlingus or Anglo-Norman esterling .) Compare discussion at sterling n.¹ This assumption is found as early as the 14th cent. (see F. Hervey (ed.) Pinchbeck Register (1925) II. 6). Compare (apparently isolated) use of Middle Low German ōsterlinc in the sense ‘sterling’, apparently ultimately reflecting the same confusion.

Now historical.

1. A native or inhabitant of the east.

a. spec. A native or inhabitant of eastern Germany or the Baltic coasts, esp. a citizen of the Hanse towns. Also: = Ostman n.Recorded earliest as a surname.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of Germany > [noun] > parts of

Easterling1253

Sprucier1443

Suevian1549

High German1550

Low German1550

Prussian1554

Lusatian1555

Westphalian1576

Borussian1607

Rhinelander1608

Eastman1610

Belgic1615

Franconian1615

Thuringian1618

Swab1637

spruce1640

Silesian1669

Swabian1675

palatinate1709

Hessian1729

Saxon1737

Austrasian1833

East German1838

Balt1854

West German1855

Württemberger1896

Sudeten1938

East German1947

West German1947

Saarlander1955

Ossi1989

Wessi1990

1253 Patent Roll, 37 Henry III 8 July (P.R.O.: C 66/64) m. 8 dorso Isti subscripti qui transfretati sunt cum Rege in Vascon' habent litteras Regis de proteccione... Petrus de Lond' clericus, Thomas Esterling, Willelmus de Sancto Martino.

1378–9 in C. L'Estrange Ewen Hist. Surnames of Brit. Isles (1931) 146 (MED) Hankin Spaniard, esterling.

1422 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 130 (MED) Many straungers, as Esterlinges and other forains.

a1452 in C. L. Kingsford Eng. Hist. Lit. 15th Cent. (1913) 363 (MED) Full grevous is this that the Lombardes, Esterlinges &c ben suffred to abide so long within the londe.

1530 Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes XLI. f. 158, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Esterling James Eggart, merchand in the stilyart of London, esterling.

1598 in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 6 There is no ale brewed among the Easterlings, but of mead there is plentie.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xvii. 681/2 King Edward..set sayle toward Burgundy and in the way was encountred by the Easterlings, Englands great Enemies.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) i. 67 The High-Dutch of the Hans Towns..(known by the name of Easterlings).

1739 tr. Four Lett. Ireland ii. 11 The Ostmen or Easterlings inhabitants of the province of Jutland, in Denmark, and the Germanick coasts on the Baltick.

1771 O. Goldsmith Hist. Eng. I. i. 251 The city of Wexford, and the two adjoining districts..were then in possession of the Easterlings.

1839 G. L. Craik & C. Macfarlane Pict. Hist. Eng. II. i. 107 The Easterlings..joined the calling of privateers to that of merchants.

1861 Westm. Rev. Apr. 414 The Esterlings—so the English called the Hanse traders—lay in security behind their walls.

1902 H. J. Mackinder in Man 2 109 To the Teutons—Easterlings and Norsemen—England owes her civil institutions.

1919 Times 3 Apr. 7/1 The Posadodwskys, Hardensi and other choice Easterlings..habitually describe Danzig as a ‘German’ city.

1969 J. Van Klaveren Gen. Econ. Hist. xii. 74 The Easterlings sailed to Bruges through his waters.

2002 M. Kurlansky Salt (2003) viii. 141 The Hanseatics..were known as Easterlings because they came from the east.

b. A ship of the Easterlings. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessels from specific country or region > [noun] > from other specific countries or regions

Frenchman1473

Spaniard1537

Easterling1563

Flemingc1595

Levantisco1597

Burgundian1601

Irishman1645

Japanner1719

Bermudian1769

American1782

Swede1799

Australian1850

Liberian1971

1563 W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Hastings xxi. 3 At hand whole fleet of easterlynges.

1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia iii. xi. 329 The Ships that were discryed being a Fleet of Easterlings.

?1790 E. Barnard New, Impartial & Compl. Hist. Eng. iv. 248/2 After having narrowly escaped a fleet of Easterlings, [he] landed at Alkmar.

1839 G. L. Craik & C. MacFarlane Pict. Hist. Eng. II. v. i. 107 Eight of these Easterlings gave chase to Edward's weak squadron.

1897 R. Southey Eng. Seamen (ed. 2) 331 Easterlings, of which not fewer than three scores belonging to the Hanse towns..were captured.

1913 P. Studer Port Bks. Southampton Introd. p. xxvi Accounts show that in 1430 a whole fleet of Easterlings, including nineteen boats from Hamburg, anchored in the Solent.

2. gen. A native or inhabitant of an eastern country or district. Formerly also: †a member of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Now archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of specific region > [noun] > eastern people > person

easternOE

orientalc1484

Easterling1536

orientalist1720

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Greek Orthodoxy > [noun] > person

easternOE

Greekc1380

Easterling1536

Greciana1549

orientalist1683

fermentarian1775

Prozymite1850

orthodox1888

1536 R. Taverner tr. P. Melanchthon Confessyon Fayth Germaynes f. 23^v The Romanes accused the Easterlingis of scisme and diuision.

1561 J. Daus tr. H. Bullinger Hundred Serm. vpon Apocalips lxxxix. 615 In..1215. he [sc. Pope Innocent III] holdeth a generall counsel in Laterane, wherein warre is decreed agaynst the Easterlinges [L. orientales].

1577 R. Willes in R. Willes & R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Hist. Trauayle W. & E. Indies f. 230^v The farre South asterlynges doe know this parte of Europe by no other name then Portugall.

1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus Rom. Hist. xxxi. xvi. 431 The..regiment of Easterlings [Orientalis turma i.e. Saracenorum] got the upper hand.

1688 Bp. S. Parker Reasons abrogating Test 107 Mahomet gives them that name of Zabii, because they lay Eastward from Arabia, for so the Word signifies Easterlings.

1722 J. Covel Some Acct. Greek Church Pref. p. viii We need not wonder at the want of Learning amongst the Greeks and other Easterlings.

1819 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) III. 19 Of all the Easterlings, the Persians are the worst.

1855 C. Kingsley Westward Ho! I. 5 One west-countryman can fight two easterlings, and an easterling can beat three Dons any day.

1904 J. N. Bink Recoll. Boer Prisoner-of-war v. 60 When you start to Westernise the Easterling, he soon loses his individuality.

1951 J. R. R. Tolkien Lett. (1981) 157 The pressure of the Easterlings and Southrons increases.

1983 Harvard Theol. Rev. 76 189 The noun Serkir is said to be derived from the Arabic Sharkeyn, ‘Easterlings’.

†3. historical. The easterling or sterling penny; the weight of the easterling penny; a pennyweight, one twentieth of an ounce. Obsolete. [See discussion in etymology.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > [noun] > unit or denomination of weight > pennyweight

pennyeOE

denariusa1398

pennyweighta1398

sterling1474

denier1601

Easterling1614

weight1890

1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 42 The first great summe that I read of to be paid in Esterlinges, was in the fift of Richard the first.

1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 43 The pound of Esterling money should contayne as afore 12. ownces, to wit, fine siluer, such as was then made into foyle, and was commonly called siluer of Guthurons lane, 11. ounces, two Estarlings, and one ferling or farthing.]

1614 W. Camden Remaines (rev. ed.) 204 In a pound there ought to be eleuen ounces,..two Easterlings and one ferling, and the other allay.

4. Chiefly English regional. Either of two small ducks that occur in southern and eastern Britain chiefly as winter visitors, the wigeon ( Anas penelope) and the smew ( Mergus albellus).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > order Anseriformes (geese, etc.) > subfamily Merginae (duck) > [noun] > genus Mergus (merganser) > mergus albellus (smew)

smeath1622

nun1666

merganser1668

smee1668

smew1674

weasela1682

Easterling1772

magpie diver1796

vare-widgeon1813

1772 J. Rutty Ess. Nat. Hist. Dublin I. 335 The Lady-Fowl..is much esteemed in the London market..the Male being distinguished by the name of Easterling, and the female strictly called the Lady-fowl.

1773 C. Mason Lady's Assistant 153 Widgeon or Easterling. Will take near twenty minutes. Gravy sauce.

1831 J. Rennie Montagu's Ornithol. Dict. (ed. 2) 161 Easterling, a name for the Smew.

1851 W. Thompson et al. Nat. Hist. Ireland III. 92 Certainly the first two names used pertain to it; but ‘easterling’ is applied both to the smew (Montagu) and wigeon (Yarrell).

1879 T. Southwell Lubbock's Observ. Fauna Norfolk (new ed.) 157 The Wigeon (Anas penelope)—Provincial, ‘Smee’, ‘Easterling’—is very abundant in winter.

1906 W. A. Dutt Wild Life in East Anglia 356/2 (App.) Easterling—Wigeon.

1979 R. J. B. Walker Old Westm. Bridge vii. 111 The Kent and Essex shores were dotted with flocks of mallard, easterling (smew), widgeon and coot.

Compounds

C1. General attributive, as in Easterling merchant, Easterling trader, etc.

ΚΠ

1530 Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes XLI. f. 149, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Esterling Anent the esterling schip with Inglis gudis quhilk was on his land as wrak.

1607 J. Cowell Interpreter (at cited word) Stillyard, a place in London, where the fraternity of the Easterling Merchants, otherwise the Merchants of Hawnse and Almaine..are wont to haue their aboade.

1677 A. Yarranton England's Improvem. 145 A Tax being laid upon these Easterling Clothes.

1770 W. Guthrie New Geogr. Gram. 290 Mac Turkil..was killed..and in him ended the race of the Easterling princes in Ireland.

1833 R. Southey Lives Brit. Admirals II. ix. 161 A large ship's crew of Easterling pirates was circumvented and taken in the Meuse.

1862 C. Capper Port & Trade of London i. 9 The settlement of the Foreign Easterling merchants in London appears to have been immediately followed by trade.

1926 Times 23 July 10/4 One cannot help reflecting that this country does possibly owe something to such undesirable aliens of other days as the Hugenot weavers, the Lorraine straw-workers, and the Easterling traders.

2005 A. W. Palmer Northern Shores vi. 53 The Hanse Steelyard beside the Thames acquainted Londoners with ‘Easterling’ traders.

C2. attributive. With reference to money or weight (interpreted variously in senses 1a and 3), as in Easterling money, Easterling pence, etc. historical.

ΚΠ

1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 43 The Esterling pence tooke their name of the Esterlinges, which did first make this mony in England in the raign of Henry the second.

1614 W. Camden Remaines (rev. ed.) 203 Monie coined in the East parts of Germanie..was called Easterling monie.

1751 C. Clarke Conjectures Very Antient Piece of Money 23 This Money was introduced by some Germans of the Eastermost part of that nation, from whence it acquired the name of Easterling money.

1873 S. S. Crosby Early Coins Amer. (1875) 92 The Old Easterling penny of the Conqueror was raised to three half pence by King Henry the 6th.

1912 A. C. Addison Romantic Story Puritan Fathers 97 It was made a stipulation that debts should be paid with Easterling coin.

2000 Irish Times (Nexis) 18 July 20 Other people called the members of..[the Hanseatic] league, the Easterlings, because they came from the east of England; they paid in gold, which was called Easterling money, and soon became sterling.

C3.

Easterling pound historical and now rare a measure of weight, varying at different times between 5400 and 7680 grains; spec. = Tower pound n.

ΚΠ

1821 Niles' Weekly Reg. 9 June 232/1 In the reign of Henry VIII, 1527, when the present troy and avoirdupois weights were introduced into England, it found that the tower or easterling pound weighed three fourths of an ounce less than the troy pound.

1821 J. Q. Adams Rep. Weights & Meas. 28 The ton was of thirty-two cubic feet by measure, and of 2,016 English pounds, of fifteen ounces to the pound, in weight; equal to 2,560 of the easterling tower pound.

1821 J. Q. Adams Rep. Weights & Meas. 35 The Rochelle and easterling pound was therefore the same.

1904 Pop. Sci. Monthly Mar. 395 This pound, thus equal to the weight of 7680 wheat grains, was known as the sterling or easterling pound.

1947 B. R. Buckingham Elem. Arithm. 679 According to Adams, this heavy pound, known as the easterling pound, came into England with the brisk foreign trade, especially in wool.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	easterling
释义	Easterlingn. Brit. /ˈiːstəlɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈistərlɪŋ/ Forms: Middle English Esterleyng, Middle English Esterlyng, Middle English Esterlynge, Middle English Estirlynge, Middle English Yesterlyng, Middle English–1600s Esterlinge, Middle English– Esterling, 1500s Asterlynge, 1500s Easterlinge, 1500s Easterlynge, 1500s– Easterling; also Scottish pre-1700 Easterline, pre-1700 Easterlyne, pre-1700 Eisterling. Also occasionally with lower-case initial. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; perhaps modelled on a Middle Low German lexical item, or perhaps modelled on a Dutch lexical item. Etymons: easter adj., -ling suffix¹. Etymology: < easter adj. + -ling suffix¹, after either Middle Low German ōsterlinc person from the east, especially a German from one of the more easterly German territories, a Hanse, or Middle Dutch oosterling person from the east, person from northern Germany, a Hanse.In sense 3 and in uses at Compounds 2 and Compounds 3 chiefly arising from the (very probably mistaken) assumption that post-classical Latin esterlingus , variant of sterlingus sterling n.¹ and Anglo-Norman esterling sterling n.¹ are etymologically related to this word, the coin name being assumed to have denoted originally ‘the coin of the Easterlings’. (It is uncertain whether quots. 1598¹ and 1598² at sense 3 reflect this assumption, or simply reflect post-classical Latin esterlingus or Anglo-Norman esterling .) Compare discussion at sterling n.¹ This assumption is found as early as the 14th cent. (see F. Hervey (ed.) Pinchbeck Register (1925) II. 6). Compare (apparently isolated) use of Middle Low German ōsterlinc in the sense ‘sterling’, apparently ultimately reflecting the same confusion. Now historical. 1. A native or inhabitant of the east. a. spec. A native or inhabitant of eastern Germany or the Baltic coasts, esp. a citizen of the Hanse towns. Also: = Ostman n.Recorded earliest as a surname. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of Germany > [noun] > parts of Easterling1253 Sprucier1443 Suevian1549 High German1550 Low German1550 Prussian1554 Lusatian1555 Westphalian1576 Borussian1607 Rhinelander1608 Eastman1610 Belgic1615 Franconian1615 Thuringian1618 Swab1637 spruce1640 Silesian1669 Swabian1675 palatinate1709 Hessian1729 Saxon1737 Austrasian1833 East German1838 Balt1854 West German1855 Württemberger1896 Sudeten1938 East German1947 West German1947 Saarlander1955 Ossi1989 Wessi1990 1253 Patent Roll, 37 Henry III 8 July (P.R.O.: C 66/64) m. 8 dorso Isti subscripti qui transfretati sunt cum Rege in Vascon' habent litteras Regis de proteccione... Petrus de Lond' clericus, Thomas Esterling, Willelmus de Sancto Martino. 1378–9 in C. L'Estrange Ewen Hist. Surnames of Brit. Isles (1931) 146 (MED) Hankin Spaniard, esterling. 1422 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 130 (MED) Many straungers, as Esterlinges and other forains. a1452 in C. L. Kingsford Eng. Hist. Lit. 15th Cent. (1913) 363 (MED) Full grevous is this that the Lombardes, Esterlinges &c ben suffred to abide so long within the londe. 1530 Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes XLI. f. 158, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Esterling James Eggart, merchand in the stilyart of London, esterling. 1598 in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 6 There is no ale brewed among the Easterlings, but of mead there is plentie. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xvii. 681/2 King Edward..set sayle toward Burgundy and in the way was encountred by the Easterlings, Englands great Enemies. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) i. 67 The High-Dutch of the Hans Towns..(known by the name of Easterlings). 1739 tr. Four Lett. Ireland ii. 11 The Ostmen or Easterlings inhabitants of the province of Jutland, in Denmark, and the Germanick coasts on the Baltick. 1771 O. Goldsmith Hist. Eng. I. i. 251 The city of Wexford, and the two adjoining districts..were then in possession of the Easterlings. 1839 G. L. Craik & C. Macfarlane Pict. Hist. Eng. II. i. 107 The Easterlings..joined the calling of privateers to that of merchants. 1861 Westm. Rev. Apr. 414 The Esterlings—so the English called the Hanse traders—lay in security behind their walls. 1902 H. J. Mackinder in Man 2 109 To the Teutons—Easterlings and Norsemen—England owes her civil institutions. 1919 Times 3 Apr. 7/1 The Posadodwskys, Hardensi and other choice Easterlings..habitually describe Danzig as a ‘German’ city. 1969 J. Van Klaveren Gen. Econ. Hist. xii. 74 The Easterlings sailed to Bruges through his waters. 2002 M. Kurlansky Salt (2003) viii. 141 The Hanseatics..were known as Easterlings because they came from the east. b. A ship of the Easterlings. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessels from specific country or region > [noun] > from other specific countries or regions Frenchman1473 Spaniard1537 Easterling1563 Flemingc1595 Levantisco1597 Burgundian1601 Irishman1645 Japanner1719 Bermudian1769 American1782 Swede1799 Australian1850 Liberian1971 1563 W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Hastings xxi. 3 At hand whole fleet of easterlynges. 1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia iii. xi. 329 The Ships that were discryed being a Fleet of Easterlings. ?1790 E. Barnard New, Impartial & Compl. Hist. Eng. iv. 248/2 After having narrowly escaped a fleet of Easterlings, [he] landed at Alkmar. 1839 G. L. Craik & C. MacFarlane Pict. Hist. Eng. II. v. i. 107 Eight of these Easterlings gave chase to Edward's weak squadron. 1897 R. Southey Eng. Seamen (ed. 2) 331 Easterlings, of which not fewer than three scores belonging to the Hanse towns..were captured. 1913 P. Studer Port Bks. Southampton Introd. p. xxvi Accounts show that in 1430 a whole fleet of Easterlings, including nineteen boats from Hamburg, anchored in the Solent. 2. gen. A native or inhabitant of an eastern country or district. Formerly also: †a member of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Now archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of specific region > [noun] > eastern people > person easternOE orientalc1484 Easterling1536 orientalist1720 society > faith > sect > Christianity > Greek Orthodoxy > [noun] > person easternOE Greekc1380 Easterling1536 Greciana1549 orientalist1683 fermentarian1775 Prozymite1850 orthodox1888 1536 R. Taverner tr. P. Melanchthon Confessyon Fayth Germaynes f. 23^v The Romanes accused the Easterlingis of scisme and diuision. 1561 J. Daus tr. H. Bullinger Hundred Serm. vpon Apocalips lxxxix. 615 In..1215. he [sc. Pope Innocent III] holdeth a generall counsel in Laterane, wherein warre is decreed agaynst the Easterlinges [L. orientales]. 1577 R. Willes in R. Willes & R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Hist. Trauayle W. & E. Indies f. 230^v The farre South asterlynges doe know this parte of Europe by no other name then Portugall. 1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus Rom. Hist. xxxi. xvi. 431 The..regiment of Easterlings [Orientalis turma i.e. Saracenorum] got the upper hand. 1688 Bp. S. Parker Reasons abrogating Test 107 Mahomet gives them that name of Zabii, because they lay Eastward from Arabia, for so the Word signifies Easterlings. 1722 J. Covel Some Acct. Greek Church Pref. p. viii We need not wonder at the want of Learning amongst the Greeks and other Easterlings. 1819 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) III. 19 Of all the Easterlings, the Persians are the worst. 1855 C. Kingsley Westward Ho! I. 5 One west-countryman can fight two easterlings, and an easterling can beat three Dons any day. 1904 J. N. Bink Recoll. Boer Prisoner-of-war v. 60 When you start to Westernise the Easterling, he soon loses his individuality. 1951 J. R. R. Tolkien Lett. (1981) 157 The pressure of the Easterlings and Southrons increases. 1983 Harvard Theol. Rev. 76 189 The noun Serkir is said to be derived from the Arabic Sharkeyn, ‘Easterlings’. †3. historical. The easterling or sterling penny; the weight of the easterling penny; a pennyweight, one twentieth of an ounce. Obsolete. [See discussion in etymology.] ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > [noun] > unit or denomination of weight > pennyweight pennyeOE denariusa1398 pennyweighta1398 sterling1474 denier1601 Easterling1614 weight1890 1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 42 The first great summe that I read of to be paid in Esterlinges, was in the fift of Richard the first. 1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 43 The pound of Esterling money should contayne as afore 12. ownces, to wit, fine siluer, such as was then made into foyle, and was commonly called siluer of Guthurons lane, 11. ounces, two Estarlings, and one ferling or farthing.] 1614 W. Camden Remaines (rev. ed.) 204 In a pound there ought to be eleuen ounces,..two Easterlings and one ferling, and the other allay. 4. Chiefly English regional. Either of two small ducks that occur in southern and eastern Britain chiefly as winter visitors, the wigeon ( Anas penelope) and the smew ( Mergus albellus). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > order Anseriformes (geese, etc.) > subfamily Merginae (duck) > [noun] > genus Mergus (merganser) > mergus albellus (smew) smeath1622 nun1666 merganser1668 smee1668 smew1674 weasela1682 Easterling1772 magpie diver1796 vare-widgeon1813 1772 J. Rutty Ess. Nat. Hist. Dublin I. 335 The Lady-Fowl..is much esteemed in the London market..the Male being distinguished by the name of Easterling, and the female strictly called the Lady-fowl. 1773 C. Mason Lady's Assistant 153 Widgeon or Easterling. Will take near twenty minutes. Gravy sauce. 1831 J. Rennie Montagu's Ornithol. Dict. (ed. 2) 161 Easterling, a name for the Smew. 1851 W. Thompson et al. Nat. Hist. Ireland III. 92 Certainly the first two names used pertain to it; but ‘easterling’ is applied both to the smew (Montagu) and wigeon (Yarrell). 1879 T. Southwell Lubbock's Observ. Fauna Norfolk (new ed.) 157 The Wigeon (Anas penelope)—Provincial, ‘Smee’, ‘Easterling’—is very abundant in winter. 1906 W. A. Dutt Wild Life in East Anglia 356/2 (App.) Easterling—Wigeon. 1979 R. J. B. Walker Old Westm. Bridge vii. 111 The Kent and Essex shores were dotted with flocks of mallard, easterling (smew), widgeon and coot. Compounds C1. General attributive, as in Easterling merchant, Easterling trader, etc. ΚΠ 1530 Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes XLI. f. 149, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Esterling Anent the esterling schip with Inglis gudis quhilk was on his land as wrak. 1607 J. Cowell Interpreter (at cited word) Stillyard, a place in London, where the fraternity of the Easterling Merchants, otherwise the Merchants of Hawnse and Almaine..are wont to haue their aboade. 1677 A. Yarranton England's Improvem. 145 A Tax being laid upon these Easterling Clothes. 1770 W. Guthrie New Geogr. Gram. 290 Mac Turkil..was killed..and in him ended the race of the Easterling princes in Ireland. 1833 R. Southey Lives Brit. Admirals II. ix. 161 A large ship's crew of Easterling pirates was circumvented and taken in the Meuse. 1862 C. Capper Port & Trade of London i. 9 The settlement of the Foreign Easterling merchants in London appears to have been immediately followed by trade. 1926 Times 23 July 10/4 One cannot help reflecting that this country does possibly owe something to such undesirable aliens of other days as the Hugenot weavers, the Lorraine straw-workers, and the Easterling traders. 2005 A. W. Palmer Northern Shores vi. 53 The Hanse Steelyard beside the Thames acquainted Londoners with ‘Easterling’ traders. C2. attributive. With reference to money or weight (interpreted variously in senses 1a and 3), as in Easterling money, Easterling pence, etc. historical. ΚΠ 1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 43 The Esterling pence tooke their name of the Esterlinges, which did first make this mony in England in the raign of Henry the second. 1614 W. Camden Remaines (rev. ed.) 203 Monie coined in the East parts of Germanie..was called Easterling monie. 1751 C. Clarke Conjectures Very Antient Piece of Money 23 This Money was introduced by some Germans of the Eastermost part of that nation, from whence it acquired the name of Easterling money. 1873 S. S. Crosby Early Coins Amer. (1875) 92 The Old Easterling penny of the Conqueror was raised to three half pence by King Henry the 6th. 1912 A. C. Addison Romantic Story Puritan Fathers 97 It was made a stipulation that debts should be paid with Easterling coin. 2000 Irish Times (Nexis) 18 July 20 Other people called the members of..[the Hanseatic] league, the Easterlings, because they came from the east of England; they paid in gold, which was called Easterling money, and soon became sterling. C3. Easterling pound historical and now rare a measure of weight, varying at different times between 5400 and 7680 grains; spec. = Tower pound n. ΚΠ 1821 Niles' Weekly Reg. 9 June 232/1 In the reign of Henry VIII, 1527, when the present troy and avoirdupois weights were introduced into England, it found that the tower or easterling pound weighed three fourths of an ounce less than the troy pound. 1821 J. Q. Adams Rep. Weights & Meas. 28 The ton was of thirty-two cubic feet by measure, and of 2,016 English pounds, of fifteen ounces to the pound, in weight; equal to 2,560 of the easterling tower pound. 1821 J. Q. Adams Rep. Weights & Meas. 35 The Rochelle and easterling pound was therefore the same. 1904 Pop. Sci. Monthly Mar. 395 This pound, thus equal to the weight of 7680 wheat grains, was known as the sterling or easterling pound. 1947 B. R. Buckingham Elem. Arithm. 679 According to Adams, this heavy pound, known as the easterling pound, came into England with the brisk foreign trade, especially in wool. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1253
随便看	shearing-machine shearing-ram shearing-rent shearing-season shearing-shaft shearing-shears shearing-shed shearing-sword shearing-table shearing-time shearingboard shearingdarg shearingday shearingfeast shearingfloor shearinghook shearinghouse shearingknife shearingmachine shearingram shearingrent shearings shearingseason shearingshaft shearingshears