ethologyn.

Brit.

/iːˈθɒlədʒi/, U.S.

/iˈθɑlədʒi/,

/ɛˈθɑlədʒi/

Forms: 1600s ethologie, 1600s– ethology.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin ēthologia ; Greek ἦθος , -logy comb. form.

Etymology: In sense 1 < classical Latin ēthologia delineation of character, especially by mimic gestures, characterization, an instance of this ( < Byzantine Greek ἠθολογία (although this is apparently first attested later) < Hellenistic Greek ἠθολόγος (see ethologist n.) + -ία -y suffix³), with substitution of -y suffix³ for the ending. In later uses < ancient Greek ἦθος nature or disposition of animals, (in plural) customs, haunts (see ethos n.) + -logy comb. form. With sense 4 compare French éthologie (1859 ( I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Hist. naturelle gén. des règnes organiques II. 285) or earlier in this sense; 1611 in Cotgrave in sense ‘treatise on morals’), and also Italian etologia branch of knowledge concerned with the behaviour of people and animals (1820).

1. The portrayal of character by gestures; the representation of character through action. Somewhat rare.Originally only in dictionaries.

ΚΠ

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Ethology, the feat of counterfeiting mens manners, an interlude of a moral subject, or wherein mens manners are acted and expressed.

1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Ethology, [in Rhetorick] the Art of shewing the Manners of others.

1774 J. Patsall tr. Quintilian Inst. Orator I. i. vi. 46 The sentence is a term of universal acceptation; ethology [L. ethologia] regards manner and persons.

1873 Contemp. Rev. Nov. 901 When we read Mr. Buchanan's London Poems..nothing was wanting... His ethology..was accurate; there was no contradiction between persons individualized and their actions.

1920 G. C. Fiske Luicilius & Horace iii. 173 It seems clear..that Aristotle had studied the mimic ethology and that this ethology was not without influence on the Roman comic genres.

a. A treatise on or description of manners or morals. Cf. ethics n. 1a. rare.Originally and chiefly in dictionaries.

ΚΠ

1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Ethologie,..a discourse of manners.

1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Ethology, a Discourse or Treatise of Manners.

1935 Slavonic & East European Rev. 13 343 Many adherents of the Durkheim school of sociology..have turned ethics into a descriptive ethology.

†b. = ethics n. 1b. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > moral philosophy > [noun]

philosophy1340

ethica1387

moralityc1390

ethics?a1425

moral philosophyc1443

morals?1566

moral science1656

moral sciences1656

ethology1696

aretaics1865

meta-ethics1938

1696 G. Keith Anti-Christs & Sadduces Detected 24 The first Principles of Christian Theology are to be taught after the first Principles of Ethicks, or Ethology.

3. A branch of knowledge concerned with character and character formation.Chiefly in or with reference to the works of J. S. Mill.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun] > science of character

ethology1843

1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic II. vi. v. §4 The laws of the formation of character are..derivative laws, resulting from the general laws of the mind; and they are to be obtained by deducing them from those general laws... A science is thus formed, to which I would propose to give the name of Ethology, or the Science of Character.

1873 Educ. Times 1 Dec. 204/1 While Ethology is the science of the formation of character, the science of Education is that of the intentional formation of individual character.

1916 Mind 25 25 The main value of Mr. Shand's latest contribution to Ethology or the Science of Character is that it sets the science on a sound progressive basis.

1993 P. Guillet de Monthoux Moral Philos. Managem. v. 96 It is from the laws of psychology that one derives the premises that could contribute to a deductive knowledge concerning human character, a so-called ethology.

4. Zoology. Originally: the scientific study of the natural history or ecology of animals (now historical and rare). In later use: the scientific study of animal behaviour, esp. as an evolutionary adaptation to an ecological niche; (also) the behaviour itself.The modern science of ethology is founded upon the work of Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz that began in the 1930s.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > zoology > [noun] > specific aspects or disciplines

tetrapodology1764

zoophysiology1803

animal science1819

zoochemistry1835

animal psychology1838

marine zoology1840

palaeozoology1843

zoogeography1851

cainozoology1861

zoography1869

ethology1874

zoophysics1887

neontology1889

zoopraxography1891

ethnozoology1899

behavioural scientist1940

zoosemiotics1963

1874 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 14 386 (heading) On the ethology of Sacculina carcini.

1902 W. M. Wheeler in Science 20 June 974/2 The only term hitherto suggested which will adequately express the study of animals, with a view to elucidating their true character as expressed in their physical and psychical behavior towards their living and inorganic environment, is ethology.

1928 Jrnl. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 36 111 The terms ‘myrmecoidy’ for ant resemblance and ‘ethology’ for individual behavior were used.

1935 P. S. Welch Limnol. i. 1 Certain other terms, e.g., natural history, hexiology, biology, bionomics, and ethology, have occasionally been used as names for the same or a roughly similar field.

1956 O. L. Zangwill in A. Pryce-Jones New Outl. Mod. Knowl. 170 A new type of behaviour study which endeavours to combine the rigours of scientific materialism with genuine understanding of the ways of animals..has been christened ethology.

1979 H. Walter Eleonora's Falcon xii. 343 The ethology of other gregarious falcons has not been studied in detail.

1990 D. Attenborough Trials of Life Introd. 9 The science of animal behaviour, which such researchers serve, is known as ethology.

2007 J. L. Gould & C. G. Gould Animal Architects i. 11 The unconditioned stimulus [of Pavlov] is the same as the sign stimulus of ethology.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	ethology
释义	ethologyn. Brit. /iːˈθɒlədʒi/, U.S. /iˈθɑlədʒi/, /ɛˈθɑlədʒi/ Forms: 1600s ethologie, 1600s– ethology. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin ēthologia ; Greek ἦθος , -logy comb. form. Etymology: In sense 1 < classical Latin ēthologia delineation of character, especially by mimic gestures, characterization, an instance of this ( < Byzantine Greek ἠθολογία (although this is apparently first attested later) < Hellenistic Greek ἠθολόγος (see ethologist n.) + -ία -y suffix³), with substitution of -y suffix³ for the ending. In later uses < ancient Greek ἦθος nature or disposition of animals, (in plural) customs, haunts (see ethos n.) + -logy comb. form. With sense 4 compare French éthologie (1859 ( I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Hist. naturelle gén. des règnes organiques II. 285) or earlier in this sense; 1611 in Cotgrave in sense ‘treatise on morals’), and also Italian etologia branch of knowledge concerned with the behaviour of people and animals (1820). 1. The portrayal of character by gestures; the representation of character through action. Somewhat rare.Originally only in dictionaries. ΚΠ 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Ethology, the feat of counterfeiting mens manners, an interlude of a moral subject, or wherein mens manners are acted and expressed. 1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Ethology, [in Rhetorick] the Art of shewing the Manners of others. 1774 J. Patsall tr. Quintilian Inst. Orator I. i. vi. 46 The sentence is a term of universal acceptation; ethology [L. ethologia] regards manner and persons. 1873 Contemp. Rev. Nov. 901 When we read Mr. Buchanan's London Poems..nothing was wanting... His ethology..was accurate; there was no contradiction between persons individualized and their actions. 1920 G. C. Fiske Luicilius & Horace iii. 173 It seems clear..that Aristotle had studied the mimic ethology and that this ethology was not without influence on the Roman comic genres. 2. a. A treatise on or description of manners or morals. Cf. ethics n. 1a. rare.Originally and chiefly in dictionaries. ΚΠ 1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Ethologie,..a discourse of manners. 1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Ethology, a Discourse or Treatise of Manners. 1935 Slavonic & East European Rev. 13 343 Many adherents of the Durkheim school of sociology..have turned ethics into a descriptive ethology. †b. = ethics n. 1b. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > moral philosophy > [noun] philosophy1340 ethica1387 moralityc1390 ethics?a1425 moral philosophyc1443 morals?1566 moral science1656 moral sciences1656 ethology1696 aretaics1865 meta-ethics1938 1696 G. Keith Anti-Christs & Sadduces Detected 24 The first Principles of Christian Theology are to be taught after the first Principles of Ethicks, or Ethology. 3. A branch of knowledge concerned with character and character formation.Chiefly in or with reference to the works of J. S. Mill. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun] > science of character ethology1843 1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic II. vi. v. §4 The laws of the formation of character are..derivative laws, resulting from the general laws of the mind; and they are to be obtained by deducing them from those general laws... A science is thus formed, to which I would propose to give the name of Ethology, or the Science of Character. 1873 Educ. Times 1 Dec. 204/1 While Ethology is the science of the formation of character, the science of Education is that of the intentional formation of individual character. 1916 Mind 25 25 The main value of Mr. Shand's latest contribution to Ethology or the Science of Character is that it sets the science on a sound progressive basis. 1993 P. Guillet de Monthoux Moral Philos. Managem. v. 96 It is from the laws of psychology that one derives the premises that could contribute to a deductive knowledge concerning human character, a so-called ethology. 4. Zoology. Originally: the scientific study of the natural history or ecology of animals (now historical and rare). In later use: the scientific study of animal behaviour, esp. as an evolutionary adaptation to an ecological niche; (also) the behaviour itself.The modern science of ethology is founded upon the work of Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz that began in the 1930s. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > zoology > [noun] > specific aspects or disciplines tetrapodology1764 zoophysiology1803 animal science1819 zoochemistry1835 animal psychology1838 marine zoology1840 palaeozoology1843 zoogeography1851 cainozoology1861 zoography1869 ethology1874 zoophysics1887 neontology1889 zoopraxography1891 ethnozoology1899 behavioural scientist1940 zoosemiotics1963 1874 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 14 386 (heading) On the ethology of Sacculina carcini. 1902 W. M. Wheeler in Science 20 June 974/2 The only term hitherto suggested which will adequately express the study of animals, with a view to elucidating their true character as expressed in their physical and psychical behavior towards their living and inorganic environment, is ethology. 1928 Jrnl. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 36 111 The terms ‘myrmecoidy’ for ant resemblance and ‘ethology’ for individual behavior were used. 1935 P. S. Welch Limnol. i. 1 Certain other terms, e.g., natural history, hexiology, biology, bionomics, and ethology, have occasionally been used as names for the same or a roughly similar field. 1956 O. L. Zangwill in A. Pryce-Jones New Outl. Mod. Knowl. 170 A new type of behaviour study which endeavours to combine the rigours of scientific materialism with genuine understanding of the ways of animals..has been christened ethology. 1979 H. Walter Eleonora's Falcon xii. 343 The ethology of other gregarious falcons has not been studied in detail. 1990 D. Attenborough Trials of Life Introd. 9 The science of animal behaviour, which such researchers serve, is known as ethology. 2007 J. L. Gould & C. G. Gould Animal Architects i. 11 The unconditioned stimulus [of Pavlov] is the same as the sign stimulus of ethology. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1656
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