elmn.

Brit.

/ɛlm/, U.S.

/ɛlm/

Forms: Old English elm, Middle English–1600s elme, 1800s dialect elem, ellum, Middle English– elm. Also Middle English ulm, 1500s ulme.

Etymology: Old English elm strong masculine = Old High German elm strong masculine (whence the derivatives Middle High German elme, ilme, ilmene weak feminine) < West Germanic *elmo-z; the same word with difference of ablaut appears as Old Norse álmr (Swedish alm, Danish alm, ælm) etymologically = Latin ulmus. The modern German ulme, Dutch olm, and the English form ulm(e, are due to the influence of the Latin word.

1. The name of well-known trees belonging to the genus Ulmus, esp., in England, the Common or Small-leaved Elm ( Ulmus campestris), a tree having rough, doubly serrated leaves, flowers nearly sessile, the fruit oblong, deeply cloven and glabrous; in Scotland, the Witch or Wych Elm ( Ulmus montana) or the Cork-barked Elm ( Ulmus suberosa); in U.S. the White Elm ( Ulmus americana).

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > elms > [noun]

wycheOE

elmc1000

ulm-treec1000

witch hazela1400

all-heart1567

ulme1567

white elm1580

wych elm1582

witchen1594

weeping elm1606

trench-elm1676

smooth-leaved elm1731

witch elm1731

water elm1733

slippery elm1748

Scotch elm1769

wahoo1770

American elm1771

red elm1805

witches' elm1808

moose elm1810

cork-elm1813

rock elm1817

swamp elm1817

planer tree1819

Jersey elm1838

winged elm1858

sand elm1878

Exeter-elm1882

c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 52 Eft genim elmes rinde, gebærn to ahsan.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. xli. 19 I shal sette in desert fyrr tree and vlm and box togidere.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 138 Elm, tre, ulmus.

1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII c. 9 §5 Two other bowes..of ashe, elme, wyche, hasyll or other wood mete for the same.

1567 T. Drant tr. Horace Pistles in tr. Horace Arte of Poetrie sig. Dvj Our cittizen Is now a Corridon. He trimmes his vlmes.

1664 J. Evelyn Sylva iv. §6 The Elm delights in a sound, sweet and fertile Land.

1751 T. Gray Elegy iv. 6 Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade.

1785 T. Martyn tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xvii. 231 Few persons know that the Elm has any flower.

1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 94 The inner bark of the Elm is slightly bitter and astringent.

1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xciii. 141 Rock'd the full-foliaged elms .

1858 O. W. Holmes One-hoss Shay Logs from the ‘Settler's ellum’.

1877 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. Elem, the elm.

1881 H. Smith & C. R. Smith Isle of Wight Words Ellum, an elm.

2. With distinguishing epithets, denoting the above-named and other species of the genus Ulmus: American elm n. (also American elm tree) Ulmus americana, = white elm n. at white adj. and n. Compounds 1g(b)(ii). broad-leaved elm n. Ulmus latifolia or montana. Chichester elm n. = American elm n. Dutch elm n. Ulmus suberosa (see also Dutch adj. 3b). witch elm n. (or wych elm) Ulmus montana. Also yoke elm n. the hornbeam n. ( Carpinus Betulus).

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > elms > [noun]

wycheOE

elmc1000

ulm-treec1000

witch hazela1400

all-heart1567

ulme1567

white elm1580

wych elm1582

witchen1594

weeping elm1606

trench-elm1676

smooth-leaved elm1731

witch elm1731

water elm1733

slippery elm1748

Scotch elm1769

wahoo1770

American elm1771

red elm1805

witches' elm1808

moose elm1810

cork-elm1813

rock elm1817

swamp elm1817

planer tree1819

Jersey elm1838

winged elm1858

sand elm1878

Exeter-elm1882

1731 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. dd/3 The Dutch Elm affords the worst Timber.

1771 J. R. Forster tr. P. Kalm Trav. N. Amer. II. 104 The red maple Acer rubrum and the American elm Ulmus Americana began to flower at present; and some of the latter kind were already in full blossom.

1785 H. Marshall Arbustrum Americanum 156 American rough leaved Elm-tree..rises to the height of about thirty feet.

1868 H. W. Beecher Norwood 4 Of all trees, no other unites, in the same degree, majesty and beauty, grace and grandeur, as the American Elm!

1876 J. Harley Royle's Man. Materia Med. (ed. 6) 423 The Broad-Leaved Elm..60–80 feet high, with rugged bark.

1882 Garden 11 Nov. 419/3 The Chichester Elm..is variously known as the Huntingdon, Scampston, or unfortunately as the American Elm.

1882 Garden 11 Nov. 419/3 A form of Wych Elm entitled to specific rank is the Dutch Elm.

1938 Times 14 Feb. 18/6 It seems that the American elm (Ulmus americana) is much more susceptible [to elm disease] than the common forms of elm grown in this country.

2006 Biol. Conserv. 127 153/2 Rapid loss of the American elm (U. americana) following Dutch elm disease (Ophistoma ulmi) was associated with pronounced population declines in mature forest bird species.

3. figurative with reference to the practice of training vines on elms.

ΚΠ

a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) ii. ii. 177 Thou art an Elme my husband, I a Vine.

1643 E. Bowles Mysterie Iniquitie 2 Subverting the Protestant Religion, together with the Subjects Liberty (the Elme of that Vine).

4. The wood of these trees.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood of specific trees > [noun] > elm

elm1823

coffin-wood1883

1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 261 Elm is another tough and strong species of wood.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

elm-dresser n.

ΚΠ

1596 in J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices (modernized text) III. 578 Elm dresser 20/.

elm-plank n.

ΚΠ

1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. x. 181 An Oaken planck or Elm plank.

elm-shadow n.

ΚΠ

a1835 F. D. Hemans Haunted House in Poet. Wks. (1836) 227/2 Where the deep elm shadows fall.

elm-tree n.

ΚΠ

1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 169^v The leues, the boughes, and the barck of the elm tre, haue a binding vertue.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 52/1 The Elme Tree is of some called All-Heart.

1771 O. Goldsmith Hist. Eng. II. ii. 387 Her body was..thrown into a common chest of elm tree.

1832 Ld. Tennyson Dream Fair Women xxi, in Poems (new ed.) 127 Enormous elmtree-boles did stoop and lean Upon the dusky brushwood underneath Their broad curved branches.

elm-wood n.

elm-arched adj.

ΚΠ

1860 Harper's Mag. June 4/1 I wandered through the elm-arched streets [of New Haven] in solitude as absolute as though I trod the aisles of a primeval forest.

1868 J. R. Lowell Al Fresco (1896) 61 Upon these elm-arched solitudes No hum of neighbor toil intrudes.

elm-bordered adj.

ΚΠ

1902 C. J. Cornish Naturalist on Thames xxxvi. 224 The elm-bordered meadows of the Vale of White Horse.

elm-embosomed adj.

ΚΠ

a1861 A. H. Clough Lett. & Remains (1865) 41 Field and wood And elm-embosomed spire.

elm-encircled adj.

ΚΠ

1777 T. Warton Poems Ode vii Or grange, or elm-encircled farm.

elm-fringed adj.

ΚΠ

1909 Westm. Gaz. 14 Apr. 5/1 The elm-fringed arm of the Tyburn stream.

elm-grey adj.

ΚΠ

1935 E. Bowen House in Paris i. v. 70 The elm-grey autumn park.

C2.

elm-balm n. the fluid contained in elm-galls.

ΚΠ

1861 A. Pratt Flowering Plants & Ferns Great Brit. V. 42 Galls are also produced on the leaves by the puncture of a cynips, and each gall contains some drops of liquid, which has been called Elm balm.

elm bark beetle n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Coleoptera or beetles and weevils > [noun] > Polyphaga (omnivorous) > superfamily Curculionoidea or Rhyncophora > family Scolytidae > elm-bark beetle

elm bark beetle1909

1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. Elm bark-beetle, a scolytid beetle, Phlæophthorus liminaris, which bores the bark of elm-trees.

1936 Discovery Feb. 41/2 The Elm-Bark Beetle (Eccoptogaster scotylus Fab.) has increased remarkably in recent years and as it carries the fungus of elm disease, its increase is a serious economic problem of the future.

1961 New Scientist 16 Mar. 665/1 DDT..is used to control the elm-bark beetle.

elm beetle n. (also elm leaf beetle) (see quots.).

ΚΠ

1876 Field & Forest 2 12 One [insect] found destroying the foliage of the elm, pronounced..to be Galeruca calmariensis, the elm beetle.

1881 Amer. Naturalist 15 242 Inquiries about the imported elm leaf-beetle.

elm butterfly n. a butterfly whose larva feeds on the leaves of the elm, as the comma-butterfly (Grapta comma-album).

ΚΠ

1872 A. S. Packard Embryol. Stud. Hexapodous Insects Index 692/1 Elm butterfly.

Elm City n. and adj. (also City of Elms) U.S. (see quots.).

ΚΠ

1843 Yale Lit. Mag. 8 328 Some inconsiderate hard-hearted beauty, that was supposed to reside somewhere in the ‘City of Elms’.

1871 M. Schele de Vere Americanisms (1872) 664 New Haven in Connecticut, is known throughout the United States as Elm City, from the number and magnificent size of the elm-trees that adorn the public squares and most of the principal streets.

elm-gall n. the gall produced on the different species of elm by the puncture of Aphis ulmi.

elm-pipe n. the trunk of an elm hollowed for use as a drain or water-pipe.

ΚΠ

1731 S. Hales Statical Ess. II. App. Where elm-pipes lay underground.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	elm
释义	elmn. Brit. /ɛlm/, U.S. /ɛlm/ Forms: Old English elm, Middle English–1600s elme, 1800s dialect elem, ellum, Middle English– elm. Also Middle English ulm, 1500s ulme. Etymology: Old English elm strong masculine = Old High German elm strong masculine (whence the derivatives Middle High German elme, ilme, ilmene weak feminine) < West Germanic elmo-z; the same word with difference of ablaut appears as Old Norse álmr* (Swedish alm, Danish alm, ælm) etymologically = Latin ulmus. The modern German ulme, Dutch olm, and the English form ulm(e, are due to the influence of the Latin word. 1. The name of well-known trees belonging to the genus Ulmus, esp., in England, the Common or Small-leaved Elm ( Ulmus campestris), a tree having rough, doubly serrated leaves, flowers nearly sessile, the fruit oblong, deeply cloven and glabrous; in Scotland, the Witch or Wych Elm ( Ulmus montana) or the Cork-barked Elm ( Ulmus suberosa); in U.S. the White Elm ( Ulmus americana). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > elms > [noun] wycheOE elmc1000 ulm-treec1000 witch hazela1400 all-heart1567 ulme1567 white elm1580 wych elm1582 witchen1594 weeping elm1606 trench-elm1676 smooth-leaved elm1731 witch elm1731 water elm1733 slippery elm1748 Scotch elm1769 wahoo1770 American elm1771 red elm1805 witches' elm1808 moose elm1810 cork-elm1813 rock elm1817 swamp elm1817 planer tree1819 Jersey elm1838 winged elm1858 sand elm1878 Exeter-elm1882 c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 52 Eft genim elmes rinde, gebærn to ahsan. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. xli. 19 I shal sette in desert fyrr tree and vlm and box togidere. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 138 Elm, tre, ulmus. 1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII c. 9 §5 Two other bowes..of ashe, elme, wyche, hasyll or other wood mete for the same. 1567 T. Drant tr. Horace Pistles in tr. Horace Arte of Poetrie sig. Dvj Our cittizen Is now a Corridon. He trimmes his vlmes. 1664 J. Evelyn Sylva iv. §6 The Elm delights in a sound, sweet and fertile Land. 1751 T. Gray Elegy iv. 6 Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade. 1785 T. Martyn tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xvii. 231 Few persons know that the Elm has any flower. 1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 94 The inner bark of the Elm is slightly bitter and astringent. 1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xciii. 141 Rock'd the full-foliaged elms . View more context for this quotation 1858 O. W. Holmes One-hoss Shay Logs from the ‘Settler's ellum’. 1877 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. Elem, the elm. 1881 H. Smith & C. R. Smith Isle of Wight Words Ellum, an elm. 2. With distinguishing epithets, denoting the above-named and other species of the genus Ulmus: American elm n. (also American elm tree) Ulmus americana, = white elm n. at white adj. and n. Compounds 1g(b)(ii). broad-leaved elm n. Ulmus latifolia or montana. Chichester elm n. = American elm n. Dutch elm n. Ulmus suberosa (see also Dutch adj. 3b). witch elm n. (or wych elm) Ulmus montana. Also yoke elm n. the hornbeam n. ( Carpinus Betulus). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > elms > [noun] wycheOE elmc1000 ulm-treec1000 witch hazela1400 all-heart1567 ulme1567 white elm1580 wych elm1582 witchen1594 weeping elm1606 trench-elm1676 smooth-leaved elm1731 witch elm1731 water elm1733 slippery elm1748 Scotch elm1769 wahoo1770 American elm1771 red elm1805 witches' elm1808 moose elm1810 cork-elm1813 rock elm1817 swamp elm1817 planer tree1819 Jersey elm1838 winged elm1858 sand elm1878 Exeter-elm1882 1731 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. dd/3 The Dutch Elm affords the worst Timber. 1771 J. R. Forster tr. P. Kalm Trav. N. Amer. II. 104 The red maple Acer rubrum and the American elm Ulmus Americana began to flower at present; and some of the latter kind were already in full blossom. 1785 H. Marshall Arbustrum Americanum 156 American rough leaved Elm-tree..rises to the height of about thirty feet. 1868 H. W. Beecher Norwood 4 Of all trees, no other unites, in the same degree, majesty and beauty, grace and grandeur, as the American Elm! 1876 J. Harley Royle's Man. Materia Med. (ed. 6) 423 The Broad-Leaved Elm..60–80 feet high, with rugged bark. 1882 Garden 11 Nov. 419/3 The Chichester Elm..is variously known as the Huntingdon, Scampston, or unfortunately as the American Elm. 1882 Garden 11 Nov. 419/3 A form of Wych Elm entitled to specific rank is the Dutch Elm. 1938 Times 14 Feb. 18/6 It seems that the American elm (Ulmus americana) is much more susceptible [to elm disease] than the common forms of elm grown in this country. 2006 Biol. Conserv. 127 153/2 Rapid loss of the American elm (U. americana) following Dutch elm disease (Ophistoma ulmi) was associated with pronounced population declines in mature forest bird species. 3. figurative with reference to the practice of training vines on elms. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) ii. ii. 177 Thou art an Elme my husband, I a Vine. View more context for this quotation 1643 E. Bowles Mysterie Iniquitie 2 Subverting the Protestant Religion, together with the Subjects Liberty (the Elme of that Vine). 4. The wood of these trees. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood of specific trees > [noun] > elm elm1823 coffin-wood1883 1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 261 Elm is another tough and strong species of wood. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. elm-dresser n. ΚΠ 1596 in J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices (modernized text) III. 578 Elm dresser 20/. elm-plank n. ΚΠ 1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. x. 181 An Oaken planck or Elm plank. elm-shadow n. ΚΠ a1835 F. D. Hemans Haunted House in Poet. Wks. (1836) 227/2 Where the deep elm shadows fall. elm-tree n. ΚΠ 1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 169^v The leues, the boughes, and the barck of the elm tre, haue a binding vertue. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 52/1 The Elme Tree is of some called All-Heart. 1771 O. Goldsmith Hist. Eng. II. ii. 387 Her body was..thrown into a common chest of elm tree. 1832 Ld. Tennyson Dream Fair Women xxi, in Poems (new ed.) 127 Enormous elmtree-boles did stoop and lean Upon the dusky brushwood underneath Their broad curved branches. elm-wood n. b. elm-arched adj. ΚΠ 1860 Harper's Mag. June 4/1 I wandered through the elm-arched streets [of New Haven] in solitude as absolute as though I trod the aisles of a primeval forest. 1868 J. R. Lowell Al Fresco (1896) 61 Upon these elm-arched solitudes No hum of neighbor toil intrudes. elm-bordered adj. ΚΠ 1902 C. J. Cornish Naturalist on Thames xxxvi. 224 The elm-bordered meadows of the Vale of White Horse. elm-embosomed adj. ΚΠ a1861 A. H. Clough Lett. & Remains (1865) 41 Field and wood And elm-embosomed spire. elm-encircled adj. ΚΠ 1777 T. Warton Poems Ode vii Or grange, or elm-encircled farm. elm-fringed adj. ΚΠ 1909 Westm. Gaz. 14 Apr. 5/1 The elm-fringed arm of the Tyburn stream. elm-grey adj. ΚΠ 1935 E. Bowen House in Paris i. v. 70 The elm-grey autumn park. C2. elm-balm n. the fluid contained in elm-galls. ΚΠ 1861 A. Pratt Flowering Plants & Ferns Great Brit. V. 42 Galls are also produced on the leaves by the puncture of a cynips, and each gall contains some drops of liquid, which has been called Elm balm. elm bark beetle n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Coleoptera or beetles and weevils > [noun] > Polyphaga (omnivorous) > superfamily Curculionoidea or Rhyncophora > family Scolytidae > elm-bark beetle elm bark beetle1909 1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. Elm bark-beetle, a scolytid beetle, Phlæophthorus liminaris, which bores the bark of elm-trees. 1936 Discovery Feb. 41/2 The Elm-Bark Beetle (Eccoptogaster scotylus Fab.) has increased remarkably in recent years and as it carries the fungus of elm disease, its increase is a serious economic problem of the future. 1961 New Scientist 16 Mar. 665/1 DDT..is used to control the elm-bark beetle. elm beetle n. (also elm leaf beetle) (see quots.). ΚΠ 1876 Field & Forest 2 12 One [insect] found destroying the foliage of the elm, pronounced..to be Galeruca calmariensis, the elm beetle. 1881 Amer. Naturalist 15 242 Inquiries about the imported elm leaf-beetle. elm butterfly n. a butterfly whose larva feeds on the leaves of the elm, as the comma-butterfly (Grapta comma-album). ΚΠ 1872 A. S. Packard Embryol. Stud. Hexapodous Insects Index 692/1 Elm butterfly. Elm City n. and adj. (also City of Elms) U.S. (see quots.). ΚΠ 1843 Yale Lit. Mag. 8 328 Some inconsiderate hard-hearted beauty, that was supposed to reside somewhere in the ‘City of Elms’. 1871 M. Schele de Vere Americanisms (1872) 664 New Haven in Connecticut, is known throughout the United States as Elm City, from the number and magnificent size of the elm-trees that adorn the public squares and most of the principal streets. elm-gall n. the gall produced on the different species of elm by the puncture of Aphis ulmi. elm-pipe n. the trunk of an elm hollowed for use as a drain or water-pipe. ΚΠ 1731 S. Hales Statical Ess. II. App. Where elm-pipes lay underground. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.c1000
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