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单词 elf
释义

elfn.1

Brit. /ɛlf/, U.S. /ɛlf/
Forms: Old English ælf, ylf (apparently recorded only in plural ylfe), Middle English alve, Middle English alfe, Middle English–1600s elfe, Middle English– elf. plural elves: Old English ylfe, Middle English alven, 1500s–1600s elfes, Scottish elvis, 1700s elfs, 1500s– elves. See also elven n., aufe n., oaf n.1
Etymology: Old English ælf strong masculine = Old High German alp (Middle High German, modern German alp nightmare, Old Norse álfr (Danish alf) elf < Old Germanic *alƀo-z; a parallel type *alƀi-z (compare Swedish elf, Danish elv) appears in late West Saxon *ylf (found in plural ylfe < *ięlfe) = Mercian, Kentish *ęlf, Northumbrian *ǣlf, one or other of which is represented in the modern word. (The modern German elf is believed to be adopted < English; Middle High German had elbe a female elf.) Some have compared the Germanic word with the Sanskrit ṛbhu, the name given to the three genii of the seasons in Hindu mythology.
1. Mythology.
a. The name of a class of supernatural beings, in early Teutonic belief supposed to possess formidable magical powers, exercised variously for the benefit or the injury of humankind.They were believed to be of dwarfish form, to produce diseases of various kinds, to act as incubi and succubi, to cause nightmares, and to steal children, substituting changelings in their place. The Teutonic belief in elves is probably the main source of the medieval superstition respecting fairies, which, however, includes elements not of Teutonic origin; in general the Romanic word denotes a being of less terrible and more playful character than the ‘elf’ as originally conceived. In modern literature, elf is a mere synonym of fairy n. and adj., which has to a great extent superseded it even in dialects. Originally elf was masculine, elven n. feminine; but in 13th and 14th centuries the two seem to have been used indifferently of both sexes. In modern use elf chiefly, though not always, denotes a male fairy.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > fairy or elf > [noun]
elfOE
elvena1100
spiritc1350
fay1393
fairyc1405
mammeta1425
sprite?1440
lady1538
faerie1579
Robin Goodfellow1588
elfin1590
pigwidgeon1594
pygmy1611
fairess1674
peri1739
spriggan1754
fane1806
glendoveer1810
vila1827
Polong1839
Gandharva1846
elle-maid1850
sheogue1852
hillman1882
elvet1885
pishogue1906
OE Beowulf 112 Þanon untydras ealle onwocon, eotenas ond ylfe.
c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 296 Wið ælfe and wiþ uncuþum fidsan gnið myrran on win.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 9608 Sone swa he com an eorðe aluen [c1300 Otho aluene] hine iuengen.
c1386 G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 656 The mooder was an elf by aventure.
1426 J. Audelay Poems 77 (Mätz.) Alfe Rofyn be-gon to rug.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xiii. 152 He was takyn with an elfe.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid viii. vi. 7 Wyth Nymphis and Favnis apoun euery syde, Quhilk fairfolkis, or than elvis, clepyng we.
1579 E. K. in E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. June 25 Gloss. For Guelfes and Gibelines, we say Elfes & Goblins.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) v. i. 33 Ye Elues of hils, brooks, standing lakes & groues. View more context for this quotation
1635 R. Herrick Descr. King & Queen of Fayries sig. A10 Come follow, follow me You Fairie Elves that be.
1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Wife of Bathe's Tale in Fables 479 The King of elfs..Gamboll'd on heaths.
1714 A. Pope Rape of Lock (new ed.) i. 3 Airy Elves by Moonlight Shadows seen.
1866 C. Kingsley Hereward the Wake I. xv. 285 You are an elf, a goddess.
1871 B. Taylor tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust II. i. i. 3 Then the craft of elves propitious Hastes to help where help it can.
b. Sometimes distinguished from a ‘fairy’: (a) as an inferior or subject species; (b) as a more malignant being, an ‘imp’, ‘demon’; also figurative. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > evil spirit or demon > [noun]
evil angel, spiritc950
ghosteOE
uncleanOE
demonOE
devilOE
devilshineOE
groa1225
debleriea1325
devilnessa1400
devilryc1400
sprat?a1475
nicker1481
fiend of hell1509
imp1526
virtue1584
elf1587
succubus1601
blue devilc1616
black man1656
woolsaw1757
buggane1775
bhut1785
demonic1785
pishachi1807
devil-devil1831
skookum1838
taipo1848
lightning bird1870
demonry1883
pisaca1885
mafufunyanas1963
mare1981
1587 M. Grove Pelops & Hippodamia (1878) 75 To exercise your selfe In feates of armes, thereby to shun of loytring loue the elfe.
a1593 H. Smith Wks. (1867) II. 483 Frenzies, furies (wayward elves): What need ye call for whip or scourge?
1623 J. Abbott Force Contrition in E. Farr Sel. Poetry Reign James I (1848) 353 The raine which this detested elfe must drowne Must from aboue..come downe.
a1628 F. Greville Mustapha iii. Chorus in Certaine Wks. (1633) 126 What means..This finite Elfe of mans vaine acts and errors?
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iv. xlvii. 387 When the Fairies are displeased with any body, they are said to send their Elves, to pinch them.
1689 Ess. Satyr in Fourth Coll. Poems 33 That we may Angels seem we paint them Elves.
2. transferred.
a. (See quot. 1651.)
ΚΠ
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iv. xlvii. 386 The Fairies..are said to take young Children..and to change them into Naturall Fools, which Common people do therefore call Elves, and are apt to mischief.
b. A tricksy, mischievous, sometimes a spiteful and malicious creature. to play the elf: to act elfishly, maliciously.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > cunning > [noun] > cunning person
foxc1000
yepea1250
slies1297
wily-man1393
wilyc1400
sneck-drawer1402
piea1425
wily-piec1450
artificera1500
tod?a1513
Sim Subtlea1529
serpentinea1533
prata1542
wily beguile1550
wily-wat?1550
elfa1556
dog fox1609
saccularian1652
sly-cap1681
sly-boots1699
craftsmaster1717
scunge1824
sleeveen1834
chickaleary1869
sneck-draw1886
rusée1889
slypuss1942
a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iii. iii. sig. E.j Women be all such madde pieuishe elues.
1613 N. Breton Vncasing Machiuils Instr. 25 For never it was Ape but plaide the Elfe.
1740 W. Somervile Hobbinol (1749) iii. 174 This other Elf, in ev'ry Art Of smiling Fraud, in ev'ry treach'rous Leer, The very Hobbinol!
1800 R. Bloomfield Summer in Farmer's Boy 40 Happy the man that foils an envious elf, Using the darts of spleen to serve himself.
1820 W. Scott Abbot I. iv. 89 Stray elf of a page.
3. transferred. A diminutive being.
a. A dwarf, mannikin; hence as adj. (quots. 1725, 1728).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > bodily height > shortness > [noun] > person
dwarfeOE
congeonc1230
go-by-ground?a1300
smalla1300
shrimpc1386
griga1400
gruba1400
murche1440
nirvil1440
mitinga1450
witherling1528
wretchocka1529
elf1530
hop-o'-my-thumb1530
pygmy1533
little person1538
manikin1540
mankin1552
dandiprat1556
yrle1568
grundy1570
Jack Sprat1570
squall1570
manling1573
Tom Thumb1579
pinka1585
squib1586
screaling1594
giant-dwarf1598
twattle1598
agate1600
minimus1600
cock sparrow1602
dapperling1611
modicum1611
scrub1611
sesquipedalian1615
dwarflinga1618
wretchcock1641
homuncio1643
whip-handle1653
homuncule1656
whippersnapper1674
chitterling1675
sprite1684
carliea1689
urling1691
wirling1691
dwarf man1699
poppet1699
durgan1706
short-arse1706
tomtit1706
Lilliputian1726
wallydraigle1736
midge1757
minikin1761
squeeze-crab1785
minimum1796
niff-naff1808
titman1818
teetotum1822
squita1825
cradden1825
nyaff1825
weed1825
pinkeen1850
fingerling1864
Lilliput1867
thumbling1867
midget1869
inch1884
shorty1888
titch1888
skimpling1890
stub1890
scrap1898
pygmoid1922
lofty1933
peewee1935
smidgen1952
pint-size1954
pint-sized1973
munchkin1974
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 216/2 Elfe or dwarf, nain.
1547 W. Salesbury Dict. Eng. & Welshe Nar, an elfe.
1725 New Canting Dict. Elf, little.
1728 Street-robberies, Consider'd 31 Elf, little.
1742 W. Shenstone School-mistress xxiii He..Wishes, poor starv'ling Elf! his Paper-Kite may fly.
17.. Seven Wise Men in W. Wallace & R. Bell Hist. Eng. (1840) X. vii. 143 (note) The prince..Laughed at the merry elf; Rejoiced to see within his court One shorter than himself.
1842 R. H. Barham Black Mousquetaire in Ingoldsby Legends 2nd Ser. 11 As a muscular Giant would handle an elf.
b. Applied to a child (chiefly with some notion of 2b), to a small animal or insect.
ΚΠ
1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 24v Loke to thy cattle. Serue yonge, poore, elues alone by them selues.
1660 J. M[ilton] in H. Morley King & Commons (1868) So the little wanton elf [a bee] Most gloriously enshrined itself [in amber].
1786 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 234 Ye tiny elves that guiltless sport.
1824 M. R. Mitford Our Village I. 31 His own pretty little boys, and two or three other four-year-old elves.
1886 G. Allen & M. Cotes Kalee's Shrine xii. 128 Herons..intent on the quick pursuit of the elusive elves in the stream below.
4. By Spenser applied to the knights of his allegorical ‘faerie land’.
ΚΠ
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A5 Which when the valiant Elfe perceiu'd.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. v. sig. E1 Goe caytiue Elfe.
5. In a vague depreciatory sense, ‘a (poor) creature’, ‘a (poor, pious) soul’, ‘a (poor) devil’.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > tribulation, trouble, or affliction > wretched person
wretchc1000
caitiffc1325
crachouna1400
wretcheda1425
miserable1484
miser1542
afflicted1545
seggon1570
elf1573
devil1593
wreck1795
the mind > emotion > suffering > misery > [noun] > miserable person
armOE
ermingOE
wretchc1000
caitiffc1325
crachouna1400
miserable1484
miser1542
elf1573
angishore1835
the mind > emotion > compassion > quality of exciting pity > [noun] > pitiable person
wretcha1500
foolc1525
elf1573
poor hearta1600
pilgarlic1694
perisher1896
1573 T. Tusser Points Huswifrie (new ed.) f. 28v, in Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) Like worldly elfe, to moyle and toyle.
1702 D. Defoe Reformation of Manners Misc. 69 Magistrates, like Pious Elves, Let none be Drunk a Sundays but themselves.
1825 H. Smith Gaieties & Gravities I. 138 Still silent incommunicative elf!

Compounds

General attributive.
C1. Appositive.
elf-child n.
ΚΠ
1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics (1860) II. 74 When the Elf-children scatter gold-dust on the ground.
elf-girl n.
ΚΠ
1871 D. G. Rossetti Poems 9 Poets' fancies all are there: There the Elf-girls flood with wings Valleys full of plaintive air.
elf-knight n.
ΚΠ
1882 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. i. §4. 23/1 An elf-knight, by blowing his horn, inspires Lady Isabel with love-longing.
elf-lady n.
ΚΠ
1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §37. 320/1 The elf-lady's costume and equipment.
elf-woman n.
ΚΠ
1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §29. 259/1 Three elf-women had been not less than fifteen years in weaving it.
C2. Attributive.
a.
elf-castle n.
ΚΠ
1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §37. 321/2 After some description of the life at the elf-castle.
elf-craft n.
ΚΠ
1919 W. de la Mare Flora 5 Lovely as elf-craft.
elf-dance n.
ΚΠ
1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §42. 375/1 Why are you so pale, as if you had been in an elf-dance?
elf-flame n.
ΚΠ
1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §42. 375/2 Olaf..has to make his way through the elf-flame.
elf-flower n.
ΚΠ
1919 W. de la Mare Crossings 47 A steeple hat bound round with Elf flowers.
elf-folk n.
ΚΠ
1922 W. de la Mare Down-adown-Derry 12 I saw from concealment a company of elf-folk.
elf-friend n.
ΚΠ
1937 J. R. R. Tolkien Hobbit iii. 62 The master of the house was an elf-friend.
elf-horn n.
ΚΠ
1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §41. 360/1 Lady Isabel..hears an elf-horn.
elf-house n.
ΚΠ
1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §42. 375/1 He rides to the hills and comes to an elf-house.
elf-key n.
ΚΠ
1924 R. Graves Mock Beggar Hall 78 The elf-key at the rainbow's rise.
elf-kingdom n.
ΚΠ
1954 J. R. R. Tolkien Fellowship of Ring i. xi. 203 A story of the Elf-kingdoms.
elf-land n.
ΚΠ
1483 Cath. Angl. 113 Elfe lande.
1850 Ld. Tennyson Princess (ed. 3) 70 O sweet and far from cliff and scar The horns of Elfland faintly blowing!
elf-light n.
ΚΠ
1913 W. de la Mare Peacock Pie 172 Elf-light, bat-light, Touchwood-light and toad-light.
elf-rod n.
ΚΠ
1884 F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads I. ii. §41. 362/2 He strikes her with an elf-rod.
elf-speech n.
ΚΠ
1955 J. R. R. Tolkien Return of King App. F 409 Fragments of Elf-speech.
elf-wing n.
ΚΠ
1929 E. Blunden Near & Far 49 Elf-wings set out on visit and patrol.
b.
elf-like adj.
ΚΠ
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 53 Shee sowns, and after long pausing thus she sayd elflyke.
1841 E. Bulwer-Lytton Night & Morning I. i. vi. 65 His..hair hung elf-like and matted down his cheeks.
C3. Also elf-lock n., elf-shoot v., elf-shot n.
elf-arrow n. a flint arrowhead (see elf-shot n.); also, a belemnite.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > arrow > [noun] > head of arrow > prehistoric arrow-head
elf-arrow1590
arrowhead?1661
fairy dart1782
fairy stone1791
flint-head1796
projectile point1847
leaf arrowhead1878
fairy arrow1903
1590 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. I. 198 Thow directit George Cuik to twa wemen..for ane elf-arrow-heid.
1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. x. 396 These..they there [i.e. at Aberdeen] call Elf-Arrows.
1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Elf-arrows, flint-stones sharpened and jagged like Arrow-heads, used in War by the ancient Britons.
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Elf-arrows, a name given by the people of Scotland, to certain stone weapons which they find, and which had been in use before tools and weapons of iron were used there.
1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 151 The stones which the country people call elf-arrow heads.
1855 E. Smedley et al. Occult Sci. 31 The triangular flints, Belemnites, so numerous in Scotland..are popularly termed Elf arrows.
elf-bolt n. = elf-arrow n.
ΚΠ
1775 S. Johnson Journey W. Islands 141 The stone heads of arrows... The people call them Elf-bolts.
1883 G. Allen Colin Clout's Cal. xxxix. 223 The neolithic arrows came to be regarded as elf-bolts.
elf-bore n. a hole in a piece of wood, out of which a knot has dropped or been driven.
ΚΠ
1814 Northern Antiq. 404 (Jam.) If you were to look through an elf-bore in wood.
elf-cake n. Obsolete an enlargement of the spleen attributed to the agency of elves (cf. ague cake n.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > glandular disorders > [noun] > disorders of spleen
elf-cake1579
ague cake1597
splenitis1753
lienitis1845
perisplenitis1881
wandering spleen1897
splenohepatomegaly1900
spleno-megaly1900
hypersplenism1914
hyposplenism1914
splenosis1939
1579 T. Lupton Thousand Notable Things vii. 182 The hardnes of the syde, called the Elfe cake.
1597 W. Langham Garden of Health 2 To heale the elfe cake and hardnesse of the side.
elf-cup n. a small stone perforated by friction at a waterfall.
ΚΠ
1810 A. Cunningham et al. Remains Nithsdale & Galloway Song 290 (Jam.) Elf-cups were placed under stabledoors..as a safeguard against witchcraft.
elf-dart n. = elf-shot n. 1.
elf-dock n. a name of the Elecampane.
ΚΠ
1879 R. C. A. Prior On Pop. Names Brit. Plants (ed. 3) Elf-Dock, the elecampane, from its broad leaves called a dock.
elf-fire n. ignis fatuus, Will o' the wisp.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > light > light emitted under particular conditions > [noun] > phosphorescence > will-o'-the-wisp
fox-fire1483
foolish fire1563
ignis fatuus1563
fool's fire1583
Kit with the canstick or candlestick1584
going fire1596
will-o'-the-wisp1596
meteor1597
firedrake1607
wisp1618
ambulones1621
Dick-a-Tuesday1636
friar's lantern1645
gillian burnt-tail1654
Jill-burnt-tail1654
Jack-o'-lantern1658
fatuous fire1661
wildfire1663
wandering fire or light1667
Jack-a-Lent1680
fairy light1722
spunkie1727
Jill-o'-the-wisp1750
fen-fire1814
fatuus1820
marsh-light1823
feu follet1832
wisp-lighta1847
hob-lantern1847
ghost light1849
elf-fire1855
Peggy-with-her-lantern1855
fatuous light1857–8
marsh-fire1865
swamp fire1903
Min-Min1950
1855 E. Smedley et al. Occult Sci. 31 The ‘Ignis fatuus’ has been named ‘Elf fire’.
elf-god n. Cupid.
ΚΠ
1859 Ld. Tennyson Vivien in Idylls of King 106 I saw the little elf-god eyeless once In Arthur's arras hall at Camelot.
elf-knot n. = elf-lock n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > hair > types of hair > [noun] > tangled
elf-lock1596
snarl1609
feltering1615
elf-knot1825
tat1887
taut1887
kitchen1964
natty dread1974
1825 R. Heber Jrnl. 31 Jan. in Narr. Journey Upper Provinces India (1828) II. xxii. 13 Ghastly Yogis, with their hair in elf-knots.
elf-queen n. queen of the fairies.
ΚΠ
c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale 860 The elf-queen, with hir joly compaignye.
elf-skin n. Obsolete a man of shrivelled and shrunken form.
ΚΠ
1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. v. 248 Zbloud..you elfskin.
elf-stone n. = elf-shot n. 2.
ΚΠ
1777 T. Campbell Philos. Surv. S. Ireland xxix. 281 I have seen one of those elf-stones.
elf-stricken adj. bewitched.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [adjective] > enchanted
forspokena1300
bewitcheda1387
charmedc1440
witched1543
owlblasted1603
maleficiate1622
sparrow-blasteda1652
fated1697
elf-struck1699
hagged1699
starstruck1707
enchanted1710
glamoured1724
spell-bound1799
elf-stricken1825
spelled1838
puckfoisted1890
bespelled1902
1825 W. Scott Betrothed in Tales Crusaders II. 12 He looks as if he were elf-stricken.
elf-struck adj. = elf-stricken adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [adjective] > enchanted
forspokena1300
bewitcheda1387
charmedc1440
witched1543
owlblasted1603
maleficiate1622
sparrow-blasteda1652
fated1697
elf-struck1699
hagged1699
starstruck1707
enchanted1710
glamoured1724
spell-bound1799
elf-stricken1825
spelled1838
puckfoisted1890
bespelled1902
1699 E. Lhuyd Let. 17 Dec. in Philos. Trans. 1713 (Royal Soc.) (1714) 28 99 Some on May Day put them into a Tub of Water, and besprinkle all their Cattle with that Water, to prevent being Elf-struck, bewitch'd, &c.
elf-striking n.
ΚΠ
1699 E. Lhuyd Let. 17 Dec. in Philos. Trans. 1713 (Royal Soc.) (1714) 28 99 As to this Elf-stricking, their Opinion is, that the Fairies..do sometimes carry away Men in the Air.
elf-taken adj. (in quot. elfe y-take) bewitched by elves.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [adjective] > enchanted > by fairies
elf-takena1500
pixie-led1659
gentle1823
a1500 MS. in Promptorium Parvulorum 138 (note) A chylde that ys elfe y-take..may nat broke hys mete.
elf-twisted adj. twisted or gnarled by elves.
ΚΠ
1885 Chambers's Jrnl. 371 Lo—instead of the Hunter in Green, there was only a brown withered twig, so elf-twisted and dry.
elf-wort n. = elf-dock n.
ΚΠ
1878 J. Britten & R. Holland Dict. Eng. Plant-names Elfwort, Inula Helenium.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

elfn.2

Forms: Also elft.
Etymology: Afrikaans, < Dutch elft shad.
South African.
The spiny-finned sea-fish Pomatomus saltator.
ΚΠ
1731 G. Medley tr. P. Kolb Present State Cape Good-Hope II. 190 In the Table-Bay, and in Bay-Falzo, is caught a Sort of Fish the Dutch call Elft. The Elft is Three Quarters of a Yard long or more; and is scal'd much like a Herring.
1902 Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc. 11 215 The Elf (Temnodon saltator), which somewhat resembles the Elft (Clupea alosa) of Holland, though the two are by no means scientifically related.
1947 K. H. Barnard Pictorial Guide S. Afr. Fishes iii. 108 The Elf (Pomatomus saltator)..known in Natal as the Shad (quite different, of course, from the true Shad of the Herring family), and in other parts of the world as the Bluefish, Skipjack, Tailer, etc.
1949 Cape Times 22 Nov. 13/6 Three elft..have been landed by..anglers.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1972; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

elfv.

Etymology: < elf n.1
Obsolete. rare.
transitive. To tangle or twist (hair) as an elf might do.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > hair > types of hair > [verb (transitive)] > tangled
foldc1384
felter?a1400
elfa1616
taut1853
intermat1927
a1616 W. Shakespeare King Lear (1623) ii. ii. 173 Ile..elfe [1608 else] all my haires in knots.
1721–1800 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. To Elfe the Hair, to tie it up in Knots or Ringlets.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

> as lemmas

ELF
ELF adj. and n. extra or extremely low frequency; (a) adj. of or relating to a frequency that is substantially lower than a usual or standard frequency; that operates at or deals with low frequencies; (b) n. a frequency of this kind.
Π
1956 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 12 1473 Extremely low-frequency (ELF) radio waves (10—500 cycles) originating in lightning were received over distances in excess of 15 000 km.
1960 Techn. News Bull. (U.S. National Bureau of Standards) May 75/2 These qualities indicate that whistlers sometimes contain appreciable energy at ELF.
1981 M. Cheney Tesla (1989) xiii. 138 The Tesla magnifying transmitter was the first in the world powerful enough to create ELF resonance in the earth-ionosphere wave guide.
2009 New Scientist 10 Oct. 10/2 ELF can reach a sub[marine] travelling at its operating depth but has a very low data rate, about 1 bit per minute.
extracted from En.1
ELF
ELF n. Eritrean Liberation Front, a movement formed in 1960 with the aim of achieving independence from Ethiopia; cf. EPLF n.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > African politics > [noun] > specific party in Eritrea
ELF1965
EPLF1974
1965 Titusville (Pa.) Herald 2 Aug. 2 (headline) Two others released by ELF in Ethiopia.
1968 Current Hist. Feb. 79/1 The fact that E.L.F. elements are receiving financial and other support from several Arab states has heightened Amhara anxieties.
1989 Encycl. Brit. IV. 544/3 The ELF works with the..Marxist Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF).
2015 Guardian (Nexis) 28 Aug. The pressure of three decades of war prompted the ELF to splinter.
extracted from En.1
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