exfoliatev.
/ɛksˈfəʊlɪeɪt/ 1. transitive.
a. Pathology. To cast off, shed (the cuticle, the surface of a bone) in the form of ‘leaves’ or scales.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > afflict with or cause a skin disorder [verb (transitive)] > scale or scurf
exfoliate1639
bescurf1694
scale1885
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders of bones > affect with bone disorder [verb (transitive)] > shed surface of bone
exfoliate1639
1639 J. Woodall Treat. Gangrena in Surgeons Mate (rev. ed.) 391 Nature doth of her selfe exfoliate, and cast off the part putrid.
1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 2 446 The other [wound] continued..to exfoliate a little bone.
1810 Charac. in Ann. Reg. 1808 116 Animals that exfoliate their cuticle annually.
b. Surgery. To remove the surface of (a bone, etc.) by exfoliation.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > surgery > removal by surgical means > remove by surgical means [verb (transitive)] > remove surface of (bone)
exfoliate1671
1671 T. Shadwell Humorists v I have hurt myself just upon the shin-bone that was exfoliated.
1683 W. Salmon Doron Medicum ii. 588 It is an excellent thing to scale and exfoliate Bones.
2. intransitive. Of a bone, horny substance, a scar, the skin, etc.: To separate or come off in thin leaf-like layers or scales; to desquamate, scale off.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > become uncovered [verb (intransitive)] > be lost as an outer layer > lose outer layer
scale1529
to be scaleda1552
peel1640
exfoliate1676
exsquamate1684
1676 R. Wiseman Severall Chirurg. Treat. ii. vii. 184 The Heel-bone..rarely exfoliates by rough handling.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth V. 70 [The horny helmet of the cassowary] exfoliates slowly like the beak.
1807 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 17 278 The eschar produced by the caustic exfoliated very kindly.
1818 Art of preserving Feet 177 The nails..are subject..to exfoliate.
1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. xi. 34 Down with a frozen heel; the bone exfoliating.
1857 E. L. Birkett Bird's Urinary Deposits (ed. 5) 359 The warm bath was daily used as soon as the skin began to exfoliate.
3. transferred.
a. Of the cellular tissue of trees: To peel off. Of the trunk: To throw off layers of bark.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > become uncovered [verb (intransitive)] > be lost as an outer layer
slip1669
shell1676
to turn off1737
decorticate1805
exfoliate1807
1807 J. E. Smith Introd. Physiol. & Systematical Bot. 23 The Cellular Integument exfoliates..in trees.
1811 J. Pinkerton Petralogy I. 591 Trunks of trees, lying one on the other..easily exfoliate, by drying in the open air.
b. Of minerals, metals, rocks, etc.: To split into laminæ, come off in layers or scales.
ΚΠ
1831 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal I. 152 The wrought iron exfoliates, or separates in laminæ.
1839 R. I. Murchison Silurian Syst. i. xxxvi. 501 The columnar green~stone exfoliates at the angles of the prisms.
1863 J. D. Dana Man. Geol. 64 Before the blowpipe it [anhydrite] does not exfoliate like gypsum.
1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) IV. 145/1 The fire is only moderate at first, lest the cupel should crack and exfoliate by being too suddenly heated.
4. transitive. In etymological sense: To unfold the leaves of; to open out, develop. In quot. figurative.
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society > communication > manifestation > [verb (transitive)]
uppec897
atewOE
sutelec1000
openOE
awnc1175
kithec1175
forthteec1200
tawnec1220
let witc1275
forthshowa1300
to pilt out?a1300
showa1300
barea1325
mythc1330
unfoldc1374
to open outc1390
assign1398
mustera1400
reyve?a1400
vouchc1400
manifest?a1425
outshowc1425
ostendc1429
explayc1443
objecta1500
reveala1500
patefy?1509
decipher1529
relieve1533
to set outa1540
utter1542
report1548
unbuckle1548
to set forth1551
demonstrate1553
to hold forth1560
testify1560
explicate1565
forthsetc1565
to give show of1567
denudec1572
exhibit1573
apparent1577
display?1578
carry1580
cipher1583
laya1586
foreshow1590
uncloud?1594
vision1594
explain1597
proclaim1597
unroll1598
discloud1600
remonstrate1601
resent1602
to bring out1608
palesate1613
pronounce1615
to speak out1623
elicit1641
confess1646
bear1657
breathe1667
outplay1702
to throw out1741
evolve1744
announce1781
develop1806
exfoliate1808
evince1829
exposit1882
pack1925
1808 J. Jebb Let. 30 Nov. in J. Jebb & A. Knox Thirty Years' Corr. (1834) I. 447 To make a sermon out of one of his discourses..partly, by exfoliating ideas, that are like rose-buds.
1877 F. C. L. Wraxall tr. V. Hugo Les Misérables v. xxxix. 26 Questions exfoliated themselves.
Derivatives
exˈfoliated adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > [adjective] > stripped or made bare > having outer layer lost or removed
scaled1599
exfoliated1676
1676 R. Wiseman Severall Chirurg. Treat. v. ix. 398 The exfoliated edges of the bone.
1859 J. M. Jephson & L. Reeve Narr. Walking Tour Brittany 236 The columns were getting rusty and exfoliated.
exˈfoliating adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > skin > layer of skin > [adjective] > specific layers > shedding outer layer
exfoliating1882
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > [adjective] > stripped or made bare > having outer layer lost or removed > of outer layer: being lost
sheeling1708
exfoliating1882
peeling1893
1882 Times 23 Mar. 9/5 The dust of their exfoliating skin.
Draft additions April 2002
a. transitive. To remove dead cells from the surface of (the skin), esp. by means of a cosmetic preparation.
ΚΠ
1976 Chem. Week (Nexis) 2 June 20 The pad, used as a mechanical exfoliating agent, is moistened, soaped up and buffed over the skin. The pad has a service life of about two months.]
1981 Christian Sci. Monitor 17 Mar. b18/3 The spokesman speaks of ‘clarifying’ the skin, of ‘exfoliating’ it.
1991 Hair's How No. 34. 819/2 Exfoliate your skin regularly with a facial scrub to prevent a build-up of dead skin and dull, dingy patches.
1996 Green Bk. of Beauty 1996 Catal. (Yves Rocher) 9 A range of skin care products..to deep-cleanse, exfoliate, purify and moisturise your skin.
2001 Evening News (Edinb.) (Electronic ed.) 22 Oct. To avoid cracked, sore lips, exfoliate your lips lightly with an old toothbrush and a smear of Vaseline.
b. intransitive. To remove dead cells from the surface of the skin; to use an exfoliant.
ΚΠ
1983 Women's Wear Daily (Nexis) 15 Apr. tm33 Men will never change their routine. You'll never get them to cleanse, scruff and exfoliate.
1996 Hello! 27 Jan. 86/1 If you generally use a moisturiser that contains AHAs (alpha-hydroxy-acids) you probably won't need to exfoliate manually.
2001 Mode May 68/3 With zit-busting salicylic acid, it's a vitamin-enriched, anti-acne lotion that gently exfoliates as it protects and conditions.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online September 2020).
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