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单词 english
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Englishadj.adv.n.

Brit. /ˈɪŋ(ɡ)lɪʃ/, U.S. /ˈɪŋ(ɡ)lɪʃ/
Forms: Old English Æglisc (transmission error), Old English Æncglisc (rare), Old English Englesc (rare), Old English Onglisc (rare), Old English–early Middle English Ænglis, Old English–early Middle English Ænglisc, Old English–early Middle English Englisc, Old English–early Middle English Englissc (rare), Old English–Middle English Englis, late Old English Ænglic, late Old English Englic, late Old English Englics (probably transmission error), late Old English Englicst (transmission error), early Middle English Ængliss, early Middle English Ænglissc, early Middle English Anglisc, early Middle English Englisce, early Middle English Englisck, early Middle English Englissce, early Middle English Enlisce, early Middle English Enngliss ( Ormulum), early Middle English Ennglissh ( Ormulum), early Middle English Ennglisshe ( Ormulum), Middle English Anglisch, Middle English Anglisshe, Middle English Eanglesse, Middle English Eanglisse, Middle English Engelis, Middle English Engelish, Middle English Engelissh, Middle English Engelisshe, Middle English Engelych, Middle English Engelysch, Middle English Engleis, Middle English Englesh, Middle English Engleys, Middle English Englich, Middle English Englichs, Middle English Engliȝsch, Middle English Englijs, Middle English Englisch, Middle English Englische, Middle English Englissch, Middle English Englissche, Middle English Englisse, Middle English Englych, Middle English Englych', Middle English Englys, Middle English Englysch, Middle English Englysche, Middle English Englyss, Middle English Englyssche, Middle English Ingeles, Middle English Ingelis, Middle English Inglisce, Middle English Inglishe, Middle English Ingliss, Middle English Inglissh, Middle English Inglisshe, Middle English Inglysh, Middle English Inglysshe, Middle English Ynglihsse, Middle English Ynglis, Middle English Ynglische, Middle English Ynglisse, Middle English Ynglysch, Middle English Ynglysche, Middle English Ynglysh, Middle English Ynglysshe, Middle English (1600s Irish English) Inglis, Middle English (1800s nonstandard) Engliss, Middle English–1500s Englissh, Middle English–1500s Englisshe, Middle English–1500s Englysh, Middle English–1500s Englyssh, Middle English–1500s Englysshe, Middle English–1500s Ynglyssh, Middle English–1600s Englishe, Middle English–1600s Englyshe, Middle English–1600s (1800s U.S. regional) Inglish, Middle English– English, 1500s Anglysh, 1500s Engglysh, 1500s Englise, 1500s Englush, 1500s Englushe, 1500s Englysse, 1500s Ynglech, 1500s Ynglyche, 1500s Ynglysse, 1600s Ingles (Irish English), 1600s Inglyshe; Scottish pre-1700 Anglis, pre-1700 Angllis, pre-1700 Einglis, pre-1700 Einglish, pre-1700 Englis, pre-1700 Englisch, pre-1700 Engliss, pre-1700 Ingglesh, pre-1700 Ingillis, pre-1700 Ingleis, pre-1700 Ingleische, pre-1700 Ingles, pre-1700 Inglese, pre-1700 Ingleshe, pre-1700 Ingliche, pre-1700 Inglisch, pre-1700 Inglische, pre-1700 Inglise, pre-1700 Inglishe, pre-1700 Ingliss, pre-1700 Inglys, pre-1700 Ynglis, pre-1700 Ynglys, pre-1700 1700s Inglish, pre-1700 1700s– English, pre-1700 1700s– Inglis.
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: Engle n., -ish suffix1.
Etymology: < Engle n. + -ish suffix1. Compare later Anglish adj.The original sense of the adjective must have been ‘of or belonging to the Angles’, i.e. with reference to a Germanic tribe which apparently inhabited the district of Angeln in the south of the Jutish peninsula around 400 a.d. and was so named on account of its area of settlement (see Angle n.3, Engle n.). This sense is not, however, attested in English for the adjective. Members of the tribe of the Angles, as well as members of other coastal Germanic tribes (probably mainly from the region that is now northern Germany), invaded the south and east of Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries and settled there. Among these settlers, now known as Anglo-Saxons (see Anglo-Saxon n. 1), the Angles and the Saxons apparently achieved a politically dominant role which is reflected in the name of a number of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, e.g. (after the Angles) East Anglia (see East Anglian adj.), and (after the Saxons) Essex Essex n., Sussex Sussex n. II., and Wessex Wessex n. The influential account in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History (a731; compare quot. eOE1 at Engle n. 1) claims that the Angles and the Saxons (beside the Jutes) were also ethnically dominant among the settlers (although this is very much an interpretation after the event) and that the population of much of England except for the Saxon kingdoms and Kent, including the two major Anglo-Saxon kingdoms Mercia (see Mercian n. and adj.) and Northumbria (see Northumbrian n. and adj.), was Anglian in descent (see Anglian adj. 1). Archaeological, linguistic, and genetic evidence suggests that the actual historical development was probably more complex than this. The Romans and the Celts of Britain (e.g. Gildas De excidio Britanniae) had usually perceived the Saxon participation among the invaders as most prominent and applied the name ‘Saxon’ (post-classical Latin Saxones ) to all Anglo-Saxon settlers generically. This use is occasionally also reflected in Anglo-Saxon writers in Latin in the late 7th and early 8th centuries (compare Saxon n. 1), and this view is ultimately also reflected in the term Anglo-Saxon n. However, the Anglo-Saxons eventually adopted the name of the Angles for themselves as a group (i.e. Engle n. 2). The use of the noun with reference to all Anglo-Saxons is first attested in Latin (post-classical Latin Anglus ), in writings of Pope Gregory I about the Christian mission to England (595, in Gregory I Epistolae, vi. 10; compare also vi. 51, vi. 60). It was subsequently used by Bede and other early 8th-cent. authors to designate a primarily ecclesiastical identity, with ethnic but at first only marginally political implications (in Bede often in the phrase gens Anglorum , which is probably the model of Old English Angelcynn , Angelþēod (see Engle n.), although this has been disputed). In Bede and his Old English translator, there is sometimes potential ambiguity between the two senses of Latin Angli (i.e. Engle n. 1 and Engle n. 2); compare the discussion in N. Brooks Bede & the English (1999). The use of the noun Engle n. in this more general sense was perhaps preceded by a concept of linguistic identity associated with the adjective English adj. This is suggested by the fact that Old English Englisc (adjective) is only attested with reference to speakers of English or persons of Anglo-Saxon descent generally, as distinct e.g. from persons of Celtic descent (compare Brett n.1, Welsh n. 2). See especially quot. eOE at Englishman n. 1, taken from a legal text originally composed a726 in Wessex, i.e. in non-Anglian territory. As mentioned above, there is no trace of an earlier more restricted sense for the adjective or of an alternative more general term for the language (compare e.g. the contrasting history of the designation of the German language: see Dutch adj., n.1, and adv.). Once the kings of Wessex had begun extending their power over the rest of England in the 10th cent., after an intermediate stage, in which they sometimes referred to the people they ruled as Latin Angel-Saxones (see Anglo-Saxon n. and adj.), the words Engle n. and (subsequently) English n. came to be used with reference to all inhabitants of their realm, at first specifically those of Anglo-Saxon descent and so subject to Anglo-Saxon (rather than e.g. Danish) law. Similarly the name England , lit. ‘land of the Engle n. ’ (see England n.), was used of the part of Britain they inhabited. This concept survived the Norman Conquest, which obliterated earlier distinctions such as the special status of the Danelaw n. During the Anglo-Norman period, however, the Norman and other French invaders and their descendants at first continued to be regarded as ‘French’, so that English adj. and English n., as applied to people, were for a time restricted to those whose ancestors had settled in England before the Conquest (compare quots. a1161 at sense A. 1, lOE at sense B. 1). The legal distinction was abolished in the 14th cent., having become obsolescent some time previously; compare Englishry n. While the geographical limits of England remained comparatively stable from the 10th cent. on, with the exception of some shifts of the border with Scotland, the political implications of English adj. and English n. (and of England n.) changed as England became in turn part of Great Britain (1707), the United Kingdom (1800), and the British Empire, especially when, with the chief centre of power remaining in London, the distinction between England and the larger entities it was part of was not always clearly maintained. The use as noun with reference to the language (see branch B. II., especially sense B. 2a) seems to have originated, not in the ellipsis of any particular word meaning ‘language’ (e.g. Old English gereord as in quot. OE2 at sense A. 3a; compare y- prefix, reird n.), but as an absolute use of the neuter adjective (compare quot. OE2 at sense B. 2a). A similar use is found in other Germanic languages (compare e.g. Middle Dutch dūdesc , dietsc (Dutch Duits ), Middle Low German dǖdesch , dat dǖdische , Middle High German diutsch (German Deutsch , das Deutsche ; compare Dutch adj., n.1, and adv.)) and in Romance languages (compare e.g. Anglo-Norman franceis and Old French, Middle French françois , le françois , French français , le français (1119 in Anglo-Norman as en franceis : see below and compare French adj. and n.)). With in English at sense B. 2a compare e.g. Middle Dutch in dietsch , in dutschen , in didsche , etc., Old High German in diutiscūn (feminine gender; Middle High German in dūtischen , in tiutsche , in tiusch , etc.), and also Anglo-Norman en franceis and Old French, Middle French en françois , Spanish en castellano (13th cent. or earlier; compare Castilian adj. and n.2). With on English at sense B. 2a compare Middle Low German an dǖdeschen (also up dǖdeschen ), Old Icelandic à norrænu (feminine; compare Norren n.). Compare the following passage by Ælfric, pointing out the difference between Latin and Old English usage:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 235 Anglus englisc, anglice on englisc; latinus leden, latine and latialiter on leden. For a discussion of forms and pronunciation see note at England n.
A. adj. (and adv.)
1. Of or belonging to England (or Britain) or its inhabitants.In early use sometimes spec. designating inhabitants of England of Anglo-Saxon descent, in contradistinction to those of Celtic, Scandinavian, or Norman descent.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > British Isles > England > [adjective]
EnglisheOE
Southron1488
Anglican1667
Anglo-Gallic1752
Anglo-Arabian1855
Englishy1861
Anglocentric1886
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > English nation > [adjective]
EnglisheOE
Southron1488
poke pudding1705
John Bull1787
Saxon1787
John Bullish1793
Hinglish1812
Angrezi1855
Angrez1896
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. lxv. 292 Wiþ utwærce genim unsmerigne healfne cyse, do englisces huniges iiii snæda to, wylle on pannan oþ þæt hit brunige.
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) ix. 74 Ða gelamp hit,..þæt englisce cypmenn brohton heora ware to romanabyrig.
OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 3 Nan englisc preost ne cuðe dihtan oððe asmeagean anne pistol on leden.
OE Royal Charter: William I to Bp. William, Gosfrith the Portreeve, & Burghers of London in A. J. Robertson Laws Kings England (1925) 230 Willelm kyng gret..ealle þa burhwaru binnan Londone, Frencisce & Englisce, freondlice.
lOE Laws of Æðelred II (Corpus Cambr. 383) ii. v. 222 Gyf Ænglisc man Deniscne ofsleo.
lOE Laws: Dunsæte (Corpus Cambr.) vi. 376 Nah naðer to farenne ne Wilisc man on Ænglisc land ne Ænglisc on Wylisc ðe ma.
a1161 Royal Charter: Henry II to Certain Bishops, Earls, Sheriffs, & Thegns in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 11 H[enry] þurh godes ȝefu ænglelandes king gret..ealle mine þeinas, frencisce & englisce.
c1175 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.i) anno 1066 Ða wes þer an of Norwegan þe wiðstod þet Englisce folc.
c1225 (?OE) Homily: Sicut Oves absque Pastore (Worcester F.174) in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 1 [S]anctus beda was iboren her on breotene mid us & he wisliche [writen] awende þat þeo englisc leoden þurh weren ilerde.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14674 Of Englen heo comen and þer-of heo nomen nomen, and letten heom cleopien..þat folc þat wes Ænglis.
c1300 St. Wulstan (Laud) l. 79 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 73 (MED) Þe englische barones bicomen some on-treowe and false.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 173v Seint Gregory seith ynglysshe children to sellyng at Rome..and herde þat þey were Inglysshe.
1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) i. 193 Schyrreffys and bailȝheys maid he [sc. Edward I]..off Inglis nation.
1549 J. Olde tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Eph. Prol. E ij The kynges maiesties playne Englyshe subiectes vnderstande none other but theyr owne natiue barayne tongue.
1585 J. Sharrock tr. C. Ocland Valiant Actes & Victorious Battailes Eng. Nation i. sig. Biiiiv Lady Isabell, out from whose loynes did spring..the mightie English king.
1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII iii. i. 142 Would I had neuer trod this English Earth. View more context for this quotation
1645 T. Fuller Good Thoughts in Bad Times iii. i. 126 The English Embassadour.
1682 C. Ness Key to Absalom & Achitophel 19 Next is our English Queen the Poets Scorn, Because she's Barren, She must be forlorn.
1740 G. Jones Further Acct. Progress Welsh Charity-schools 15 Can you not in a prudent and deliberate Way try the Attempt of setting up amongst your selves the same or better Methods, for the Benefit and Instruction of the neglected Poor and Ignorant amongst the English People?
1765 T. Hutchinson Hist. Colony Massachusets-Bay, 1628–91 (ed. 2) i. 146 Freedom might be..granted to all truly English.
1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) III. 707 I embarked on board an English ship which had sailed round the world.
1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel iv. xvii. 108 Now every English eye, intent, On Branksome's armed towers was bent.
1852 G. B. Earp Gold Colonies Austral. 102 To give the English reader an idea of its present condition.
1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 215 The gradual extension of the English name in the course of the 10th century is very perceptible.
1938 Amer. Home Jan. 32/2 (caption) An eighteenth century overmantel of refined English baroque influence enriches a spacious living room.
1991 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 5 Dec. 13/1 He is seen going to a tailor to be fitted out in an English suit.
2006 D. Winner Those Feet 174 If you support a team that is not rubbish, but plays well and wins, you feel that you are somehow missing out on the spirit of English football.
2. Designating animals and plants native to or originating in England or Britain, esp. to distinguish them from similar or related species encountered elsewhere. Cf. Compounds 1b, English sparrow n. at Compounds 1c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > balance of nature > distribution > [adjective] > plants or animals of a particular region > from specified region
EnglisheOE
Arabian1580
Scotch1610
West Indian1625
Scots1728
Creole1758
Californian1785
Nubian1790
Lusitanian1907
pantropical1913
eOE Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) iii. viii. 312 Viþ bite wyrc sealfe, nim þas wyrte, safenan & mersc mealwan & attorlaþan..hegeclife, clufþung, englisc moru, dynige.
OE Lacnunga (2001) I. xxx. 18 To wensealfe: nim elenan & rædic & cyrfillan & hræmnes fot, ængliscne næp & finul & saluian [etc.].
1432 in J. C. Tingey Rec. City of Norwich (1910) II. 390 Plank it with englyssh oke of hert er ebel of a resonable thiknes.
1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. C.i v Chamedrys called..in englishe Germander or englishe Triacle.
1615 R. Hamor True Disc. Present Estate Virginia 23 Crabbes great store, lesse, but not so sower as ours, which grafted with the Siens of English aple trees, without question would beare very good fruite.
1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia ii. 27 The Woolues [are] not much bigger then our English Foxes.
1734 E. Albin Nat. Hist. Birds II. 37 The Banana Bird from Jamaica..of the Bigness of our English Starling.
1802 W. Wordsworth Redbreast chasing Butterfly 3 The pious bird with the scarlet breast, Our little English Robin.
1832 J. Pickering Inq. of Emigrant 59 Thousands of long large flies, similar to the English dragon fly, but a little smaller, are flying about the fields.
1920 Glasgow Herald 14 May 8 For pure bel canto the English blackbird is hard to beat.
1993 Harrowsmith Dec. 56/1 Vancouverites and Victorians..enjoy occasional colour from spring things such as pansies, English daisies, primroses and wallflowers.
3.
a. Of or relating to the West Germanic language spoken in England and also used in many varieties throughout the world (see sense B. 2a); (of words, idioms, grammar, etc.) belonging to the English language; (of literary compositions, speeches, etc.) written or spoken in the English language.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Germanic > English
EnglishOE
OE Ælfric Let. to Sigeweard (De Veteri et Novo Test.) (Laud) 16 Ðu bæde me foroft Engliscra gewritena.
OE Ælfric Let. to Sigeweard (De Veteri et Novo Test.) (Laud) 56 Ic gesett hæbbe of þisum feower bocum wel feowertig larspella on Engliscum gereorde.
c1175 ( Ælfric Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 38 We al swa hit sæcgæð on Engliscere sprece eow.
c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 27 (MED) ‘Syon’, ase muchel on englische ledene ase ‘heh sihðe’.
a1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 8 (MED) Ich habbe i-sungen þe ðesne englissce lai.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 14 Ut of latin ðis song is dragen On engleis speche.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 232 Þis ilk bok is es translate In to Inglis tong to rede For the loue of Inglis lede.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 24 (MED) Sanges sere of selcuth rime, Inglis [a1400 Gött. Engliss, a1400 Trin. Cambr. englisshe, a1400 Fairf. Ingeles], frankys, and latine.
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 140 (MED) Englysshe speche: Anglicum.
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection Pref. sig. Aii It was put into my mynde to draw it in the englysshe tonge.
1580 W. Bullokar Bk. at Large There be eight vowels of differing sounds in Inglish speech.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 3 Peple plane ignorant of the Ingles toung.
1611 in Bible (King James) Ded. There should be one more exact translation of the Holy Scripture into the English Tongue.
1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words (advt.) A Dictionary for the English Tongue, would require an Encyclopedie of knowledge.
1704 J. Tyrrell Gen. Hist. Eng. III. ii. xi. 765 His Adversary..was now preparing for War, and, by the assistance of Spain, Scotland, and other Enemies, to destroy the King, Kingdom and English Language.
1749 B. Franklin Proposals Educ. Youth Pensilvania in Papers (1961) III. 402 That the Rector be..a correct pure Speaker and Writer of the English Tongue.
1850 R. W. Emerson Shakspeare in Representative Men v. 197 Our English Bible is a wonderful specimen of the strength and music of the English language.
1882 Cent. Mag. June 285/2 A life which is now appreciated and honored not only by his spiritual sons, but by all fair-minded men of English speech.
1925 G. K. Chesterton Everlasting Man i v. 117 The most potent piece of pure magic in English literature is the much-quoted passage in Keats's Nightingale about the casements opening on the perilous foam.
1943 ‘J. Burger’ Black Man's Burden 246 The English Press in the Union [of South Africa] is Pro-British, and attacks the republican and Afrikaans movement wherever possible.
1958 J. Barth End of Road vii. 111 This plenitude of girlish appurtenances had first to be assimilated before anyone could concentrate attention on the sober prescriptions of English grammar.
2005 M. Cappellini Balancing Reading & Lang. Learning iv. ix. 155/1 The child may not know if it sounds right because his knowledge of English syntax is not developed.
b. With modifying word, as North English, Southern English, etc. Cf. sense B. 2b.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Germanic > English > standard
King's English1553
king's languagea1566
Queen's English1592
received pronunciation?1710
Standard English1806
Southern English1860
World English1888
RP1889
Modified Standard English1913
Received Standard1913
B.B.C. English1928
Oldspeak1949
1860 G. P. Marsh Lect. Eng. Lang. xii. 277 The Scandinavian inhabitants of the North of England introduced this word [sc. ‘bound’], and..it has ever since remained in general use in the North-English and Scottish dialects; but in English proper, it has long been confined to the nautical vocabulary.
1945 S. J. Baker Austral. Lang. iii. 71 Cuddy..[is] used in North English dialect for a donkey. In Australia we use it for a small, solidly built horse.
1992 I. Pattison More Rab C. Nesbitt Scripts 55 Barman: (Southern English accent.) Hoi! No aggravation!
2005 Times Educ. Suppl. (Nexis) 19 Aug. 13 Apparently, a ‘rammel’ in Northern English dialect refers to discarded or waste matter.
4. Characteristic of or marked by the behaviour of an English person; possessed of virtues or failings regarded as peculiar to English people. In quot. 1785 as adv.
ΚΠ
OE Let. to Brother Eadweard (Hatton 115) in Old Eng. Newslet. (2007) 40 42 Ic secge eac ðe,..þæt ge doð unrihtlice þæt ge ða Engliscan þeawas forlætað þe eowre fæderas heoldon and hæðenra manna þeawas lufiað.
1539 C. Tunstall Serm. Palme Sondaye (1823) 71 Only take an englyshe hart vnto the.
1595 R. Wilson Pedlers Prophecie sig. F3v Amen say all those, that haue a true English heart, We haue all cause to pray for her Graces prosperitie.
1672 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd i. 123 So he might take down our Grease and Luxury, and keep the English courage in breath and exercise.
1695 Enq. Anc. Const. Eng. Pref. 6 He will find the design to be truly English, that is, sincere and honest.
?1765 T. Hull Spanish Lady ii. sig. E In my Perseverance I wou'd rival English Constancy, and Affection.
1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 671 His address..Not English stiff, but frank and formed to please. View more context for this quotation
1869 R. D. Blackmore Lorna Doone III. i. 10 My Lord, who was quite a young man still, and laughed at English arrogance, rode on in front of his wife and friends.
1878 Appletons' Jrnl. Aug. 155/2 A military figure of a stern aspect, with an Iron-Duke nose, loaded to the muzzle with English reserve.
1963 E. Hyams New Statesman vii. 116 It is not, thank God, in the English character to face the fact that a man is a dismal failure and kick him out.
1996 F. McCourt Angela's Ashes i. 55 They should be left there to remind the Irish of English perfidy.
2005 I. McEwan Saturday (2006) ii. 62 The scene has an air of innocence and English dottiness.
5. Horse Riding (chiefly North American). Of or designating a style of riding associated with competitive events such as dressage, showjumping, and horse racing, characterized by an upright or forward riding position in which both hands are used to hold the reins and by the use of a relatively flat saddle (cf. English saddle n. at Compounds 1c). Frequently contrasted with western adj. 8d.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > [adjective] > specific manner of sitting
straddle-legged1817
English1868
astride1889
bareback1923
1868 F. Dwyer Seats & Saddles 40 Now the English type of riding has been formed by the national sports of racing and hunting, both of which require vehement straightforward riding in the first instance.
1891 Harper's Mag. July 208/1 It is the universal experience of the Plains that the best English rider fights shy of ground which the cowboy will gallop over until he ‘catches on to it’, and confides in the sure feet of his little mount.
1918 Hattiesburg (Mississippi) Amer. 20 May 10/6 The instructor will teach the English style of riding, or that type which is seen in the big horse shows of the country.
1981 R. H. Beatie Saddles Gloss. 355/1 In English tack it is equipped with buckles and is almost double the length of the western cinch.
2002 Equus Mar. 106 (advt.) How a rider's anatomy works in English and Western Riding.
B. n.
I. Senses relating to the people.
1. With plural agreement, and frequently with the. English (occasionally British) people, soldiers (etc.) considered collectively. In Old English also with singular agreement: an English person.†In plural Englishes (Scottish): the soldiers of the English Commonwealth (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > English nation > [noun]
EngleeOE
EnglishOE
English-Saxona1387
Anglea1398
Southron1488
England1569
Anglo-Saxon1602
John Bull1748
Johnny Bull?1762
Southronya1795
Bull1825
Englishry1856
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > English nation > [noun] > native or inhabitant of England
EnglishmaneOE
EnglishOE
startc1438
Southron1488
Englander1610
knife-man1643
Englisher1652
southern1721
John Bull1772
Saxon1810
Sassenach1815
rosbif1826
Goddam1830
Angrezi1866
Angrez1877
Percy1916
Limey1918
woodbine1918
homie1926
kipper1946
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1066 Þa Normen þe þær to lafe wæron wurdon on fleame, and þa engliscan hi hindan hetelice slogon.
lOE Laws of William I: Lad (Rochester) i. §1. 483 Gif se Englisca forsæcð þæt ornest, þe Frencisca, þe se Englisca beclypað, ladige hine mid aþe ongean hine mid his gewitnesse æfter Norðmandiscere lage.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14713 Iwis ȝe beo[ð] Ænglisce. englen ilicchest. of alle þan folke þa wunieð uppen uolde.
a1450–1500 ( Libel Eng. Policy 526 Iche nacion ofte maketh here repayeres: Englysshe and Frensh, Lumbardes.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xviii. 24 The Englisshe..made semblaunt to haue come to them.
1597 G. Markham tr. G. Pétau de Maulette Deuoreux cciv. f. 35 The English next, who hauing slaine their foes, Came weeping backe, but could not tell their woes.
1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V i. ii. 111 O Noble English that could entertaine With halfe their Forces the full power of France.
1651 in F. Roberts & I. M. M. McPhail Dumbarton Common Good Accts. (1972) 180 To Patrick Gillane for his rydeing to Glasgow on his awne hors to bring intelligence of the approach of the Inglishes.
1661 in J. Gilmour & D. Falconer Coll. Decisions Lords of Council (1701) i. 5 By an act of the late Parliament, all sentences pronounced by the Englishes, since their in-coming are appointed to be reviewed.
1671 R. McWard True Non-conformist 221 The violences, wherewith the Englishes, during their Domination among us, can be charged.
1711 J. Swift Lett. (1767) III. 181 Pray observe the inhabitants about Wexford; they are old English.
1809 W. Bawdwen tr. Domesday Bk. 345 The English have four ploughs in the demesne.
1859 C. Knight Pop. Hist. Eng. V. 165 That terrible battle-field, which the French call Neerwinden and the English call Landen.
1918 W. Lewis Tarr ii. viii. 105 Oh the offensive prosperity of the English, the smugness of middle-class affluence!
1949 S. J. Perelman Let. 14 Aug. in Don't tread on Me (1987) 99 They don't even have the opportunity as they once did of sitting around and slandering the English.
1964 E. Wilson Jrnl. in Sixties: Last Jrnl. (1993) 390 After the quietness of the Hungarians and the English, the conversation seemed to me all blatt blatt.
2006 Global Rhythm Nov. 38/2 One of the most versatile forms of cacti is known to us as Prickly Pear, though the English call it Indian Fig.
II. Senses relating to the language.
2.
a. The English language.Frequently in in English (in early use also †on English). In modern use all stages in the history of the language (Old English, Middle English, and modern English) from the arrival of Germanic settlers in Britain to the present day are normally referred to as English. In earlier use (between the late 17th and late 19th centuries, and still occasionally in non-technical use) restricted to the language after c1150 (i.e. the Middle English period onwards), the earlier period being distinguished as Anglo-Saxon. (Compare also Semi-Saxon n. for a further distinction sometimes previously made between Anglo-Saxon, i.e. Old English, Semi-Saxon, i.e. Middle English, and English, i.e. modern English.)Occasionally (as is the case with most language names) used more restrictively to identify a particular variety of English as having greater perceived authority or authenticity, such as English spoken in England as opposed to English spoken in other countries, or standard English as opposed to other varieties, or what is perceived as plain English as opposed to jargon, etc.English is the principal language of Great Britain, the United States, Ireland, Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and many other countries. It is also the world's most widely used second language.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Germanic > English
EnglisheOE
Saxon1390
Southrona1522
Hinglish1828
Eng. Lang.1857
Anglo-Saxon1866
Angrezi1882
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iii. ii. 158 Oft..wæfersyne gelomp, þæt [perh. read þa] se biscop codcunde lare lærde, se ðe Englisc fullice ne cuðe, þæt he se cyning seolfa..his aldormonnum & his þegnum þære heofonlecan lare wæs walhstod geworden.
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xxiv. 332 Ac heo..gewat to þære ceastre, þe in Englisc is gehaten Kwelcaceaster.
OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxvii. 46 Heli, heli, lema zabdani, þæt ys on Englisc, min God, min God, to hwi forlete þu me?
OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) Pref. 79 Buton ðam anum, ðæt ðæt Leden & ðæt Englisc nabbað na ane wisan on ðære spræce fandunge.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3149 Alfred þe king..wrat þa laȝen on Englis ase heo wes ær on Bruttisc.
a1400 Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 988/240* Scho..saide ‘raboni,’ (þat is on englis maister).
1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) l. 22 Wych I purpose now to declare On ynglysh.
a1500 (?c1378) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 429 (MED) Þe same sentense in engliȝsch.
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection Pref. sig. Aiiv The mater is spirituall, and requyreth moche declaracion in Englysshe.
1550 J. Hooper Ouersight Jonas iii. f. xlix They wyl rather saye: let the Bible in Englishe, and the preacher of gods word be cast into the sea.
1650 F. Cheynell Divine Trinunity x. 453 Upon these and divers other considerations I was desired to make a report to the Reverend Assembly concerning the danger of translating and Printing of Acontius in English.
1684 J. Eliot Let. 22 Apr. in R. Boyle Corr. (2001) VI. 15 Mr. Gookins..first preacheth in English, to the English audience & then the same matter is delivered to the Indians, by an interpreter.
1712 S. Dunster (title) The satires and epistles of Horace, done into English, with notes.
1795 F. G. Waldron et al. Biogr. Mirrour I. 72 It [sc. the book] was finished 30 Aug.1568, while the author lay ill of a violent fever.., and soon after translated into English by Tho. Twine.
1853 C. Brontë Villette I. vii. 121 As I spoke English, she concluded I was a foreign teacher come on business connected with the Pensionnat.
1895 Argosy Sept. 502/2 They acquire the language without any effort on their part, speaking English long before they begin to tussle with its grammar or attempt writing it.
1924 S. G. Millin God's Step-children 286 He spoke English with a strong kitchen-Dutch accent, and with, now and then, a word of Dutch.
1966 M. Pei How to learn Langs. 21 The reason I am thoroughly bilingual in English and Italian is that my parents resolutely set their foot down against my speaking English at home.
2007 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 16 Aug. a25/1 The newly published studies haven't received much attention, because they're not in English but in Scientese and hence drier than the Sahara Desert.
b. Usually with modifying word: the English of a specified period, region, or group, or a variety of English used for a specific purpose. Also: English of a particular standard or quality (see also King's English, Queen's English at the first word); the English which is typically found in the writings of an individual author.Frequently as the final word in compounds, often classified by region (as American, Australian, British, Indian English, etc.) or by period of use (as Early, Middle, Modern, Old English, etc.). Other varieties of English are characterized as standards (as B.B.C., network, Oxford, Standard English, etc.), by their nonstandard, simplified, or artificial nature (as Basic, pidgin, plain, schoolboy, Wardour Street English, etc.), or by other features (as Black, Estuary, Mother English, etc.): see the first element.
ΚΠ
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 262 (MED) Þis boc is y-write mid engliss of kent.
?1473 W. Caxton in tr. R. Le Fèvre Recuyell Hist. Troye (1894) I. Pref. lf. 1v I..was born & lerned myn englissh in kente in the weeld where I doubte not is spoken as brode and rude englissh as in ony place of englond.
1546 S. Gardiner Declar. True Articles (new ed.) f. clxiv Cristes wordes, Qui crediderit, & baptizatus fuerit, which placeth faith, before baptisme the sacrament of byrth of the spirite, as ye speake, in newe englyssh, and of the holly goost as the olde englisshe turned it.
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. iv. 121 [Northern English] is not so Courtly..as our Southerne English is, no more is the far Westerne mans speach.
1593 G. Harvey Pierces Supererogation sig. Ff2 According to Chawcers English, there can be little adling, without much gabbing.
1688 London Gaz. No. 2309/4 He speaks but bad English.
1691 A. Wood Athenæ Oxonienses I. 257 To these books of Euphues, tis said, that our Nation is indebted for a new English in them.
1704 London Gaz. No. 4046/4 Maurice Roberts..a Shropshire Man, speaking very bad English.
1782 J. Wesley Wks. (1830) IV. 267 Why has he then bad English on every page?
1835 J. Romilly Diary 6 July in Cambridge Diary (1967) 82 P. George of Camb. delighted me by his returning thanks, because it was good simple schoolboy English.
1871 H. Sweet King Alfred's Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care p. vi I have given..a short sketch of the characteristics of Alfredian English as distinguished from those of the later period.
1887 J. Ruskin Præterita II. x. 338 Hooker's English was the perfectest existing model.
1913 H. C. Wyld in Mod. Lang. Teaching 9 262/2 London English is a totally different thing from Received Standard: it is merely one of..many provincialisms.
1930 J. B. Priestley Angel Pavement iii. 138 That international English,..a language without roots and background.
1994 Guardian 7 Oct. (Friday section) 11/2 The gentle Scouse-isms that pushed through the singing of the Beatles..obviously cleared some space for the cadences of northern English in the pop mainstream.
2005 S. Elmes Talking for Brit. p. xiii The greatest twentieth-century investigation of the state of regional English in their Survey of English Dialects.
c. English language or literature as a subject of study or examination. Cf. Compounds 2a(a).
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > specific subjects
modern languages1605
English1713
Celtic studies1781
religious studies1824
Eng. Lit.1834
polytechnics1850
business administration1852
Eng. Lang.1857
business studies1880
historiography1889
academic1898
peace studies1903
religious education1914
Asian studies1941
religious instruction1960
religious knowledge1961
black studies1968
media studies1968
gender studies1973
1713 Acct. Charity-schools Great Brit. & Irel. (ed. 12) 53 Solihul, Warwickshire. The Usher of the Latin-School here has 10l. per Ann. allowed him for teaching English.
1786 F. Eppes Let. 31 Aug. in T. Jefferson Papers (1958) XV. 631 A man..capable of teaching our girls French English erethmatick and musick.
1808 J. Barrett Ess. Earlier Life Swift 155 I am teacher of English, for want of a better, to a poor charity school... In my time I have been a Virgilian, tho' I am now forced to teach English.
1889 F. Levander in A. Herbert Sacrifice of Education to Examination 42 The school in question was a small one... The subjects were English, Geography,..German, and Drawing.
1911 W. Owen Let. 11 Sept. (1967) 79 Have just got home from the ‘English’. Am fairly confident of a pass in this.
1950 A. Wilson Such Darling Dodos 107 Mr. Rogers said we should read Barnaby Rudge for English, it will be the last book I shall read in class at St. Bertram's.
2003 F. Bemak et al. Counseling Refugees ii. x. 97 Khadra has been nervous, unable to concentrate.., finds it hard to study English, and has been losing weight.
d. As a count noun: a variety of English used in a particular context or (now esp.) a certain region of the world; (in plural) regional varieties of English considered together, often in contradistinction to the concept of English as a language with a single standard or correct form.
ΚΠ
1910 H. L. Mencken in Evening Sun (Baltimore) 10 Oct. 6/8 (heading) The two Englishes.
1941 W. Barkley (title) Two Englishes; being some account of the differences between the spoken and the written English languages.
1964 Eng. Stud. 45 21 Many people side-step the recognition of a plurality of Englishes by such judgments as: ‘Oh, that's not English, that's American.’
1978 J. Pride Communicative Needs in Learning & Use of Eng. 1 The role of literature in non-native Englishes may be focal.
1984 Eng. World-wide 5 248 An overview of some aspects of various Englishes suggesting areas of possible research.
2000 Independent (Nexis) 28 June 11 It was one of the first places to be settled in the Plantations; there's an English spoken there that's unique.
3.
†a. A translation made (or to be made) into English. In later use (School slang): a ‘crib’. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > translation > [noun] > into particular languages
EnglishOE
Englishinga1425
Latining1579
Latinization1830
Scottification1830
OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1900) II. 220 Sulpicius..wrat þa be him [sc. Martinus] þa ðing þe he ofaxode..and we þæt englisc nimað of þære ylcan gesetnysse.
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 1365 (MED) Of holy wryt, þe englysh [v.r. ynglysch] y toke.
1534 N. Udall Floures for Latine Spekynge gathered oute of Terence f. 17 With all other englyshes of occidi.
1739 W. Benson Lett. conc. Poet. Transl. 80 This Translation is..adapted to the Latin and Greek Collocation, or Arrangement of Words; that is, the Words are placed in the English as they stand in those Languages.
1745 J. Worsley Tables French Verbs (ed. 2) 12 Those who have learned the Latin Tables, will be able with ease and exactness to supply the &c. &c. to the Englishes of the French in Pag. 3 and 4.
1862 H. C. Adams First of June 66 I sometimes have half suspected him of learning his lessons with Englishes.
†b. An English equivalent of a foreign word. Also with of. Obsolete.
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OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 259 Ealle ðas [sc. et, que, ac, etc.] habbað an Englisc, þeah ðe hi for faegernysse fela synd on Ledenspræce.
c1414 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 108 (MED) Qwen I haue an Englissh of a noun or a pronoun and a participul set forth other vnderstonden an no wort set forthe ny vnderstonden of the quech the worte of þe reson may be gouernet of, hit shall be set in þe ablatif case absolute.
a1464 J. Capgrave Chron. Eng. (Cambr.) 158 Trecente marce... This is the Englisch: Thre hundred mark.
1567 T. Stapleton Counterblast Pref. to Horne sig. iijv You English conuenit: which is, it is more mete and conuenient, into, it ought: which is the English of oportet, not of, conuenit.
1655 W. Walker Treat. Eng. Particles Pref. sig. A3 The first Columne conteining some Englishes.
1665 J. Brinsley Posing of Parts (rev. ed.) 49 The Englishes of our [Latin] Prepositions.
c. A passage or sentence in English to be rendered into another language, as an exercise. Now historical and rare.
ΚΠ
?1516 W. Lily Rudimenta 109 When I have an englysshe to be tourned into Latin, I shall [etc.].
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Englyshe or vulgare geuen by a maister to scholers to be made in latine.
1612 J. Brinsley Posing of Parts f. 27v When an English is giuen to bee made in Latine, what must you doe first?
a1684 W. Walker Idiomatologia Anglo-Lat. (1690) Pref. 6 To translate some Englishes made in way of dialogue..whose latines..may all be found in their respective heads of this Idiomatology.
1717 William Walker's Improvem. to Art Teaching (ed. 8) 205 The Latin of them..I forbear to publish, because the Design of these is only to be Englishes for others to translate into Latin.
1812 H. B. Wilson Hist. Merchant-Taylors School i. ii. 164 They shall translate into Latine dictata, or Englishes made out of the rules of the concords,..being uses of the examples.
1910 Eng. Hist. Rev. 25 801 The exercises suggested are: ‘Englishes’, speaking Latin, variations..and declamations in Latin and Greek.
d. The English used to translate a foreign word or phrase. Also with for.
ΚΠ
1749 T. Newton in Milton's Paradise Lost II. 60 Milton, when he uses Greek words, sometimes gives the English with them, as in speaking of..the galaxy he immediately translates that milky way.
1808 ‘P. P. Pallet’ Bath Char. (ed. 3) 62 Well, sir, and what's the English for octoginta? Eighteen, is it not?
1871 A. J. Ellis On Early Eng. Pronunc. III. 773 It will not serve you to look for the English for gangen among words which begin with g, but under k.
1926 R. Kearton Naturalist's Pilgr. vii. 74 ‘What are they mining for,..Herr Sonbergh?’ ‘Ah,’ he exclaimed, ‘I know quite well, but I cannot remember the English for it.’
1980 W. M. Spackman Presence with Secrets (1982) ii. 63 With the château's seventy-odd rooms and attics and cellars a handful of men..could vanish at a minute's warning, there were even three of four—wasn't ‘priests' holes’ the English for it?
2005 J. Naughton Czech vii. 186 What's the English for ‘škola’?
4. The English at an author's command; means of expression in English.Frequently with possessive adjective.
ΚΠ
c1330 in T. Wright Polit. Songs Eng. (1839) 328 (MED) A prest that is lewed..God Engelish he speketh, ac he wot nevere what.
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Squire's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 29 Myn englyssh eek is insufficient.
a1529 J. Skelton Phyllyp Sparowe (?1545) sig. C.iii His [sc. Chaucer's] mater is delectable..His englysh well alowed So as it is enprowed For as it is enployed There is no englysh voyd.
1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique iii. f. 117v This man barkes out his Englishe Northrenlike with I-say, and thou ladde. An other speakes so finely, as though he were brought vp in a Ladies Chamber.
1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 553 I will set downe in such English as I haue in the said Legend, or Agon.
1678 T. Otway Friendship in Fashion i. 10 He pronounces his English in singing with a French kind of a Tone or Accent, that gives it a strange beauty.
1727 M. Davys Accomplish'd Rake 38 The French Tongue she chew'd and mumbled, till it banished her English, without taking its Place.
1792 P. Hoare No Song No Supper i. 26 Speak to him in some foreign lingo, Master Frederic, for he seems to have forgot the use of his own tongue, he has lost his English.
1824 Oriental Herald 1 90 Whose patience is equal to the reading of the ‘Bahar Damash’ in Dr. Scott's English?
1890 T. Hardy Melancholy Hussar in 3 Notable Stories 170 Phyllis used to say that his English, though not good, was quite intelligible to her.
1992 Village Voice (N.Y.) 9 June 43/1 When I met Ingrid Caven in Paris 10 years ago, her English and my French were so defective we communicated in sign language.
2001 C. A. Salgado From Modernism to Neobaroque v. 189 With the typemaster Maurice Darantiere often ‘correcting’ Joyce's English against the latter's wishes.
†5. The true meaning underlying a statement, the plain sense of something; = plain English n. 2. Obsolete. rare.Also †English out.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > [noun] > essential meaning
insense1502
Englisha1568
aphorism1597
strength1862
a1568 A. Scott Poems (1896) 27 Bot pleiss hir proudens to imprent it, Scho may persave sum Inglis throw it.
1647 N. Ward Simple Cobler Aggawam (ed. 4) 12 The true English of all..their false Latine, is nothing but a generall Toleration of all Opinions.
1679 W. Penn Addr. Protestants (1692) ii. §5 184 This is the English of their Doctrine.
1702 R. Cocks Diary 16 Mar. in D. W. Hayton Parl. Diary (1996) 248 This Queen has told us shee has an heart intirely English What is that in english but to say I will not oppres my subjects.
1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 82 A compensation of Expences ought to be made, that is to say in English, the Expences ought to be lump'd together and divided.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones III. vii. v. 31 The English of all which is..that I am in the wrong. View more context for this quotation
1827 J. Bentham Rationale of Judicial Evid. V. vii. 173 The English of this is, that it belongs to the Chancellor, not to the Lord Privy Seal (or at least not to the Lord Privy Seal alone) to grant pardons.
1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits vii. 121 When they unmask cant, they say, ‘The English of this is’, etc.
III. Other uses.
†6. [Compare Middle Dutch engelsc (also ingelsc, engels), Middle Low German engelsc (also engelsch, engels).] Any of several medieval Flemish coins of differing value. Obsolete.Plural unchanged, -es.For descriptions of the coins' value, see quots. 13421 and a1500.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > Flemish coins
English1342
mitea1375
imperial1582
scalding1614
escaline1674
1342 in M. T. Löfvenberg Contrib. Middle Eng. Lexicogr. & Etymol. (1946) (at cited word) [Money current in Flanders called] Lenglissh [whereof 3 pence are worth two good sterlings].]
1342 in M. T. Löfvenberg Contrib. Middle Eng. Lexicogr. & Etymol. (1946) (at cited word) [Money of Flanders called] Englissh.
a1500 in Eng. Stud. (1961) 42 133 iij Ynglysche..makythe j d.
1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII c. 14 A piece of flemmishe mony called an Englyshe.
a1553 in W. K. Jordan Chron. & Polit. Papers (1966) anno 1552 107 Pay it in English.
7. Printing. A size of type (approx. 14 point), smaller than Great Primer and larger than Pica; (also) a style of black-letter type; = Old English n. 3. Frequently attributive. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > types, blocks, or plates > relating to type > [noun] > height of type > names of type sizes
English1539
great primer1539
long primer1553
pica1553
brevier1598
nonpareil1656
pearl1656
small pica1657
minion1659
canon1683
small body1683
minim1706
paragon1706
bourgeois1755
diamond1778
ruby1778
Trafalgar1807
agate1831
minikinc1870
minionette1871
brilliant1875
gem1888
excelsior1902
1539 J. Wayland Indenture 1 Sept. (PRO, King's Bench Roll 1121, 28) in Library (1931) 2 323 The englyshe letter the grete prymer letter the small letter.
1598 Ord. Stationer's Co. in T. B. Reed Hist. Old Eng. Lett. Foundries (1887) 129 Those in pica Roman and Italic and in English.
1676 J. Moxon Regulæ Trium Ordinum 8 The Stem of English Capitals is 6 parts.
1693 Specimen Several Sorts of Let. given to Univ. by Dr. J. Fell sig. c2 Pica English.
1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. ii. §iii. 31 Mr. Jalleson..from three sets of Punches proposed to cast six different Bodies of Letter, viz. Brevier and Longprimer, from one set—Pica and English, from another—Greatprimer and Double Pica, from a third set of Punches.
1770 P. Luckombe Conc. Hist. Printing 225 Regular Bodied Letter. This class takes in Great Primer, English, Pica, Long Primer, Brevier, Nonpareil, and Pearl.
1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. 78 English is called Mittel by the Germans.
1862 New Amer. Cycl. (new ed.) XIII. 587/2 The largest size of type for books is called great primer... English, which is the next lower size, is seen in church Bibles, in folios, and some quartos.
1910 Mod. Philol. 8 154 The pica and English sizes were practically the same in 1619 as in 1683.
1955 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 99 421 Franklin and William Bradford, Junior, both used Caslon pica and English type in the 1740s.
2003 Electronic Publishing (Nexis) 1 Aug. 44 English meant a typeface in the blackface style as well as about 14-point type.
8. [Perhaps so named because English players introduced the technique to the U.S. (but see quot. 1959).] U.S. Sport (originally Billiards). Spin imparted to a ball by striking it on one side rather than centrally so as to affect its course, esp. after an impact or bounce; = side n.1 24. Also in extended use. Frequently in to put (the) English on and variants (cf. English v. 4).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > billiards, pool, or snooker > [noun] > direction given to ball
side1858
English1861
1861 Cleveland (Ohio) Daily Plain Dealer 14 Oct. 4/3 Tricks at Billiards... Immediately after shooting using his cue as a magic wand and flourishing it in the air above the table to give an increased ‘English’ to his ball.
1869 ‘M. Twain’ Innocents Abroad xii. 116 You would infallibly put the ‘English’ on the wrong side of the ball.
1877 Chicago Tribune 30 Sept. 8/1 He saw Richard Grant White..miss one shot badly through putting on too much side. ‘Too much English on that,’ said the spectator.
1898 R. Hughes Lakerim Athletic Club xv. 242 Eaton would slash the ball with a stiffened wrist, an elbow swing, and a quick, hard jump into the air at the same time, to put the ‘English’ on.
1915 Manitoba Free Press Evening Bull. 31 Dec. 6/4 The average billiard player goes to the extreme in the use of ‘English’.
1959 Sunday Times 5 Apr. 4/5 The billiard term ‘putting on the english’, which Atticus states is current parlance in American bowling circles. The story goes that an enterprising gentleman from these shores travelled to the United States during the latter part of the last century and impressed the Americans with a demonstration of the effect of ‘side’ on pool or billiard balls. His name was English.
1966 H. Nielsen After Midnight (1967) iii. 53 When Simon tried to close the door..he encountered difficulties. The officer lent a hand. ‘You have to put a little English on it,’ he explained. ‘There's a defect in the catch.’
2007 Edmonton (Alberta) Jrnl. (Nexis) 15 June d3 Creamer, a very sharp player, taught James how to handle the cue stick and how to put English on the ball.

Compounds

C1. Compounds of the adjective.
a.
(a) In apposition to an adjective, with the sense ‘English and ——’. Cf. Anglo- comb. form.
English-Indian adj.
ΚΠ
1613 S. Purchas Descr. India in Pilgrimage (1864) 127 Our English-Indian Societie.
1775 J. Adair Hist. Amer. Indians 2 Some time past, a large body of the English Indian traders..were escorted by a body of Creek and Choktah warriors.
1850 O. Turner Pioneer Hist. Holland Purchase Western N.Y. 175 The English Indian traders..procured the passage of an act forbidding merchants in the Province of New York, selling Indian goods to the French.
1966 H. Davies New London Spy (1967) 268 First ashore were the Anglo-Indians (used here in the sense..of mixed English-Indian parentage, not in the sense of Britons born in India).
2007 Boston Globe (Nexis) 27 June f 2 What Stoppard brings to the table is a fresher approach..about how the English-Indian experience played and plays into contemporary identity.
English-Irish n. and adj. now rare
ΚΠ
1587 J. Hooker Chron. Ireland 66/2 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) II No small number also of the English Irish.
1615 E. Grimeston tr. P. d'Avity Estates 36 They that obey the lawes are called English Irish, and their countrie is called the English Pale.
1700 J. Tyrrell Gen. Hist. Eng. II. 888 All the English-Irish Knights..ran away.
1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering III. iii. 47 Three English-Irish peers.
1999 Evening Standard (Nexis) 8 Nov. 57 The English-Irish don't have an identity as such; they're second generation Irish living over here with English accents, Irish parents and nil snob appeal.
English-Popish adj. depreciative (now historical)
ΚΠ
1603 T. Bell Anat. Popish Tyrannie sig. B2 For albeit they professe themselues wholy deuoted to the Pope..yet do they flatly condemne all English popish treasons.
1641 R. Sanderson Serm. II. 8 This clamouring against English-Popish ceremonies.
1774 J. Ussher Free Exam. Common Methods employed to prevent Popery (new ed.) 154 English popish priests in their writings addressed to the public..preach obedience and subjection to a protestant government.
1824 J. Strype Ann. Reformation (new ed.) II. ii. xxxvi. 709 A catalogue of all the English popish books writ against the reformation of the church of England; from queen Elizabeths first entrance to the year 1580.
1970 N. Morris & G. Hawkins Honest Politician's Guide to Crime Control iv. 108 Thus, the English Popish Plot of 1678, which was supposed to involve a vast Jesuit conspiracy, occurred before the Salem witch trials of 1692.
2005 R. Armstrong Protestant War ii. 52 Concerns for Protestant sufferings in Ireland.., and concerns for English popish plots or invasion bled into each other.
(b) With participial adjectives.
English-born adj.
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1439–40 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Nov. 1439 §14. m. 15 Every persone housholder not English borne.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. cxxiiij An Englishe borne child.
1673 J. Dryden Amboyna iii. 35 Come Country woman, I must call you so; since he who owns my Heart is English born.
1776 ‘Janus’ Crit. Moment 4 We thought ourselves blessed under the power of a mild English born prince.
1837 E. Bulwer-Lytton Ernest Maltravers I. i. i. 15 But I am English-born.
1918 Geogr. Rev. 6 419 Those who are English-born..have, in the course of relatively few years, acquired not only a new consciousness of nationality but a new outlook on life.
2005 F. Arfin Adventure Guide Provence & Côte d'Azur 100 At Brenda–Centre Tourisme Equestre, English-born Madame Brenda Gatti offers five-day programs that include lessons..and Camargue treks.
English-bred adj.
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1603 J. Davies Microcosmos sig. Oo4v For when..he challeng'd All Or English bred, or forraine Nationall To striue for glorie, and a golden Price..Vnanswered, hee Monarchiz'd alone.
1773 Hist. Miss P. Howard I. x. 78 Ever since the British Fair have taken their flowing Ringlets out of the hands of Nature, and put them into the hands of French Friseurs, the nice clean English bred Sons of Venus could no longer wanton there.
1870 L. Shore Lost Son in A. London & L. London Fra Dolcino ii. iv. 267 She just looks To my mind, like some queen from over seas, In all her foreign bravery—you would never Take her for English bred.
1955 E. Boykin Congr. & Civil War iv. 51 In the White House English-bred Louisa Catherine Adams' ‘drawing rooms’ reached a new high in social grandeur.
2007 Australian (Nexis) 9 Apr. 7 Shappi Khorsandi, Iranian-born but English bred, starts off brilliantly with a few well-aimed barbs around the thorny issue of race and religion.
English-built adj.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > [adjective] > built in specific place
Clyde-built1582
English-built1622
homebuilt1676
British-built1707
1622 R. Hawkins Observ. Voiage South Sea ii. 6 It is a very bad Ship, whose Masts crackt not asunder, whose Sayles and tackling flie not in peeces, before shee over-set; especially if shee be English built.
c1677 List Ships in A. Marvell Acct. Growth Popery 61 The John and Sarah, of 120 Tun, English Built.
1707 London Gaz. No. 4329/6 The Mary Hagboat, English-built, Burthen about 350 Tons, 8 Guns.
1841 E. Rigby Resid. Shores Baltic I. iii. 42 We are apt to forget how far we are dependent on English-bred servants and English-built houses, for the quiet course of comfort.
1919 Geogr. Jrnl. 53 98 It would have taken very expert handling to have forced an English-built whaler through the heavily breaking combers.
2007 Mid Devon Gaz. (Nexis) 8 May 26 They explored haughty German castles, and even found an English-built castle whose design was more familiar.
English-educated adj.
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1806 Lit. Jrnl. 2 583 We have here a young English-educated nobleman, sent over to Ireland by his father,..to be reformed from the wicked ways of London.
1931 Bull. School Oriental Stud. 6 763 Several ideas imported from the Western world have been taking root in the minds of so-called English-educated Indian Youths.
2003 New Yorker 3 Feb. 65/3 He wore a dark-green dashiki, and speaks in the rich, deliberate tones of the English-educated élite.
English-hearted adj.
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1601 C. Bagshaw Sparing Discov. Eng. Iesuits Ep. to Rdr. sig. a4v All true English hearted Catholicks.
1747 W. Warburton Wks. Shakespear IV. (note) 435 Perhaps..to an English-hearted audience, and pronounced by some favourite actor, the thing might be popular, tho' not judicious.
1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton Harold I. ii. i. 84 Many of Godwin's noblest foes sighed for the English-hearted Earl.
1930 K. Feiling Brit. Foreign Policy 1660–72 vii. 308 On the 2nd June she crossed to France, more English-hearted than she had ever been.
2007 Times (Nexis) 26 Apr. 92 The managers made much of their differences in the build-up to this match, but in the end, they both sent out their English-hearted, defence-dominated sides.
English-made adj.
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1759 G. G. Beekman Let. 6 Mar. in Beekman Mercantile Papers (1956) I. 342 Good English made Bright Coulered Muscovado Sugar.
1879 Rep. Paris Universal Exhib. 1878 453 All English-made escapements have sharp points to the escape wheel teeth.
1948 A. L. Rawlings Sci. Clocks & Watches (ed. 2) xvii. 271 A..campaign to put English-made mechanical clocks..back in their proper place in the markets of the Empire.
2004 Collect It! Feb. 58/3 A lot of companies say they are English-made, whereas the white ware is brought in from abroad.
English-managed adj.
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1881 Times 17 June 9/1 English managed estates were to be exempted from the ‘judicial rent’.
1888 Daily News 26 Nov. 2/5 This estate has always been what has been called an English-managed estate.
1907 Times 22 Oct. 13/2 The English managed concerns have been going from bad to worse.
2003 Daily Star (Nexis) 3 Aug. (Sports Suppl.) 61 The last English-managed FA Cup winners were Joe Royle's Everton, in 1995.
English-manned adj.
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1799 Ld. Nelson in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) IV. 97 An English-manned Frigate.
1870 W. H. Dixon Free Russia ii. 19 Luggers, sloops, corvettes, and smacks; all built out of wood and many of them English manned.
1956 D. E. Marshall Eng. People in 18th Cent. i. 35 An English-built and English-manned mercantile marine.
1999 Bristol Evening Post (Nexis) 3 Aug. 8 In 1784, the first English manned flight took off from London.
English-minded adj.
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1833 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 318/2 His [sc. Burke's] growing reluctance to the rash and heady politics of Fox, and his direct recognition of the manly, rational, and English-minded system of the Minister.
1939 Burlington Mag. Oct. p. vi/2 The English-minded reader may perhaps take exception to some of this detail as redundant.
2005 Hindu (Nexis) 20 June The British wanted Nehru at the helm of affairs as the first Prime Minister of free India as he was ‘English-minded’ and would protect British interests.
English-rigged adj.
ΚΠ
1824 R. Heber Jrnl. 16 June in Narr. Journey Upper Provinces India (1828) I. 84 The breeze this morning carried us along at a good rate, yet our English-rigged brig could do no more than keep up with the cooking-boat.
1909 Portsmouth Herald (New Hampsh.) 10 Apr. 3/2 For the first time in the history of American rowing a university crew sitting in an English rigged shell will contend against a crew using the regular American style boat.
1923 Bee (Danville, Va.) 19 May 9/2 The slide in an English-rigged shell rolls only twenty inches.
b. In the names of various trees and plants.
English elm n. a tall, fast-growing European elm, Ulmus procera; (also) the wood of this tree.Once common and widespread, the English elms in Britain and elsewhere were largely destroyed in the latter part of the 20th cent. by Dutch elm disease.
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1715 S. Switzer Nobleman, Gentleman, & Gardener's Recreation Index Gravelly ground..only Abeal, and Dutch Elm; not Oak, Ash, English Elm, not Walnut &c.
1863 Times 1 Sept. 9/1 The boats were only partially repaired, English elm had been introduced alongside partially decayed plank and framing.
1911 Science 3 Feb. 174/2 If planted in a very moist place, the American elm develops some of the characteristics of the English elm.
1996 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 351 605/1 A Dutch elm disease epidemic..was to kill most of the elm in southern England, most notably the English elm, Ulmus procera.
English galingale n. now rare the sedge Cyperus longus, having an aromatic rhizome formerly used in cookery and in medicinal preparations; (also) the root itself.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > reedy or aquatic grasses > [noun] > sedges > Cyperus or English galingale
earthnutc1300
cypressc1430
galangala1500
English galingale?1550
Cyperus1597
nut grass1750
?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI Treasury of Healthe sig. N.viv Item Englishe galingale stampt and sod w[ith] oyle, & plasteryd warme vpon the bone aboue the yarde, prouoketh vrine wythout doubt.
1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. xxiii. 346 The roote of Cy[p]erus or English Galangal, is hoate and dry in the third degree.
1648 J. Bobart Catalogus Plantarum Horti Medici Oxoniensis 22 Galanga Angl. (i) Cyper long. English Galingale.
1716 tr. J. P. de Tournefort Materia Medica (ed. 2) xi. 276 Pleasant aromatick Smell, pretty much resembling that of Cyprus or English Galingale.
1879 R. C. A. Prior On Pop. Names Brit. Plants (ed. 3) 61 Cypress-root, or Sweet Cypress..a plant the aromatic roots of which are known as English galingale, Cyperus longus.
1993 S. Garland Compl. Bk. Herbs & Spices (2004) 29/1 English galingale, Cyperus longus, has similar medicinal uses [to Lesser galingale].
English maidenhair n. (also †English maiden's hair) now rare the fern maidenhair spleenwort, Asplenium trichomanes, found among rocks and in crevices in walls.
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the world > plants > particular plants > ferns > [noun] > spleenworts
maidenhairc1300
finger fern1548
scale-fern1548
stone-rue1548
wall rue1548
tentwort?1550
ceterach1551
stone-fern1552
English maidenhair1562
male fern1562
miltwaste1578
spleenwort1578
stonewort1585
white maidenhair1597
milt-wort1611
mule's fern1633
rusty-back1776
maidenhair spleenwort1837
sea-spleenwort1850
sea-fern1855
scaly spleenwort1859
black adiantum1866
1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 157v Trichomanes (that is our English Maydens heare) is supposed [etc.]
1678 tr. M. Charas Royal Pharmacopœa i. lvi. 49 By the five Maindenhairs, are meant..White-maidenhair,..common Maidenhair, English-maidenhair, Ceterack or Spleen-wort, and Wall-Rue: to which I may add Harts-tongue.
1744 Philos. Trans. 1740–41 (Royal Soc.) 41 771 I have viewed the several kinds of Fern, English Maidenhair, other sorts of Maidenhair, [etc.].
1850 F. Mason Nat. Productions Burmah 111 A small handsome fern is seen in the crevices of old ruins.., of the same genus and nearly resembling the ‘English maidenhair’.
1952 Amer. Fern Jrnl. 42 138 Asplenium trichomanes L...English Maidenhair.
† english marjoram n. Obsolete rare sweet marjoram, Origanum majorana.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > herb > [noun] > oregano or marjoram
organOE
marjorama1393
origanuma1398
organuma1450
marjoram gentle1538
orgament1552
english marjoram1578
pot marjoram1578
fine marjoram1597
winter marjoram1597
orgamy1609
winter sweet marjoram1640
origany1728
oregano1959
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > culinary herbs > sweet or pot marjoram
marjorama1393
origanuma1398
organuma1450
marjoram gentle1538
orgament1552
english marjoram1578
pot marjoram1578
fine marjoram1597
winter marjoram1597
orgamy1609
winter sweet marjoram1640
origany1728
wintersweet1846
1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. lxix. 237 Marum quibusdam. English Margerom.
† English myrtle n. Obsolete rare wild privet, Ligustrum vulgare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > cultivated or ornamental trees and shrubs > [noun] > hedge plants > privet
primpc1400
ligustre1480
privet1542
primprint1548
prim1573
ligustrum1664
English myrtle1816
wax-tree1825
Japan privet1869
swamp privet1884
primet-
1816 R. Surtees Hist. & Antiq. of County Palatine of Durham I. 272 (note) Privet, the English myrtle, is indigenous in the Denes on the coast, and retains the character of its Italian cogener, amantes littora myrtos.
1846 C. Johnson Sowerby's Eng. Bot. (ed. 2) VI English Myrtle, the Common privet, Ligustrum vulgare.
English pea n. chiefly U.S. the garden or green pea, Pisum sativum (esp. to distinguish it from the black-eyed pea or cowpea).
ΚΠ
1844 Littell's Living Age 28 Sept. 496/2 It..finally burst forth a beautiful white bloom..having only four petals; (an English pea having five).
1923 H. S. Thompson Veg. Crops xxiv. 353 In the southern states the cowpea is often called ‘pea’, and the garden pea (Pisum sativum) is called ‘English pea’.
2004 Waterloo Cedar Falls (Iowa) Courier 18 Jan. e4/4 The garden pea known today was developed in England and is named, naturally English pea.
† English pease n. chiefly U.S. Obsolete = English pea n.
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1588 T. Hariot Briefe Rep. Virginia sig. C1(1) The graine [of mayze] is about the bignesse of our ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and shape.
1615 R. Hamor True Disc. Present Estate Virginia 22 Our English pease then ripe, and beanes very forward.
1733 S.-Carolina Gaz. 13 Jan. 3/2 Very good English Pease to be sold either in great or small Quantities.
1876 D. Dennett Louisiana as it Is 41 The best winter gardens contain large white head cabbages,..leeks, English pease, celery, [etc.].
English plantain n. either of two plantains of the genus Plantago: (North American) ribwort plantain, P. lanceolata, commonly occurring as a weed of cultivated land, and (Caribbean) greater plantain, P. major (to distinguish it from food plantains of the genus Musa); cf. Englishman's foot n. at Englishman n. Compounds.
ΚΠ
1814 J. Lunan Hortus Jamaicensis II. 70 Plantain, English. Plantago... For an hæmorrhage of blood, take..English plantain leaf.
1893 T. Shaw Weeds vi. 133 The English plantain is most troublesome in meadows and pastures, more especially in the latter.
1954 G. F. Asprey & P. Thornton W. Indian Med. Jrnl. 19 Plantago major... English plantain. The leaves of this species are rich in potassium salts and contain citric acid.
2004 Marysville (Ohio) Jrnl-Tribune 17 Sept. c1/1 Ragweed is not the only weed that can cause fall allergy symptoms... Russian thistle (tumbleweed) and English plantain are other weeds that are highly allergenic.
English rhubarb n. †(a) a kind of rhubarb (esp. Rheum rhaponticum) grown in England for its medicinal root; (also) the root of such a plant (obsolete); †(b) meadow rue, Thalictrum flavum, formerly considered to have purgative properties (obsolete); (c) the stalks of any of various varieties of garden rhubarb grown in England (cf. rhubarb n. 1b).
ΚΠ
1697 M. Lister in Philos. Trans. 1695–7 (Royal Soc.) 19 375 The Juice Extracted from the Roots of our English Rhubarb..is..a lean inflammable Gum.
1724 Index Mat. Med. 49 True Raphontick, or English Rhubarb.
1828 S. F. Gray Suppl. Pharmacopœia (ed. 4) i. 122 Meadow-rue, English rhubarb, T[halictrum] majus. Roots substituted for rhubarb, requires a double dose.
1861 R. Bentley Man. Bot. 621 English rhubarb is obtained from R. Rhaponticum, and is now extensively employed in the hospitals of this country..but is not so active as the officinal kinds of rhubarb.
1886 Encycl. Brit. XX. 530/2 English rhubarb root is sold at a cheaper rate than the Chinese rhubarb, and forms a considerable article of export to America.
1962 Times 27 Mar. 20/3 English Rhubarb, per lb., 1s, 6d.
English treacle n. †(a) germander (genus Teucrium) (obsolete); (b) garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata (rare).
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > labiate plant or plants > [noun] > germander plants
hindheala1300
ambrosea1350
wild sagea1400
germander?a1425
tetterwosea1500
English treacle1548
garlic-germander1548
scordium1548
wood-sage1571
garlic-sage1597
horse-chire1597
tree germander1597
mountain sage1659
marum1666
teucrium1673
mastic plant1718
thorny germander1822
bitter sage1865
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medical preparations of specific origin > medicine composed of a plant > [noun] > plant used in medicine > specific plant
hyssopc1000
sionc1000
tunhoofc1000
poppyOE
camomilea1300
orobusa1398
tithymala1400
tutsana1400
Thapsiac1400
melissa?a1425
hallelujahc1425
turmeric1538
succory1541
balin1546
English treacle1548
treacle mustard1548
rhabarb1558
Thlaspi1562
treacle clover1562
holy herb1567
lungwort1578
solanum1578
lightwort1587
neezing wort1591
Alexander's Foot1597
burst-wort1597
symphonia1597
wound-herb1597
leper's herb1600
all bones1633
schoenanth1633
nip1651
wound-shrub1659
hermodact1678
jusquiam1727
Algerian tea1728
Australian tea1728
strongback1739
silphium1753
belladonna1788
foxglove1801
ledum1822
yercum1826
lungs of oak1856
strong man's weed1864
conium1866
short-long1871
fever grass1875
1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. C.iv Chamedrys called..in englishe Germander or englishe Triacle.
1670 J. Ray Catalogus Plantarum Angliæ 67 In agro Cantabrigiensi English Treacle dicitur.
1747 T. Short Medicina Britannica 116 Germander... Ray says about Cambridge it was called the English Treacle; being found an Antidote against Poison.
1861 Notes & Queries 26 Oct. 338/1 This plant, the Alliaria officinalis of botanists is called by our early writers on plants, Poor Man's Treacle, and English Treacle.
1886 J. Britten & R. Holland Dict. Eng. Plant-names 169 English Treacle, Alliaria officinalis.
1909 K.Tynan & F. Maitland Bk. Flowers 248 Wood-Sage Teucrium Scorodonia... The Wood, or Wild-Sage..was known as Garlic-Sage, and from its savoury qualities, as English-Treacle and Poor-Man's-Treacle.
English walnut n. chiefly U.S. the common European walnut, Juglans regia, esp. as distinguished from the North American black walnut and some species of hickory; the nut found on this tree; (also) the wood of this tree.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > edible nuts or nut-trees > [noun] > walnut > walnut-tree
walnut-treea1400
juglandc1420
noker-tree1480
walnut1600
English walnut1756
common walnut1785
1756 T. Hale et al. Compl. Body Husbandry 172/2 There are some who prefer the Hickory wood..but if they are fairly compared together, the English walnut will be found to have the Preference.
1767 T. Jefferson Garden Bk. (1999) 6 Inoculated English walnut buds into stocks of the Black walnut.
1822 J. Woods Two Years' Resid. Eng. Prairie 228 White-walnut, or butter-nut, and black-walnut, are not so good as the English walnut.
1889 Ladies' Home Jrnl. Aug. 19 Have ready one cup of English walnuts cut into small pieces, flour them well, stir into the cake.
1946 S. J. Perelman Keep it Crisp 248 I retired to the drawing room to chink up the crannies with English walnuts.
1998 Your Garden Oct. 54/3 As well as the English walnut.., Clive grows the American black walnut..and the Japanese heart nut.
English wheat n. wheat of a type originating or grown in England; spec. cone wheat, Triticum turgidum, which was formerly the main variety grown in southern England.
ΚΠ
?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xviiiv Englysshe whete hath a dunne yere fywe anis or none, & is the worst whete saue peeke whete.
1615 R. Hamor True Disc. Present Estate Virginia 22 It did me much good to view our English wheate how forward it was.
1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World ii. 76 English Wheat..will by no means thrive for want of Moisture and Cold.
1844 W. Shaw & C. W. Johnson tr. A. D. Thaër Princ. Agric. II. v. 391 That which is called triticum turgidum (turgid, or English wheat) is, perhaps, a distinct variety.
1936 Times 24 Aug. 16/1 The opinion usually held is that English wheat will not make bread to suit the public taste.
2003 Jrnl. Asian Stud. 62 159 Rice cultivation in the delta was so productive that it compared quite favorably with English wheat.
c.
English basement n. U.S. a basement with windows and its own entrance.
ΚΠ
1853 N.-Y. Daily Times 8 July 5/3 (advt.) House for sale... A new three-story English basement house.
1948 C. Rice Big Midget Murders iv. 35 Ruth's light is on. That's her place—the English basement.
2004 T. L. Lee & C. M. Anthony Gotham Diaries 99 The iron-barred windows of the English basement of the brownstone-turned-restaurant.
English bond n. see bond n.1 13a.
English breakfast n. (a) a substantial breakfast including hot cooked food such as bacon and eggs, esp. as contrasted with Continental breakfast at continental adj. 2; (b) short for English breakfast tea n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > meal > [noun] > breakfast or morning meal
forme-metea1175
breakfast1463
disjune1491
jentation1599
jenticulation1658
meat breakfast1728
English breakfast1773
déjeuner1787
dejeune1788
fork-breakfast1812
tea-breakfast1825
cooked breakfast1848
chota hazri1863
hunt-breakfast1877
petit déjeuner1879
brekker1889
brekkie1904
Continental breakfast1911
prayer breakfast1930
Oslo breakfast1937
fry1959
1773 P. Brydone Tour Sicily & Malta I. i. 12 After bathing, we have an English breakfast at his lordship's.
1851 Newport (Rhode Island) Daily News 23 Apr. Choice new teas,..Extra fine English Breakfast.
1857 C. M. Yonge Dynevor Terrace II. v. 71 The English breakfast, which had been established..had quite vanished; each of the family had a cup of chocolate in private.
1998 A. Martin Bilton xvi. 166 I asked for two cups of English Breakfast.
2000 M. Gayle Turning Thirty lxxix. 290 Pete suggested that we got to British Home Stores in town because they did a full English breakfast for £1.80.
English breakfast tea n. (also with capital initials in the second and third elements) a type of blended black tea with a robust, full-bodied flavour, suitable for drinking at breakfast but typically served throughout the day.
ΚΠ
1847 Janesville (Wisconsin Territory) Gaz. 17 July Black Teas. Pouchong,..Oolong,..English Breakfast Tea.
1879 Times 9 June 6/4 There is a choice of English breakfast tea, French coffee, or ice-milk.
2007 Hotel & Caterer (Nexis) 9 Aug. The best-selling beverage at the moment is English breakfast tea (a blend of Assam, Darjeeling and Ceylon).
English Canadian n. an English-speaking Canadian, opposed to a French Canadian (see French Canadian n. and adj.).
ΚΠ
1818 F. Hall Trav. Canada & U.S. xx. 106 The Americans are at home, while the English Canadian considers himself as a temporary resident, for the purpose of making a fortune.
1885 Times 18 May 5/3 English Canadians generally want him hanged; French Canadians sympathize with him.
1919 Mississippi Valley Hist. Rev. 6 430 The bone of contention..is the region of New Ontario..which the English Canadians apparently do not wish to colonize and which they wish to keep the French from colonizing.
1990 R. Graham God's Dominion: Sceptic's Quest v. 110 While most Quebeckers would agree that their province was ‘priest-ridden’ before the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, they caution English Canadians against dismissing them as dull and timid sheep.
2004 E. P. Kohn This Kindred People iii. 94 In the face of British sentiment, English Canadians were forced to alter their rather negative views of the United States.
English-Canadian adj. of or relating to English Canadians or the predominantly English-speaking parts of Canada.
ΚΠ
1812 Eclectic Rev. Jan. 176 Great numbers have already become diligent cultivators in the United States, or within the limits of the English Canadian territory.
1872 W. D. Howells Their Wedding Journey 232 Most of the faces our tourists saw were English or English-Canadian.
1923 Geografiska Annaler 5 258 This conquest of extensive regions for the French language is from the English-Canadian standpoint..a by no means enticing prospect.
2002 Toronto Star (Nexis) 9 Nov. m 5 English-Canadian nationalism was essentially defensive in character. It aimed to preserve a space for those who didn't want to be American.
English Church n. = Church of England n.; (also) an Anglican Church.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Anglicanism > [noun] > person > collective
Church of England1395
English Church1532
church people1684
1532–3 Act Restraint Appeals, 24 Hen. VIII c. 12 That Part of the said Body politick, called the Spirituality, now being usually called the English Church.
1555 E. Grindal Remains (1843) (modernized text) 239 Master Scory and certain other..have an English Church there, but not very frequent.
1612 tr. I. Casaubon Answere Epist. Peron 28 To returne to the purpose, the Instances which you bring against the Liturgie of the English Church, they be these.
1711 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 116 To refuse sweareing the said Queen to be head..of the English church, was a premunire.
1832 J. Cameron in B. Shaw Mem. (1841) 201 Attended the service of the English Church. The bishop of Calcutta..preached a truly evangelical sermon.
1913 H. Tucker Our Beautiful Penins. 37 With what equal astonishment would he have found it [sc. his rural retreat] rechristened ‘Bishopscourt’ and become the home of an Archbishop of the English Church.
2000 Church Times 20 Apr. 22/3 Sensitive about its past, when it was seen as the middle-class English Church in contrast to the working-class chapels, it is now consciously bilingual and bicultural.
English Civil War n. the war fought in England from 1642 to 1648 between Parliamentarian and Royalist forces; cf. civil war n. at civil adj., n., and adv. Compounds 2.The period 1642–8 contained two discrete conflicts, 1642–6 and 1648, which are together referred to as the English Civil War.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > war > types of war > [noun] > civil war > specific
civil war1712
the troubles1786
English Civil War1794
Wars of the Roses1809
the late unpleasantness1866
War between the States1867
Spanish Civil War1936
Spanish War1937
1794 Let. Dr. Moore 25 Your antagonist..never says a word of the English civil war of the last century.
1862 E. W. Reynolds Barons of South ii. 21 On the breaking out of the English civil war..Virginia, with Maryland, adhered to the king, and piously cursed the Roundheads who were prevailing against him.
1989 Independent (Nexis) 4 Mar. A girl..was shot in the face with a reproduction seventeenth-century musket during a trip to watch a re-enactment of an English Civil War battle.
2003 Law & Lit. 15 259 What Cromwell..achieved after his victory in the English Civil War of 1648, was not only the deposition of God's vicar, but the insertion of himself as supreme judge.
English English n. English as spoken in England, as differentiated from that spoken in other (usually English-speaking) countries.
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the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Germanic > English > British English > English English
north country1698
west country1711
Yorkshire1717
Kenticism1735
English English1783
cockney1812
Cockneyese1823
East Angliana1825
Somersetian1825
Northumbrian1845
Norfolk1863
Kentish1866
Doric1870
Kensingtonian1911
Mummerset1915
Geordie1928
Hoxtoniana1935
scouse1963
mockney1967
Kensington1968
Liverpudlian1985
Jafaican2006
MLE2006
Multicultural London English2006
1783 C. Macklin True-born Irishman ii. 46 Let me have our own good plain, old Irish English, which I insist upon is better than all the English English that ever coquets and coxcombs brought into the land.
1804 M. Wilmot Let. 30 May in M. Wilmot & C. Wilmot Russ. Jrnls. (1934) i. 102 If the other side is not English English, it is just the sort of language that might make one blush for what it is.
1943 Spectator 5 Feb. 120/1 Of the two hundred million people speaking English nearly seven-tenths live in the United States, and another tenth in the British Dominions are as much influenced by American as by English English.
1958 Listener 18 Dec. 1050/1 To get round the difficulty of putting Lorca across full-bloodedly, producers have had recourse to Irish, Cockney, and West Country speech... Lorca's plays suffer in English English because we do not like to grasp his nettles.
1961 H. R. F. Keating Rush on Ultimate i. 13 ‘I never know what's Australian and what's English... Can you call it the gen over here?’.. ‘From what I gather from the boys it's a bit dated now, but it's English English all right.’
1966 ‘S. Harvester’ Treacherous Road i. 9 Most educated Egyptians spoke English English.
2002 Guardian 31 Oct. i. 21/3 There is this international English for which our English English is but an exotic and often incomprehensible dialect.
English finish n. a relatively smooth machine finish given to paper; paper so treated.
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1893 Publishers' Weekly 18 Nov. 135 (advt.) Printed in clear, readable type, on fine English finish paper.
1928 M. D. Orcutt Master Makers of Bk. vi. 172 The hotpressed paper..was admired and imitated, and was the forerunner of the modern ‘English finish’ and ‘coated’ stock.
2002 Amer. Printer (Nexis) Nov. 8 Further smoothing of the paper results in a machine or English finish—the latter is the highest possible finish that can be produced on a paper machine.
English flute n. Music = recorder n.2 1.
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society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > wind instrument > woodwind instruments > [noun] > flute > recorder
recorderc1430
doucetc1450
recordc1560
English flute1732
flauto piccolo1792
1732 T. Stanesby (title) A new system of the flute a' bec, or common English flute.
1786 M. A. Meilan tr. A. Berquin Children's Friend XI. 5 George preceded them at leisure, piping on an English flute, to harmonize their discords.
1896 Proc. Musical Assoc. 23rd Sess. 52 In the eighteenth century there were two flutes in use: the transverse or German flute, and the English flute.
1932 R. Donington Work & Ideas Arnold Dolmetsch 16 The first group of early instruments to regain something of its original popularity has been the family of recorders, or English flutes.
2004 Washington Post (Nexis) 13 May t18 The Hildebrands play authentic and reproduction early-American instruments, including the violin,..hammered dulcimer, spinet and English flute.
English garden n. (originally) an informal garden created so as to produce the effect of natural scenery, esp. one with undulating parkland, serpentine lakes, and open vistas, such as those designed by Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown (c1716–83); (later also) an informal cottage garden, typically stocked with colourful flowering plants.
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the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > garden > [noun] > other types of garden
grounda1500
knot-garden1519
back-garden1535
summer garden1589
spring garden1612
spring gardena1625
water gardena1626
walled gardena1631
wildernessa1644
window garden1649
botanic garden1662
Hanging Gardens1705
winter garden1736
cottage garden1765
Vauxhall1770
English garden1771
wall garden1780
chinampa1787
moat garden1826
gardenesque1832
sunk garden1835
roof garden1844
weedery1847
wild garden1852
rootery1855
beer-garden1863
Japanese garden1863
bog-garden1883
Italian garden1883
community garden1884
sink garden1894
trough garden1935
sand garden1936
Zen garden1937
hydroponicum1938
tub garden1974
rain garden1994
1771 H. Walpole Let. 5 Aug. (1926) 452 English gardening gains ground here... There is a Monsieur Boutin, who, has tacked what he calls an English garden to a set of stone terraces.
1853 J. Rochfort Adventures Surveyor 13 The snug little weather-boarded houses..each standing in the midst of a neat little English garden.
1868 W. Robinson Gleanings from French Gardens iv. 84 This park was laid out so long ago as 1778 for Philip Egalité as an ‘English garden’.
1991 Garden Hist. 19 12 The person who had the greatest influence in encouraging the vogue for the English garden was one who never visited England—the empress herself.
2005 N.Y. Times 15 May (T: Style Mag.) 113 The shore is lined with shabby-chic cottages, many accessorized with small but lush English gardens.
English horn n. [after French cor anglais (see cor anglais n. at cor n.3 a)] the tenor oboe, pitched in the key of F; cf. cor anglais n. at cor n.3 a
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society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > wind instrument > woodwind instruments > [noun] > reed instrument > cor anglais
English horn1775
corno inglese1818
cor anglais1870
1775 ‘J. Collier’ Musical Trav. (ed. 2) 65 Hearing a grand chorus of vocal and instrumental music, among which I plainly distinguished..the English horn.
1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 292/2 The English Horn, or Corno Inglese, is a deeper-toned oboe, but of rather larger dimensions, somewhat bent, the lower end very open.
1926 C. Morse Music & Music-makers x. 106 The English horn is not of brass as its name might imply, but is a larger or alto oboe with deeper tones and pitched a fifth lower.
2002 A. J. Morin Classical Music 491/1 The oboe and its brothers, the English horn and oboe d'amore, are well represented in Koechlin's catalog.
English Latin n. and adj. (a) n. English speech or language which is influenced by Latin, Latinate English; (now usually) Latin as used in England; = Anglo-Latin n.; (b) adj. of or relating to Latinate English; (now usually) of or relating to Latin as used in England.
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the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > postulated Italo-Celtic > Latin > anglicized or corrupt
English Latinc1475
kitchen-Latin1579
law-Latin1615
dog-Latin1661
bog Latin1785
hog Latin1807
Anglo-Latin1811
rogue's Latin1818
Monk-Latin1843
pig Latin1844
c1475 Mankind l. 124 Englysch Laten.
1580 T. Cranmer Aunswere vnto Craftie & Sophisticall Cauillation 333 By like reason may I reiect your English Latin of (infuding).
1643 W. Prynne Romes Master-peece 7 I conceive by the English Latin herein, that he must needs be an Englishman with a concealed and changed name.
1706 Eng. Scholar Compl. 20 English Latin Adjective Endings are chiefly these, viz. ine, as, Columbine, in al or ical as, Corporeal, comical, [etc.].
1846 Church of Eng. Q. Rev. Jan. 254 There are many single English-Latin words which might..be exchanged for good Saxon, or at least simpler, ones.
1920 H. Bradley in J. Sargeaunt Pronunc. Eng. Words derived from Lat. Introd. 5 No doubt the Reformation must have operated to arrest the growing tendency to the Italianization of English Latin.
1976 Times 1 July 18/1 Sixteenth and seventeenth-century English Latin writings.
English malady n. now historical = English melancholy n.
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1733 G. Cheyne Eng. Malady Pref. p. i By Foreigners..nervous Distempers, Spleen, Vapours, and Lowness of Spirits, are, in Derision, called the English Malady.
1844 Brit. & Foreign Med. Rev. Oct. 299 Our English malady presents to every man of experience too many examples of fatality.
1952 Lancet 15 Nov. 972/1 Continental writers in the 18th century referred to attacks of the vapours, nerves, and distemper as the ‘English malady’, and said that a third of the people of condition in England were affected—an estimate not unlike that for neurosis today.
English melancholy n. now historical depression or moroseness regarded as typical of English people; cf. spleen n. 8c.
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1772 T. Nugent tr. P. J. Grosley Tour to London I. 181 (heading) The English Melancholy. Its causes, effects, and remedies.
1805 Blagdon's Flowers of Lit. 156 Some physicians have attempted to account for English melancholy from the quantities consumed of animal food.
1937 Mod. Philol. 34 371 Montesquieu had commented on the connection between the climate and English melancholy.
1982 Brit. Jrnl. Sociol. 33 260 Cheyne fell into a deep depression, being diagnosed as suffering from ‘English melancholy’, and found great difficulty in walking.
English mile n. now chiefly historical a mile, as measured in England (which varied considerably in different periods: see note at mile n.1 1a).
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c1450 in C. L. Kingsford Chrons. London (1905) 123 (MED) Fovre englisch myle from Rowane.
1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 1848/2 Were not the charge I present.., I should lowly my person to meet you sixe English miles from any other person.
1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 402 This towne is overlookt by that which they call The golden Mountaine, three English miles in height, and seven in compasse.
1773 J. Banks Let. 12 Jan. (2000) 31 Jura is separated from Isla by..less than an English mile.
1844 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 14 p. lxv It..trends in a north-north-westerly direction for the space of upwards of 500 English miles.
1914 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 22 513 10 German miles (46.1 English miles).
2003 Hist. in Afr. 30 352 (note) An English mile at the time was 5000 feet.
English Miss n. [ < English adj. + miss n.2 (compare miss n.2 4a)] freq. depreciative an unmarried woman (with the implication of primness or prudishness).In quot. 1879 representing French speech.
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society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > unmarried person(s) > unmarried woman > [noun] > prim
English Miss1784
1784 P. Thicknesse Year's Journey through Paix Bâs 243 The prepossession in favour of Brussels, as a place of education, has already been and will I fear continue to be unfortunate to many an English miss.
1817 H. C. B. Campbell Jrnl. 3 Sept. in Journey to Florence (1951) 59 Two ugly English Misses very stiff and prim.
1879 C. M. Yonge Magnum Bonum II. xxvi. 520 Just the insipid English Mees... You should hear what the French think of the ordinary English girl.
1928 R. H. Mottram (title) The English Miss.
1960 Housewife Oct. 34/2 You are not used to strong drink... The typical little English Miss.
2006 Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, Va.) (Nexis) 8 Dec. e 7 Cameron Diaz..plays a successful Los Angeles businesswoman, while Kate Winslet plays a bookish English miss.
English muffin n. North American = muffin n. 1.
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the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > bun > [noun]
bun1371
wig1376
barley-bun1552
simnel cake1699
simlin1701
muffin1703
Chelsea bun1711
cross-bun1733
hot cross bun1733
penny bun1777
Sally Lunn1780
huffkin1790
Bath-bun1801
teacake1832
English muffin1842
saffron bun1852
Belgian bun1854
Valentine-bun1854
cinnamon roll1872
lunn1874
Yorkshire teacake1877
barmbrack1878
cinnamon bun1879
sticky bun1880
pan dulce1882
schnecke1899
wad1919
tabnab1933
1842 Great Western Mag. Apr. 177 In the deep well of a blue-edged plate..is disclosed that dream of farinaceous enjoyment, the English muffin.
1896 R. Baxter Receipt Bk. for Bakers 22 These are the genuine English Muffins that were introduced into Chicago during the World's Fair.
1930 F. M. Farmer Boston Cooking-school Cook Bk. (rev. ed.) iv. 55 (caption) Serve toasted English Muffins very hot.
2007 Sherbrooke (Quebec) Record (Nexis) 20 Apr. 2 Toast the English muffins. Lightly butter the English muffins, if desired.
English mustard n. any of various types of very pungent (powdered or prepared) mustard originating in England, typically made using both white and brown mustard seeds and having an intense yellow colour which is usually produced by the addition of turmeric.
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1821 W. Cobbett Amer. Gardener (new ed.) iv. 344 The English mustard is, in general, a thing fabricated.
1851 London at Table i. 18 The accessories being salad, beetroot, vegetables, French and English mustard.
1923 French Cooking for Eng. Homes ii. 52 Stir in two large tablespoonfuls of French Dijon mustard and one spoonful of made English mustard.
2003 A. Insdorf Indelible Shadows (ed. 3) iv. 61 Both are undone by mouthfuls of hot English mustard, as it becomes clear that they have bitten off more than they can chew.
† English opopanax n. Obsolete the juice of lovage, Levisticum officinale.
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1828 S. F. Gray Suppl. Pharmacopœia (ed. 4) i. 11 English opoponax. From Cornish lovage.
1857 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) Opopanax, English, a common name for the juice yielded by the Ligusticum levisticum, or lovage plant.
1858 Proc. Lit. & Philos. Soc. Liverpool 12 99 The punctured stem [of Levisticum officinale] yields a resinous juice, which, when collected, resembles opoponax, and was formerly sold as English opoponax.
English peace n. peace established within Britain and the British Empire and dominions; an instance of this; = British peace n. at British adj. and n. Compounds 2; cf. Pax Britannica n.
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1830 Times 16 Sept. 3/2 Any one acquainted with the history of Europe for the last 17 years..must therefore view the integrity of the kingdom of the Netherlands as the corner-stone..of English peace.
1897 Daily News 23 Apr. 6/2 As time passed, the English peace annoyed them exceedingly.
1955 J. E. A. Joliffe Angevin Kingship i. v. 129 The land was without a history of great vassals defying the suzerain..But we may easily be misled by this English peace.
1995 Past & Present 147 97 Relish of English peace drew its savour from knowledge of war, kept safely distant by the Channel.
2004 J. Fitzpatrick in P. Schwyzer & S. Mealor Archipelagic Identities v. 88 Aggression towards her occurs close to a site of peace and order which may suggest Irish aggression against English peace.
English pink n. (a) [ < English adj. + pink n.1] a yellow lake pigment, or shade of yellow; = Dutch pink n. at Dutch adj., n.1, and adv. Compounds 1b; (b) [ < English adj. + pink n.5] a pink colour (see quot. 1963).
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1697 C. K. Art's Master-piece 73 Take English Pink colour, grind it with common Size, and..mix with it a proportion of Lamp-black and White Lead, and work it as in other Japanning.
1758 R. Dossie Handmaid to Arts I. i. ii. §iv. 95 English pink is only a lighter and coarser kind of Dutch pink.
1835 G. Field Chromatogr. ix. 84 Dutch Pink, English and Italian Pinks, are sufficiently absurd names of yellow colours prepared by dyeing, whitening, &c. with vegetal yellow tinctures, in the manner of rose pink, from which they borrow their name.
1901 G. H. Hurst Dict. Chemicals used in Paints 147 English pink, a name given to yellow pigments prepared from Persian berries; they are similar to Dutch pinks.
1963 Times 25 May 11/6 Chrome-tin pink..became known on the Continent as ‘English pink’.
2003 S. Rivers & N. Umney Conservation of Furnit. iv. 154/2 For olive grounds English pink (a yellow lake derived from a dye extracted from buckthorn berries) was mixed with lamp black, lead white and raw umber as required.
English rose n. an attractive typically light-complexioned English girl.
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the mind > attention and judgement > beauty > [noun] > beautiful thing or person > beautiful person > beautiful woman > other types of beautiful woman
English rose1780
breeches-figure1808
postcard beauty1912
bathing beauty1920
bathing belle1924
1780 F. Pilon Siege Gibraltar ii. ii. 27 What's the matter, my little English Rose?
1838 Times 10 Sept. 1/4 Our bonny English rose.
1855 H. Ainslie Sc. Songs, Ballads, & Poems 194 It was not well, sweet Rosabell, It was not well for thee, When the English rose for a heart-mate chose A flower of the forest free.
1902 B. Hood Merrie Eng. ii. 211 Dan Cupid hath a garden Where women are the flow'rs... And Oh! the sweetest blossom That in the garden grows,—The fairest Queen, it is, I ween, The perfect English rose.
1918 ‘D. Lyall’ Eng. Rose xx. 275 The two girls kissed one another, and the English rose was received in that happy corner of Ireland's garden and found it good.
1967 D. Cilento Manipulator i. 13 Rose had..won a seven-year contract with a film company on the strength of her English rose good looks.
1968 H. R. F. Keating Inspector Ghote hunts Peacock v. 67 She was the ideal English Rose..her hair was crisply golden... Her complexion was a vigorous pink and white.
2005 K. Harrison Starter Marriage 262 She gives her hair one quick comb through and she's transformed, from glowing round-the-world yacht babe, into coiffed English rose.
English saddle n. a style of saddle common in or characteristic of England; (now) spec. (chiefly North American) a relatively flat, hornless saddle built on either a wooden or steel spring tree, having a padded leather seat over webbing stretched between the pommel and cantle, and deep leather skirt panels; contrasted with western saddle n. at western adj., n.2, and adv. Compounds 3.
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1810 W. Gell Itinerary Greece p. vi Some would prefer an English saddle, but a saddle of this sort is always objected to by the owner of the horse.
1901 J. F. J. Archibald Blue Shirt & Khaki i. 30 The mounted infantry saddle is the flat seat known in this country as an ‘English saddle’.
2007 Birmingham (Alabama) News (Nexis) 18 Apr. 1 sc There's no horn (to hold or tie a rope to) on an English saddle, and the way you sit in it is different.
English-Saxon n. and adj. (see English-Saxon n. and adj.).
English setter n. a breed of gun dog with a long silky coat, typically white with patches of black or other colour; a dog of this breed.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > other types of dog > [noun] > setter > varieties of
English setter1790
red setter1830
Gordon setter1865
Irish setter1866
Belton1872
Laverack setter1878
1790 R. Beilby & T. Bewick Gen. Hist. Quadrupeds 313 The English Setter is a hardy, active, handsome Dog.
1859 ‘Stonehenge’ Dog i. iv. 95 The English setter imitated the pointer; but whether it was effected by crossing with that dog is difficult to say.
1910 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 378/1 The English setter should have a silky coat with the hair waved but not curly; the legs and toes should be hairy, and the tail should have a bushy fringe.
2002 J. Eugenides Middlesex iv. 454 I saw the black-and-white markings of an English setter.
English sparrow n. chiefly U.S. the house sparrow, Passer domesticus, which was introduced to North America, Australia, and New Zealand from Europe.
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1814 H. Salt Voy. Abyssinia App. IV. p. xlviii The common house sparrow of Abyssinia..builds under the eaves of the huts, and has the domestic manners of the English sparrow.
1875 Overland Monthly June 566/2 Here in the city of San Francisco is established a colony..of English sparrows.
1907 ‘N. Blanchan’ Birds Every Child should Know viii. 108 How wonderfully that saucy little gamin, the English sparrow, has adjusted himself to this new land!
2001 Compar. Stud. Society & Hist. 43 249 Like house mice, English sparrows, and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, maize requires human presence to survive.
English springer n. (in full English springer spaniel) a breed of spaniel developed as a gun dog, with a silky liver and white or black and white coat; a dog of this breed; formerly called Norfolk spaniel.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > other types of dog > [noun] > spaniel > land or water > varieties of
springer1749
King Charles1780
English springer1808
Marlborough dog1822
cocker spaniel1829
Marlborough1831
Blenheim1839
Norfolk spaniel1845
King Charles1848
Sussex spaniel1856
field spaniel1859
clumber1865
Norfolk1867
Japanese spaniel1880
Welsh springer1903
Tibetan spaniel1905
Brittany spaniel1936
Brittany1945
1808 Sporting Mag. 30 41 A beautiful old English Springer.
1904 Times 17 Dec. 12/1 Mr. C. C. Eversfield won the team stake with Ambertie Powder, Canonite Powder, and Velox Powder, all liver and white English Springers.
1959 Herald-Press (St. Joseph, Mich.) 12 May 9/3 The English Springer Spaniel..is a medium-sized hunting dog..His coat is dense but not curly, his tail docked and his long ears set on at eye level.
2003 AKC Gaz. Jan. 22/1 Field trailers wanted a faster, flashier, bigger-going dog; in other words, a dog with the qualities that are the forte of the field-bred English Springer Spaniel.
English sweat n. now historical = sweating-sickness n.The aetiology of this disease is unknown.
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1552 J. Caius Bk. against Sweatyng Sicknesse f. 9v This disease..was called here, the Sweating sickenesse: and because it firste beganne in Englande, it was named in other countries the englishe sweat.
1684 S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Pharmaceutice Rationalis in Pract. Physick (rev. ed.) 74 It was formerly the epidemical Fever, commonly called the English Sweat.
1768 Hist. City & County Norwich 216 The english sweat..broke out at Shrewsbury, and spreading by degrees all over the kingdom, ended its progress in the north.
1859 Hunt's Merchants' Mag. Mar. 316 In the time of Henry VIII., the sweating sickness was so generally prevalent in England as to be called the English Sweat.
1963 W. L. Langer in B. Mazlish Psycholanal. & Hist. ii. 96 Frequent severe outbreaks of bubonic plague were reinforced by attacks of typhus fever,..to say nothing of the English Sweat (probably influenza).
English Sunday n. Sunday kept as a day of rest and worship, as traditionally in England; opposed to Continental Sunday at continental adj. 2.
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1822 Kaleidoscope 15 Jan. 219/2 Nothing can be conceived more tiresome and melancholy than an English Sunday... The theatres are all closed;..and all gaming, dancing, and music are strictly prohibited.
1847 H. W. Fox Jrnl. 13 Feb. in G. T. Fox Brief Mem. Rev. H. W. Fox (1853) vii. 151 I returned home to the quiet of my tent, to reflect on the contrast of a quiet English Sunday, with the singular, profane, and idolatrous scenes I had witnessed.
1903 A. Bennett Leonora iii. 79 The smooth calm of the English Sunday.
1966 Guardian 22 Nov. 1/1 The grim visage of the traditional English Sunday looks like disappearing quite soon.
2007 Seattle Times (Nexis) 26 May b 3 He profiles..an English Sunday in the 1930s where no one seemed to do anything.
English toy terrier n. a breed of miniature terrier, typically with a short black and tan coat; a dog of this breed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > other types of dog > [noun] > toy > other types of
lion dog1774
King Charles1848
English toy terrier1852
Chihuahua1858
Mexican hairless dog1891
affenpinscher1896
Papillon1900
Bolognese1905
Shih Tzu1921
löwchen1969
1852 Times 7 June 2/1 (advt.) The smallest and handsomest Black and Tan English Toy Terrier Dog in England.
1907 F. T. Barton Terriers xi. facing p. 98 (caption) Typical hind~quarters and stern of a white English Toy Terrier.
1962 Times 10 Feb. 6/3 English Toy Terriers (Black and Tan).
2006 Herald Sun (Melbourne) (Nexis) 26 Sept. 16 English toy terriers strutted for the prestige blue ribbon in the dog showing arena.
C2. Compounds of the noun (in sense B. 2).
a.
(a) General attributive and objective, with the sense ‘that teaches or studies English language or literature’, as English master, English student, English teacher, etc.See also English scholar n. at Compounds 2a(b).
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1580 J. Bellot Le Maistre d'Escole Anglois (title page) The Englishe Scholemaister. Conteyning many profitable preceptes for the naturall borne french men, and other straungers that haue their French tongue, to attayne the true pronouncing of the Englishe tongue.
1685 W. Alexander Medulla Historiæ Scoticæ (end matter) A new Spelling Book... Useful not only for English-Schoolmasters in teaching Children to Spell and Read, but may be servicable to the Elder Learners, and to Strangers.
1750 W. Douglass Summary State Brit. Settlements N.-Amer. II. xiv. 322 The English master teaches in some manner grammatically to construe sentences.
1763 Royal Reg. 40 The List of the Establishment made by his Majesty for the Houshold of the future Queen... The Reverend Mr. Majendie, English teacher to her majesty.
1824 Edinb. Mag. & Literary Misc. Jan. 20/2 The English-Master is required to produce testimonials of his thorough knowledge of English Literature.
1896 Public Opinion 8 Oct. 471/1 An English faculty of twenty-five members.
1935 D. L. Sayers Gaudy Night iii. 40 The English tutor's room was festooned with proofs of her forthcoming work on the Prosodic elements in English verse from Beowulf to Bridges.
1985 L. Lochhead True Confessions 46 Darling, do you mind when we were up at the Uni, and that..What's-His-Name, English lecturer, second year, that course on the Nineteenth Century Novel.
2007 P. J. Nahin Chases & Escapes Introd. 2 The rest of the story, assigned to generations of high school English students by teachers who clearly admire Connell's tale, is of the suspenseful chase.
(b) Objective.
English-reading adj.
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1840 Brit. Mag. & Monthly Reg. 1 Mar. 349/1 A suitable work to be put into the hands of the English-reading natives, and also fit for translation into Sanscrit.
1907 W. James Pragmatism i. 17 Religious philosophy in our day and generation is, among us English-reading people, of two main types.
1990 V. S. Naipaul India: Million Mutinies (1991) vii. 418 It is the English-reading, English-speaking people who control things in this country.
2003 M. Vilanova & F. Chordá Mind at Work 247 She has translated several books from Italian for the English-reading public.
English scholar n.
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1680 E. Young (title) The compleat English scholar, in spelling, reading, and writing.
1707 R. Browne Bullokar's Eng. Expositor Improv'd (ed. 10) Pref., sig. A2v The most illiterate Teacher cannot well miss of making any Docible Child a good English Scholar, if the Rules of that Book are but carefully apply'd.
1782 V. Knox Liberal Educ. (ed. 4) xiv. 152 The mere English scholar will often be obliged to turn over his English Dictionary, and..will acquire but an imperfect idea of the many words which are directly derived from the Latin or the Greek.
1833 New-England Mag. Oct. 282 The following words are of Saxon origin; and no English scholar of the most ordinary education, misunderstands them, or applies them incorrectly.
1925 S. Lewis Arrowsmith vi. 61 He observed that Madeline was a handsome young woman and a sound English scholar.
1980 M. Boulton Anat. Lit. Stud. xii. 123 The student in your year reading Classics is no more a classical scholar than you are yet an English scholar.
2005 H. Short & M. Deegan in G. Griffin Res. Methods for Eng. Stud. xii. 218 These [ebooks]..contain much primary and secondary material for the English scholar.
English speaker n.
ΚΠ
1712 M. Maittaire Eng. Gram. 238 The Observations of so great a man might become useful to every English speaker.
1791 J. Walker Crit. Pronouncing Dict. at Janty As the nasal vowel en..is not to be pronounced by a mere English speaker..it is no wonder that the word was anglicised in its sound.
1823 Times 2 June 2/5 To withhold [a system of popular election]..had been declared by every English writer, by every English speaker, and by every English reasoner of any celebrity.
1853 W. M. Thackeray Let. 4 Mar. in Lett. A. T. Ritchie (1924) iv. 48 A great hearty nation [sc. the U.S.] of 26 millions of English-speakers.
1961 Guardian 30 June 12/2 English-speakers [of South Africa] opposed to the excesses of nationalism.
2002 U.S. News & World Rep. 11 Feb. 40/1 India, whose millions of English speakers had staffed back offices for U.S. companies, is now perceived as an investment risk.
English-speaking adj.
ΚΠ
1798 W. Clubbe Omnium 34 Our English-speaking waiter..took a French leave, and left us to trace back our path to the water side as well we could.
1829 J. Bentham Justice & Codification Petitions iv. 6 Thence was created the necessity of employing these so little trustworthy trustees..as interpreters between the English-speaking parties and the French-speaking judges.
1883 J. R. Lowell in Daily News 5 July 6/2 We continually hear nowadays of the ‘English-speaking race’, of the ‘English-speaking population’.
1940 ‘G. Orwell’ Inside Whale 79 Dickens is scarcely intelligible outside the English-speaking culture.
1991 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 23 Feb. His book..quietly but thoroughly destroys the idea that the Liberal Party has had the best interests of the English-speaking community at heart.
(c) Preceding and in apposition to the names of other languages (as English-French, English-German, English-Russian, etc.), esp. in the titles of dictionaries in which English words are followed by their translations in the other language.
ΚΠ
1655 W. Walker (title) A treatise of English particles shewing how to render them according to the proprietie and elegancie of the Latine: with a praxis upon the same. Whereunto is affix't Idiomatologiæ Anglo-latinæ specimen or, a taste of an English-latine phraseologie.
1707 E. Coles (ed. 6) (title) A dictionary, English-Latin, and Latin-English; containing all things necessary for the translating of either language into the other.
1796 N. Bailey (title) Dictionary English-German and German-English.
1859 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 25 Feb. 215/1 Dictionaries in two languages may be bound on the plan of ‘twin-binding’..in such a manner as to expose the page of English-Latin and Latin-English at the same moment.
1865 A. Way in Promptorium Parvulorum Pref. 64 The valuable English-Latin Dictionary, frequently cited as the ‘Catholicon Anglicum’.
1929 Amer. Anthropologist 31 331 Dr. McIlwaine discovered an English-Indian vocabulary of 60 words on the back of the document.
1976 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 17 Feb. 9/1 Among New Canadians bilingualism means English and Greek, English and Italian or English and German, while English-French bilingualism is practically non-existent.
2002 L. Alex Russians are Coming! x. 74 ‘Can I borrow your English-Russian dictionary, please?’ asked Jeff.
b.
English-knowing adj. originally and chiefly Indian English (of a person or group of people) that speaks or understands English.
ΚΠ
1874 Times 2 July 12/3 Every Bengalees mind will be burned with indignation..you have insulted and attacked the whole and all class of English knowing Bengalee.
1941 J. Nehru Toward Freedom vii. 40 The official and Service atmosphere..set the tone for almost all Indian middle-class life, especially the English-knowing intelligentsia.
2000 New Straits Times (Malaysia) (Nexis) 1 Mar. 4 This reading experience leaves one asking for more. Will he oblige the English-knowing public?

Derivatives

ˈEnglish-hood n. rare
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > English nation > [noun] > native or inhabitant of England > character of
Anglicism1647
John Bullism1791
Englishism1802
Bullism1821
English-hood1842
Englishry1894
1842 J. W. Alexander Let. 25 Mar. in Forty Years' Familiar Lett. (1860) I. viii. 355 Their unmixed English-hood conditions very much the state of old Virginia society.
1883 E. Lynn Linton Ione II. xxiii. 260 The English-hood of long walks in the lanes and fields.
ˈEnglish-like adv. and adj.
ΚΠ
1547 W. Salesbury Dict. Eng. & Welshe at Seisnigaidd Anglyshlyke.
1582 R. Mulcaster 1st Pt. Elementarie xvii. 111 In Latin words, or of a Latin form, where theie be vsed English like, as, certiorare, quandare, where e, soundeth full and brode after the originall Latin.
1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xvii. 675/2 For all being English, acquit themselues English-like, no taking of prisoners, nor looking for ransome.
1747 J. Smith Mem. Wool II. clxxv. 502 Flannels, English like, of the same, viz. French Wool.
1851 E. Lear Jrnls. Landscape Painter in Albania 186 I had never seen a more romantic bit of English-like scenery.
2006 Engineer (Nexis) 11 Dec. 43 Its use of high-level English-like commands simplifies program writing and comprehension.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

Englishv.

Brit. /ˈɪŋ(ɡ)lɪʃ/, U.S. /ˈɪŋ(ɡ)lɪʃ/
Forms: see English adj. and n.
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: English adj.; English n.
Etymology: Partly < English adj., and partly < English n.
1.
a. transitive. To translate (a book, passage, etc.) into English; to give the English equivalent for (a word or phrase). Cf. to make English at make v.1 34a.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > translation > translate [verb (transitive)] > into particular language
to make EnglishOE
Englisha1450
Latin1563
Latinize1589
Germanize1605
Scottish1623
Englify1688
anglicize1711
romance1796
Saxonize1804
Scotticize1809
Syriacize1863
French1868
Sanskritize1881
a1450 (a1397) Prol. Old Test. in Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Cambr. Mm.2.15) (1850) xv. 57 I Englishe it thus.
a1450 (a1397) Prol. Old Test. in Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Cambr. Mm.2.15) (1850) xv. 57 To Englisshe it aftir the word, wolde be derk and douteful.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos (1889) 4 For hym, I knowe for suffycyent to expowne and englysshe euery dyffyculte that is therin.
1533 T. More Apol. v, in Wks. 854/2 Howe be it the preacher englisheth it thus.
1573 J. Bridges Supremacie Christian Princes iv. 73 It was written and printed at Louayne also, no doubt of an obediente subiecte, but he Englished it not, for feare all Englishemen shoulde haue seene his Diuels Paternoster.
1606 A. Wotton Def. M. Perkins Bk. ix. 579 M. Perkins answereth, that the words must be englished thus, Bow at or before the Arke, not to the Arke, but to God before the Arke.
1659 R. Boyle Some Motives & Incentives to Love of God 113 Purchas'd for a Ransome; the Original word english'd Redemption.
1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. Pref. p. xix It fully excuses my not Englishing them from the Greek my own Self.
1779 S. Johnson Hughes in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets IV. 7 There was at this time a project formed by Tonson for a translation of the Pharsalia, by several hands; and Hughes englished the tenth book.
1807 Ann. Rev. 5 510 All German verses can be Englished in fewer syllables.
1872 C. H. Spurgeon Treasury of David III. Ps. lxii. 1 If we Englished the word, by our word ‘verily’.
1935 Amer. Mercury Feb. 147/2 Whoever Englished his articles and helped him to form them could not always prevent him from turning somersaults.
1965 Listener 30 Dec. 1090/1 Ubu Cocu is an unfinished scrap of the savage master's oeuvres..Englished with scholarly gusto by Cyril Connolly.
1995 G. Vidal Palimpsest 329 For Englishing the play he'd take half the royalties and share my billing.
b. transitive. To render (esp. a foreign word) according to English spelling conventions. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1807 G. Chalmers Caledonia I. ii. vi. 284 The common word..is ruadh, or as it is englished roy.
a1889 W. Allingham Laurence Bloomfield (1890) (end note) 145 ‘Phelim’ pronounced Faylim, and sometimes Englished ‘Felix’.
1902 H. Quilter What's What 321/1 Chaucer Englished the word [Cambrictum] as Canterbrigge.
1940 Rev. Eng. Stud. 16 204 The forms Ebraucus and Ebrancus are interchangeable in York records. In Drake's Eboracum both forms may be found, and the word is usually Englished to Ebrank.
1990 O. Mandel tr. A. von Kotzebue Good Citizens Piffelheim in August von Kotzebue 76 (note) I have Englished the word Gulden.
2. transitive. To transform into plain English; to describe in plain terms. Also in extended use. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > plainness > make plain or describe in plain terms [verb (transitive)]
Englisha1616
desophisticate-
a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. iii. 42 The hardest voice of her behauior (to be english'd rightly) is, I am Sir Iohn Falstafs. View more context for this quotation
1649 J. Milton Εικονοκλαστης v. 44 Those gracious Acts..may be english'd more properly Acts of feare.
1673 J. Flavell Fountain of Life viii. 92 I am ashamed my Pen should English what mine Eyes have seen.
1806 F. Brooke Rosina ii. 44 I couldn't endure the idea of seeing your charming daughter tied to a collection of Greek apothegms and Latin quotations; so I endeavoured to English him.
1940 H. G. Wells Babes in Darkling Wood ii. ii. 175 The more I read over..Cottenham C. Bower, the more I translate him into normal English from his awful combination of technicalities and adapted slang..he gets more and more convincing and interesting the more you English him.
1943 R. Graves Story Marie Powell xxii. 308 A confession of his base behaviour in the matter of the Earl of Strafford's trial..might have been Englished more precisely and honestly: for he did not speak the Earl's name.
3. transitive. Also with up.
a. To make English in character, to anglicize.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > English nation > [verb (transitive)]
Englify1688
English1711
Englishize1799
Anglicanize1800
Englishify1855
1711 J. Sage in Wks. William Drummond p. v In the short Notes he leaves behind him of his own Life, he says, That he was the First in the Isle that did celebrate a Mistress dead, and Englished the Madrigal.
1880 R. Browning Clive in Dramatic Idyls 9 The man Clive—he fought Plassy..Conquered and annexed and Englished!
1934 H. G. Wells Exper. in Autobiogr. II. viii. §5. 622 I think Conrad owed a very great deal to their early association; Hueffer helped greatly to ‘English’ him and his idiom.
1965 Evening Standard 10 Dec. 6/6 A New York tailor is advertising:..Let us take your Stateside suit and English it up.
2002 C. L. Innes Hist. Black & Asian Writing Brit. (2004) 122 Before he can become ‘Englished’, Johnson must recognize the extent of his..fragile grasp of the English language and English learning.
b. To adopt (a word) into the English language; to assimilate (a word) into English.
ΚΠ
1846 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. in Wks. I. 157/2 Liqueur is not yet Englished... No, sir! We have dram.
1879 E. Walford Londoniana II. 99 The word ‘Comfort’ originally Norman and afterwards englished.
1880 R. G. White Every-day Eng. 21 When a foreign word has been transplanted into our speech and has taken firm root there, it should be thoroughly Englished.
1963 Reno (Nevada) Evening Gaz. 26 Sept. English has borrowed many thousands of words from other languages. Usually these borrowed words are slightly altered in the course of becoming ‘Englished’.
1999 S. Rushdie Ground beneath her Feet (2000) ii. 33 Until my grandfather's time we were Shettys or Shetias or Sheths. He Englished it up, standardized it.
4. U.S. Sport (originally Billiards).
a. intransitive. To impart spin to a ball when striking it so as to affect its course (see sense 4b). Also of a ball so struck. Cf. to put (the) English on at English n. 8. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > play at ball [verb (intransitive)] > hit in specific manner
bank1604
English1875
slice1890
1875 Atlanta (Georgis) Constit. 31 Jan. It was impossible to make the shot without going to cushion first, and ‘Englishing’.
1889 Cent. Dict. English,..I Englished just right.
1923 Ogden (Utah) State Examiner 28 June 6/5 The ball shoots off at a peculiar angle, strikes the person of A and then englishes into the cup.
b. transitive. To impart spin to (a ball) by striking it on one side rather than centrally so as to affect its course, esp. after an impact or bounce.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > [verb (transitive)] > play ball in specific way
tossc1530
send1782
place1819
dowf1825
loft1857
belt1870
screw1881
smash1882
English1884
carry1889
slice1890
mishit1903
balloon1904
rainbow1906
rifle1914
tuck1958
stroke1960
1884 H. Chadwick Sports & Pastimes Amer. Boys 212 An hour's teaching at the hands of an expert, who shows you practically how to ‘follow’, ‘draw’, or ‘English’ the ball, will do more.
1889 Cent. Dict. English,..he Englished his ball too much.
1899 Evening Herald (Syracuse, N.Y.) 3 Apr. 8/3 You simply ‘English’ the ball with your hand instead of with the cue.
1971 El Paso (Texas) Herald-Post 29 Oct. c3 (caption) He ‘englished’ the ball into the hole in the Sahara Invitational Tournament.
1993 St. Louis (Missouri) Post-Dispatch (Nexis) 5 Apr. 5 d He frantically ‘Englished’ his 12th-inning fly ball into fair territory for a home run.
1998 Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey) (Nexis) 10 May 4 Tennis and golf balls can also be ‘englished’.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.adv.n.eOEv.a1450
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