empiricistn.adj.

Brit.

/ɪmˈpɪrᵻsɪst/,

/ɛmˈpɪrᵻsɪst/, U.S.

/əmˈpɪrəsəst/,

/ɛmˈpɪrəsəst/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: empiric adj., -ist suffix.

Etymology: < empiric adj. + -ist suffix, after empiricism n. Compare earlier empiric n. With the use as adjective compare earlier empiric adj., empirical adj.

A. n.

1. A physician or medical practitioner of a school of thought originating in ancient Greece and Rome and holding that treatment should be based on observation and experience rather than on deduction from theoretical principles. Also: a practitioner of medicine who lacks academic training and qualifications; (more strongly) a fraudulent practitioner of medicine, a quack. Cf. empiric n. 2. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > of specific schools or theoretical standpoints > others

empiric?c1425

empiricista1713

allopathist1828

allopath1830

alloeopathist1835

bioethicist1973

the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > ignorant or untrained

dogleech1529

empiric1562

amethodist1654

experimentator1684

empiricist1844

a1713 Earl of Shaftesbury Philos. Regimen in Life (1900) 207 The prescriptions of the vulgar-wise, like those of the Empiricists. They know only the symptom: apply only to the symptom.

1844 Hull Packet & E. Riding Times 29 Mar. The improper use of mercury administered by an itinerant female empiricist, Mrs. Winter, who styles herself ‘herb doctress’.

1876 J. Van Duyn & E. C. Seguin tr. E. L. Wagner Man. Gen. Pathol. 5 Medical men have been designated as Empiricists and Rationalists in matters of pathology.

1908 C. Bartlett Text-bk. Clin. Med. I. 571 If we do not give it [sc. relief from asthma] intelligently, then the patient will get it unskilfully administered at the hands of empiricists and quacks.

1924 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 12 July 50/2 At the risk of being dubbed as an enthusiast or empiricist, I hold that it [sc. treatment with nuclein] is a weapon by which we can..control a disease which at times assumes the proportions of a plague among us.

1953 Isis 44 213 The methodists opposed the dogmatists' scientific theories as well as the empiricists' trust in experience.

2003 R. K. French Med. before Sci. 38 In the competitive situation in Rome both Empiricists and the rationalising Galen (ultimately thought of as the arch-Rationalist) could choose Hippocrates as the Father of their different systems.

a. A person who amasses evidence from observation or experiment without theorizing or interpretation; a person whose actions or conclusions are founded solely on previous experience, unsystematic observation, or trial and error, without a basis in formal learning or an understanding of underlying principles. Cf. empiric n. 3, empiricism n. 4. Now rare.Frequently somewhat depreciative.In later use sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense A. 4.

ΚΠ

1832 J. Bell Syst. Geogr. (new ed.) I. 69 In the speculative sciences the Russians are mere empiricists. Their genius has not yet risen to generalization in science.

1844 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 7 394/1 The mere empiricist who knows only the rule of practice on the occasion, will, perhaps, bring out at last the same..result; but it will be by that most expensive and least creditable of all methods, a succession of failures.

1875 Pop. Sci. Monthly May 1 That stunning clincher of that empiricist, who declared that the coral polyps were, and must be plants, for—‘I have seen the flowers!’.

1891 G. L. Molesworth Silver & Gold 25 The empiricist, although quite correct in his conclusions, confuses the question by denying that the laws of supply and demand apply to gold and silver when coined.

1897 Pharmaceut. Rev. Mar. 43/1 Hager was less a scientist in the modern sense of the term than an empiricist and compiler.

1904 T. Raymont Princ. Educ. 24 There are two extremes to be avoided; that of the mere theorist, who spins fine webs of doctrine that collapse on contact with the hard facts of experience and that of the mere empiricist, or rule-of-thumb practitioner, who seeks no rational basis for his practice.

1943 Sci. Monthly Sept. 203/1 Is one to infer that the American scientist has an antipathy to reflection about the grounds and import of natural objects..? Is he first and last an empiricist?

1984 Technol. & Culture 25 810 The younger engineer clearly believed there were few worse situations than being considered an empiricist.

†b. depreciative. An untrained or ignorant person who behaves as if knowledgeable; a charlatan; = empiric n. 4. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > a charlatan, fraudster > [noun]

shondc725

faitoura1340

fob1393

trumper?c1450

feature14..

chuffera1500

prowler1519

truphane1568

cozener1575

cogger1580

pretender1583

impostor1586

mountebank1589

sycophant?1589

foolmonger1593

affronter1598

assumer1600

knight (also lord, man, etc.) of gingerbread1602

pettifogger1602

budgeter1603

quacksalver1611

empiric1614

putter-off?1615

quack1638

stafador1638

saltimbanco1646

adventurer1648

fourbe1668

shammer1677

imposer1678

charlatana1680

sham1683

cheat1687

hocus1692

gull1699

shamster1716

coal-blower1720

humbugger1752

gagger1781

fudge1794

humbug1804

potwalloper1820

twister1834

jackleg1844

fraud1850

bunyip1852

empiricist1854

Bayswater Captain1880

bluffer1888

putter-down1906

quandong1939

1854 Trans. North of Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers 2 54 Certain empiricists, who, by denying its safety [sc. that of the Davy lamp], under the guise of humanity..are prolonging the annual sacrifice of several hundred lives.

1863 Rep. Trans. Pennsylvania State Agric. Soc. 6 757 So long as they are unacquainted with the principles of agricultural science, there will be quacks and impostors, and ignorant empiricists, who will prevail on them to invest at least a little money in some new manure, seed, plants, or other things.

1867 Mich. University Mag. Nov. 42 The empiricist here [sc. in the profession of law] has no resource in his over-weening confidence, ignorant assumptions, and brazen impudence.

a. An adherent or proponent of philosophical empiricism. Cf. empiricism n. 5a.

ΚΠ

1839 G. Field Outl. Analogical Philos. I. Introd. p. liii We may..distribute the sects and systems of philosophy into three classes..the Materialists, whose doctrines are physically founded;..the Experimentalists or empiricists, grounded upon sense and experience; and..the Intellectualists, founded alone upon mind.

1843 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. May 464/2 The Rationalist assumes that we can seize being in itself; the Empiricist, that we seize in the phenomenon only the phenomenal.

1875 N. Amer. Rev. 120 469 Berkeley..a consistent empiricist.

1955 Sci. Amer. Aug. 86/1 Now, through Bertrand Russell, almost all British and American empiricists are to some degree disciples of Hume.

1977 D. M. Levin in R. Copeland & M. Cohen What is Dance? (1983) i. 89 When we examine the theories of the materialists, the classical empiricists (David Hume, for example)..we find the human body more or less reduced to the status of a mere thing.

2009 Philos. Sci. 76 423 Constructive empiricists claim to offer a reconstruction of the aim and practice of science without adopting all the metaphysical commitment of scientific realism.

b. Psychology and Linguistics. An adherent or proponent of the theory that certain capacities or abilities (esp. those of sense perception or language) are not innate, but are acquired by learning. Cf. empiricism n. 5b. Opposed to nativist n. 2b.

ΚΠ

1924 R. M. Ogden tr. K. Koffka Growth of Mind iii. §5. 76 To the empiricist the observed development [of fixation] is regarded as a process of learning; while the nativist regards it as a process of maturation.

1981 Nature 23 Apr. 636/2 Nativists have battled with empiricists for many years, but never with such fury as over the inheritability of intelligence.

1991 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 36 430 The second group..explores the contribution of formal learnability theory to the debate between innatists and empiricists and to the task of delimiting the class of humanly accessible grammars.

2007 B. P. Vinson Lang. Disorders Across Lifespan (ed. 2) i. 7 Behaviorists and empiricists tend to believe that children are relatively passive in their language acquisition.

4. A person who emphasizes or privileges evidence derived from direct observation, investigation, or experiment (as opposed to deductive reasoning, abstract theorizing, or speculation), as a basis for study or interpretation; a practitioner in any field who espouses empiricism (empiricism n. 6) as a methodology.Now the most frequent sense in general use. The development of this sense is related to the emergence of modern scientific practice in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, with its emphasis on systematic observation and careful experimentation.In early use sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense A. 2a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] > empiricism > one who

empirical philosophera1626

empiricist1867

experientialist1870

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [noun] > scientist > relying on observation or experiment

empiric?c1425

observer1611

empirical philosophera1626

spectator1646

empiricist1867

1867 Rep. Joint Comm. Legislature of Mass. on License Law App. 68 Some of the first scientific empiricists of France have shown by actual experiment that there can be found in the tissues of the body only the most minute trace of nutritive substance derived from alcoholic liquor.

1910 Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc. 42 423 The most conservative empiricist will introduce some explanatory types and terms in connection with the [land] forms of which the origin is manifest, such as sand dunes, deltas, volcanoes, and sea cliffs.

1931 A. Reiser Albert Einstein i. 54 [Einstein] still expected to approach the major questions of physics by observation and experiment... As a natural scientist he was a pure empiricist.

1944 Irish Monthly 72 355 Even the most rigorous empiricists and scientists accept many of their principles on the authority of their fellows.

1976 Brit. Jrnl. Sociol. 27 47 As an empiricist, I will no doubt sacrifice theoretical nuances on the altar of research practicalities.

1995 Weekend Austral. (Nexis) 29 July Pasteur is remembered as an emphatic empiricist, an observer who looked reality in the eye, noting down what he saw rather than what doctrine encouraged him to imagine.

2008 National Post (Canada) (Nexis) 13 Dec. a24 In general, I want my politicians to be careful empiricists who take a balanced view toward the competing values we enjoy in a liberal society.

B. adj.

Of or relating to empiricists or empiricism; characterized by empiricism (in various senses).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [adjective] > empirical

experimental1526

empiric1576

empirical1588

experimentate1651

occulta1652

empiric1772

rule of thumb1816

empiricist1864

practico-empirical1913

1864 Fraser's Mag. 786/2 It [sc. the language of Carlyle] is not in reality opposed to the Empiricist philosophy any more than anatomy or chemistry is opposed to painting.

1871 H. Sidgwick in Academy 15 Nov. 521/1 It is impossible to state more boldly the empiricist view of geometry.

1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. I. vii. 195 Empiricist writers are very fond of emphasizing one great set of delusions which language inflicts on the mind.

1905 Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc. 37 282 This eminent mathematician and astronomer was among the first of those profound and subtle thinkers in terrestrial magnetism to go beyond the Empiricist School, in which the ruling idea was the treatment by arrangement of great masses of observations.

1952 C. G. Hempel Fund. of Concept Formation in Empirical Sci. 43 Just another formulation of the empiricist requirements of testability.

1999 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 9 May vii. 4/3 The culture of early-20th-century suburban English Toryism, with its empiricist attitude and hatred of ideologies and determinist explanations.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	empiricist
释义	empiricistn.adj. Brit. /ɪmˈpɪrᵻsɪst/, /ɛmˈpɪrᵻsɪst/, U.S. /əmˈpɪrəsəst/, /ɛmˈpɪrəsəst/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: empiric adj., -ist suffix. Etymology: < empiric adj. + -ist suffix, after empiricism n. Compare earlier empiric n. With the use as adjective compare earlier empiric adj., empirical adj. A. n. 1. A physician or medical practitioner of a school of thought originating in ancient Greece and Rome and holding that treatment should be based on observation and experience rather than on deduction from theoretical principles. Also: a practitioner of medicine who lacks academic training and qualifications; (more strongly) a fraudulent practitioner of medicine, a quack. Cf. empiric n. 2. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > of specific schools or theoretical standpoints > others empiric?c1425 empiricista1713 allopathist1828 allopath1830 alloeopathist1835 bioethicist1973 the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > ignorant or untrained dogleech1529 empiric1562 amethodist1654 experimentator1684 empiricist1844 a1713 Earl of Shaftesbury Philos. Regimen in Life (1900) 207 The prescriptions of the vulgar-wise, like those of the Empiricists. They know only the symptom: apply only to the symptom. 1844 Hull Packet & E. Riding Times 29 Mar. The improper use of mercury administered by an itinerant female empiricist, Mrs. Winter, who styles herself ‘herb doctress’. 1876 J. Van Duyn & E. C. Seguin tr. E. L. Wagner Man. Gen. Pathol. 5 Medical men have been designated as Empiricists and Rationalists in matters of pathology. 1908 C. Bartlett Text-bk. Clin. Med. I. 571 If we do not give it [sc. relief from asthma] intelligently, then the patient will get it unskilfully administered at the hands of empiricists and quacks. 1924 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 12 July 50/2 At the risk of being dubbed as an enthusiast or empiricist, I hold that it [sc. treatment with nuclein] is a weapon by which we can..control a disease which at times assumes the proportions of a plague among us. 1953 Isis 44 213 The methodists opposed the dogmatists' scientific theories as well as the empiricists' trust in experience. 2003 R. K. French Med. before Sci. 38 In the competitive situation in Rome both Empiricists and the rationalising Galen (ultimately thought of as the arch-Rationalist) could choose Hippocrates as the Father of their different systems. 2. a. A person who amasses evidence from observation or experiment without theorizing or interpretation; a person whose actions or conclusions are founded solely on previous experience, unsystematic observation, or trial and error, without a basis in formal learning or an understanding of underlying principles. Cf. empiric n. 3, empiricism n. 4. Now rare.Frequently somewhat depreciative.In later use sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense A. 4. ΚΠ 1832 J. Bell Syst. Geogr. (new ed.) I. 69 In the speculative sciences the Russians are mere empiricists. Their genius has not yet risen to generalization in science. 1844 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 7 394/1 The mere empiricist who knows only the rule of practice on the occasion, will, perhaps, bring out at last the same..result; but it will be by that most expensive and least creditable of all methods, a succession of failures. 1875 Pop. Sci. Monthly May 1 That stunning clincher of that empiricist, who declared that the coral polyps were, and must be plants, for—‘I have seen the flowers!’. 1891 G. L. Molesworth Silver & Gold 25 The empiricist, although quite correct in his conclusions, confuses the question by denying that the laws of supply and demand apply to gold and silver when coined. 1897 Pharmaceut. Rev. Mar. 43/1 Hager was less a scientist in the modern sense of the term than an empiricist and compiler. 1904 T. Raymont Princ. Educ. 24 There are two extremes to be avoided; that of the mere theorist, who spins fine webs of doctrine that collapse on contact with the hard facts of experience and that of the mere empiricist, or rule-of-thumb practitioner, who seeks no rational basis for his practice. 1943 Sci. Monthly Sept. 203/1 Is one to infer that the American scientist has an antipathy to reflection about the grounds and import of natural objects..? Is he first and last an empiricist? 1984 Technol. & Culture 25 810 The younger engineer clearly believed there were few worse situations than being considered an empiricist. †b. depreciative. An untrained or ignorant person who behaves as if knowledgeable; a charlatan; = empiric n. 4. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > a charlatan, fraudster > [noun] shondc725 faitoura1340 fob1393 trumper?c1450 feature14.. chuffera1500 prowler1519 truphane1568 cozener1575 cogger1580 pretender1583 impostor1586 mountebank1589 sycophant?1589 foolmonger1593 affronter1598 assumer1600 knight (also lord, man, etc.) of gingerbread1602 pettifogger1602 budgeter1603 quacksalver1611 empiric1614 putter-off?1615 quack1638 stafador1638 saltimbanco1646 adventurer1648 fourbe1668 shammer1677 imposer1678 charlatana1680 sham1683 cheat1687 hocus1692 gull1699 shamster1716 coal-blower1720 humbugger1752 gagger1781 fudge1794 humbug1804 potwalloper1820 twister1834 jackleg1844 fraud1850 bunyip1852 empiricist1854 Bayswater Captain1880 bluffer1888 putter-down1906 quandong1939 1854 Trans. North of Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers 2 54 Certain empiricists, who, by denying its safety [sc. that of the Davy lamp], under the guise of humanity..are prolonging the annual sacrifice of several hundred lives. 1863 Rep. Trans. Pennsylvania State Agric. Soc. 6 757 So long as they are unacquainted with the principles of agricultural science, there will be quacks and impostors, and ignorant empiricists, who will prevail on them to invest at least a little money in some new manure, seed, plants, or other things. 1867 Mich. University Mag. Nov. 42 The empiricist here [sc. in the profession of law] has no resource in his over-weening confidence, ignorant assumptions, and brazen impudence. 3. a. An adherent or proponent of philosophical empiricism. Cf. empiricism n. 5a. ΚΠ 1839 G. Field Outl. Analogical Philos. I. Introd. p. liii We may..distribute the sects and systems of philosophy into three classes..the Materialists, whose doctrines are physically founded;..the Experimentalists or empiricists, grounded upon sense and experience; and..the Intellectualists, founded alone upon mind. 1843 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. May 464/2 The Rationalist assumes that we can seize being in itself; the Empiricist, that we seize in the phenomenon only the phenomenal. 1875 N. Amer. Rev. 120 469 Berkeley..a consistent empiricist. 1955 Sci. Amer. Aug. 86/1 Now, through Bertrand Russell, almost all British and American empiricists are to some degree disciples of Hume. 1977 D. M. Levin in R. Copeland & M. Cohen What is Dance? (1983) i. 89 When we examine the theories of the materialists, the classical empiricists (David Hume, for example)..we find the human body more or less reduced to the status of a mere thing. 2009 Philos. Sci. 76 423 Constructive empiricists claim to offer a reconstruction of the aim and practice of science without adopting all the metaphysical commitment of scientific realism. b. Psychology and Linguistics. An adherent or proponent of the theory that certain capacities or abilities (esp. those of sense perception or language) are not innate, but are acquired by learning. Cf. empiricism n. 5b. Opposed to nativist n. 2b. ΚΠ 1924 R. M. Ogden tr. K. Koffka Growth of Mind iii. §5. 76 To the empiricist the observed development [of fixation] is regarded as a process of learning; while the nativist regards it as a process of maturation. 1981 Nature 23 Apr. 636/2 Nativists have battled with empiricists for many years, but never with such fury as over the inheritability of intelligence. 1991 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 36 430 The second group..explores the contribution of formal learnability theory to the debate between innatists and empiricists and to the task of delimiting the class of humanly accessible grammars. 2007 B. P. Vinson Lang. Disorders Across Lifespan (ed. 2) i. 7 Behaviorists and empiricists tend to believe that children are relatively passive in their language acquisition. 4. A person who emphasizes or privileges evidence derived from direct observation, investigation, or experiment (as opposed to deductive reasoning, abstract theorizing, or speculation), as a basis for study or interpretation; a practitioner in any field who espouses empiricism (empiricism n. 6) as a methodology.Now the most frequent sense in general use. The development of this sense is related to the emergence of modern scientific practice in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, with its emphasis on systematic observation and careful experimentation.In early use sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense A. 2a. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] > empiricism > one who empirical philosophera1626 empiricist1867 experientialist1870 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [noun] > scientist > relying on observation or experiment empiric?c1425 observer1611 empirical philosophera1626 spectator1646 empiricist1867 1867 Rep. Joint Comm. Legislature of Mass. on License Law App. 68 Some of the first scientific empiricists of France have shown by actual experiment that there can be found in the tissues of the body only the most minute trace of nutritive substance derived from alcoholic liquor. 1910 Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc. 42 423 The most conservative empiricist will introduce some explanatory types and terms in connection with the [land] forms of which the origin is manifest, such as sand dunes, deltas, volcanoes, and sea cliffs. 1931 A. Reiser Albert Einstein i. 54 [Einstein] still expected to approach the major questions of physics by observation and experiment... As a natural scientist he was a pure empiricist. 1944 Irish Monthly 72 355 Even the most rigorous empiricists and scientists accept many of their principles on the authority of their fellows. 1976 Brit. Jrnl. Sociol. 27 47 As an empiricist, I will no doubt sacrifice theoretical nuances on the altar of research practicalities. 1995 Weekend Austral. (Nexis) 29 July Pasteur is remembered as an emphatic empiricist, an observer who looked reality in the eye, noting down what he saw rather than what doctrine encouraged him to imagine. 2008 National Post (Canada) (Nexis) 13 Dec. a24 In general, I want my politicians to be careful empiricists who take a balanced view toward the competing values we enjoy in a liberal society. B. adj. Of or relating to empiricists or empiricism; characterized by empiricism (in various senses). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [adjective] > empirical experimental1526 empiric1576 empirical1588 experimentate1651 occulta1652 empiric1772 rule of thumb1816 empiricist1864 practico-empirical1913 1864 Fraser's Mag. 786/2 It [sc. the language of Carlyle] is not in reality opposed to the Empiricist philosophy any more than anatomy or chemistry is opposed to painting. 1871 H. Sidgwick in Academy 15 Nov. 521/1 It is impossible to state more boldly the empiricist view of geometry. 1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. I. vii. 195 Empiricist writers are very fond of emphasizing one great set of delusions which language inflicts on the mind. 1905 Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc. 37 282 This eminent mathematician and astronomer was among the first of those profound and subtle thinkers in terrestrial magnetism to go beyond the Empiricist School, in which the ruling idea was the treatment by arrangement of great masses of observations. 1952 C. G. Hempel Fund. of Concept Formation in Empirical Sci. 43 Just another formulation of the empiricist requirements of testability. 1999 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 9 May vii. 4/3 The culture of early-20th-century suburban English Toryism, with its empiricist attitude and hatred of ideologies and determinist explanations. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.a1713
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