examenn.

Brit.

/ɛɡˈzeɪmɛn/,

/ɛɡˈzɑːmɛn/, U.S.

/ɪɡˈzeɪmən/,

/ɛɡˈzeɪmən/,

/ɪɡˈzɑmən/,

/ɛɡˈzɑmən/

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French examen; Latin exāmen.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman and Middle French examen (French examen ) action or act of appraising, investigating, or scrutinizing something (late 14th cent.; a1339 in derrain examen in sense ‘Last Judgement’), judicial inquiry (late 14th cent.), examination of conscience (a1430), academic examination (1447), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin exāmen apparatus for weighing, scales or tongue of a balance, process of weighing, legal investigation, judgement (in poetic context), in post-classical Latin also Last Judgement (3rd cent.), examination, judgement in general (4th cent.), academic examination (1543, 1549 in British sources), examination of conscience (1548 in St Ignatius's Exercitia spiritualia, or earlier) < the stem of exigere exact v. + -men (see -ment suffix). Compare earlier examination n., examine n., examining n.Compare Catalan examen (1419), Spanish exámen (c1400; first half of the 13th cent. as †exame ), Portuguese exame (15th cent.), Italian esame (late 13th cent.); also Middle Dutch examen (in late sources; Dutch examen ), German Examen (1491). In sense 2 originally after Spanish exámen (1574 in the passage translated in quot. 1599, or earlier, in this sense).

†1. The action or an act of appraising, investigating, or scrutinizing something. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > close examination, scrutiny > [noun]

examininga1325

examinationa1450

examine1494

examen1502

scanning1560

scrutation1593

scrutiny1604

pervestigation1610

microscope1671

introspectiona1676

scan1706

bolting1771

conning1823

grubbing1831

vivisection1880

searchlight1891

1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) iv. xxii. sig. zvi^v Yf he hath not caused to make examen of the age, of the holy lyfe, of the scyence, & of other thynges y^e whiche ben requysyte of ryght in them the whiche sholde be ordeyned it is deedly synne.

1587 J. Harmar tr. T. de Bèze Serm. xxiv. 327 He..commaunded also that his doctrine should be examined by the scriptures... The Apostles also..came vnder this examen.

1619 E. M. Bolton in tr. Florus Rom. Hist. To Rdr. 4 The doctrines..are such as thou art to expect from an heathen..& their examen will else-where fall out fitly.

1645 City Alarum 17 They allow the Prince of Orange every summer a tun or two of gold without examen, for Intelligence.

c1720 N. Dubois & G. Leoni tr. A. Palladio Architecture II. iii. 4 Things..which I had learnt by a very laborious Examen and long study.

1780 E. Capell Notes & Var. Readings Shakespeare II. 147/1 Without entring into fruitless examens of it, [it] suffices to shew the true force and sense of what has better authority, namely—the present reading.

1801 H. Fuseli Lect. Painting I. i. 40 Recalled his pupil to the examen of the great principle.

1890 E. Johnson Rise Christendom 123 That only [is] wise which..the law of God or the examen of his senior has pointed out.

2. Esp. in the Society of Jesus (Jesuits): reflection on and moral evaluation of one's thoughts, conduct, motives, etc.; an instance of this; esp. a devotional exercise involving such reflection, typically performed daily or in preparation for the sacrament of penance. Also more fully examen of conscience; cf. examination n. 8.Chiefly associated with St Ignatius of Loyola, who recommended a daily examen in his Spiritual Exercises (first published in 1548 as Exercitia Spiritualia, a Latin translation of Loyola's Spanish manuscript).

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > contemplation or meditation > self-examination > [noun]

examination1557

examen1599

self-examining1621

self-examination1625

1599 R. Gibbons tr. Luis de Granada Spiritual Doctr. iv. 270 A certaine person, whoe, in the examen at night, when he found that he had exceeded in anie woord, was wount to byte his toung in penance.

1606 R. Parsons Answere 5th Pt. Rep. Cooke Ep. Ded. sig. c2 If I thought you would take it frendlie, and helpe your self thereby to the right examen of your conscience betwene God and you.

1618 tr. St. Ignatius of Loyola Man. Devout Medit. & Exercises 56 (heading) The examen of our Conscience.

1651 J. Saint-Amard tr. F. Micanzio Life Father Paul sig. P^v In all those dayes he made a most exact examen [It. essame] of his soule.

1720 ‘T. M.’ tr. J. M. Horstius Paradise of Soul iv. i. 224 If thou dost not make this Examen every Day (not carelessly, but diligently) thou wilt always stick in the same Mire.

1743 M. Marley Good Confessor 42 It is the diligence of the Examen that denominates the Confession morally entire.

1853 F. W. Faber All for Jesus 36 We might ask it..in our examen of conscience.

1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) 327/2 St. Ignatius..also recommends a particular examen to be made, at least daily..on that particular sin into which the individual most frequently falls.

1914 Let. 21 Apr. in Theosophical Q. (1920) 391 You ask whether you should undertake a daily Examen, or at longer intervals.

1940 I. Fuller Loon Feather iii. i. 206 At the end of the day we had a quarter hour for examen of conscience.

2012 L. Dunham Path Purified Heart iii. 38 We can't kid or hide from God, and the examen directs the spotlight onto our relationship with God.

3. A written analysis or appraisal of a subject; spec. a review of a literary work.Now chiefly with reference either to Corneille's Examens (a set of retrospective analyses of his own plays published in the 1660 collection of his dramatic works) or to Dryden's Examen Poeticum (1693).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > non-fiction > treatise or dissertation > [noun]

drawth1340

treatisea1375

commentc1400

treatc1400

treatyc1400

tract1432

tractate1474

disputationa1533

commentary1547

tractive1558

tractation1563

diatribe1581

examen1606

dispute1608

ergasy1637

hippiatrics1646

disquisition1647

dissertation1651

tractic1651

supernaturals1676

adenography1689

1606 P. Holland in tr. Suetonius Hist. Twelve Caesars To Rdrs Correct what is amisse according to the Examen and Review annexed to the end of all.

1651 R. Baxter Plain Script. Proof Infants Church-membership & Baptism Apol. 7 Having greedily read over his Exhortation and Examen a little before.

1667 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities (ed. 2) sig. a4 An Examen of The Origine (and Doctrine) of Substantial Formes.

1738 S. Johnson Let. Nov. (1992) I. 20 An Examen of Mr. Pope's Essay.

1762 G. Colman Polly Honeycombe (new ed.) Pref. p. v It has been usual with the Writers of the French Theatre..to tuck Examens of their Plays..to the tail of them.

1840 Charter 26 Jan. The press of important matter which occupied our columns last week, prevented our critical examen of the perennial information which the nation receives at the opening of the session of Parliament.

1899 J. E. Spingarn Hist. Lit. Crit. iii. 84 This is, indeed, Corneille's opinion, and in the examen of his Polyeucte he cites Minturno in justification of his own case.

1905 H. M. Trollope Life Molière ix. 234 These examens [i.e. Corneille's] were not written until a good many years after the comedies were printed.

1978 J. Loftis & D. S. Rodes in J. Dryden Wks. XI. 433 Dryden joined the following year in a hostile examen of Settle's The Empress of Morocco.

2010 H. Love in C. Rawson Dryden, Pope, Johnson, Malone i. 13 Neither the prefaces nor their attendant dedications, examens, discourses, prologues, epilogues and epistles were available during Dryden's lifetime as a gathered published artefact.

†4. The action or an act of testing the physical properties of something; spec. the assay of metal. Also (and earliest) in figurative contexts (cf. examine v. 1b). Obsolete.In later use passing into sense 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun]

fandingOE

fanda1325

saya1393

assayc1450

trial1570

examen1609

experimentation1674

experiment1678

examination1819

tâtonnement1847

tentative1865

adventurism1923

1609 R. Parsons Quiet Reckoning iii. 201 The examen of Gods iudgments as hath bene said, through which examining fyre both Saints and not Saints must passe.

1649 H. Lawrence Some Considerations Use Holy Script. 5 To bring spirituall revelations to the touch-stone and Examen of the Scriptures.

1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing viii. 73 The only way to know what is sophisticate is to bring all to the Examen of the Touchstone.

1664 J. Evelyn Sylva 5 Some..might here recommend to us a more accurate Microscopical examen.

1717 F. Slare in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 30 565 I made a yet more nice and certain Examen of these Waters, by mixing Milk with them.

1766 J. Wilkinson in Philos. Trans. 1765 (Royal Soc.) 55 103 We proceeded to the more important examen, to discover the precise quantity of cork necessary to sustain a man in the water.

†5. A formal test of a candidate's knowledge, skill, or competence; an examination. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun]

examination1421

examen1612

probation1645

trial1672

exam1837

mug1853

special1890

mid-year1895

periodical1897

test1910

assessment1956

1612 I. B tr. P. Du Moulin Waters of Siloe v. 217 Yee subtle Doctors that haue passed by the examen [Fr. l'estamine] of Logick tell me in kindnesse, in what figure are these syllogismes?

1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Examen, a Trial, Proof, particularly of one that is to be admitted to Orders or Employment.

1700 Char. Whig 6 [He] could never get Learning enough at School, to enable him to undergo an Examen for Admission into the University.

†6. Law. A judicial inquiry; a trial. Cf. examination n. 3. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > trying or hearing of cause > [noun] > formal interrogation

examinationa1325

questioninga1450

examen1677

interrogatory1827

1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. 204 The beginning and end of this controversie ought to be brought to the people, but the examen and dijudication to the three chief Magistrates.

1685 H. Consett Pract. Spiritual Courts 95 In Matrimonial Causes, the Judge..is wont to compel them to..stand personally in Judgment, and undergo the Examen the Judge imposeth upon them.

1736 R. Acherley Jurisd. Chancery as Court of Equity (ed. 3) 21 The manner and method of Trials or Examens, used in this High Court of Equity.

†7. The pointer of a balance, used to indicate the degree to which two weights deviate from being equal; the tongue of a balance. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > equipment for weighing > [noun] > a weighing apparatus > a balance > tongue of a balance

moment of a balancea1382

tongue1429

languet1483

clefa1513

needle1589

cock1611

trial1611

scape1633

pin1639

examen1719

1719 J. T. Desaguliers Lect. Exper. Philos. 145 To make the Variations the more sensible, the Examen of the Balance is made very long.

1833 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal II. 292 When the beam does, by the position of its examen or vertical spur over the axis, appear to have its two brachia exactly in equilibrio.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	examen
释义	examenn. Brit. /ɛɡˈzeɪmɛn/, /ɛɡˈzɑːmɛn/, U.S. /ɪɡˈzeɪmən/, /ɛɡˈzeɪmən/, /ɪɡˈzɑmən/, /ɛɡˈzɑmən/ Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French examen; Latin exāmen. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman and Middle French examen (French examen ) action or act of appraising, investigating, or scrutinizing something (late 14th cent.; a1339 in derrain examen in sense ‘Last Judgement’), judicial inquiry (late 14th cent.), examination of conscience (a1430), academic examination (1447), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin exāmen apparatus for weighing, scales or tongue of a balance, process of weighing, legal investigation, judgement (in poetic context), in post-classical Latin also Last Judgement (3rd cent.), examination, judgement in general (4th cent.), academic examination (1543, 1549 in British sources), examination of conscience (1548 in St Ignatius's Exercitia spiritualia, or earlier) < the stem of exigere exact v. + -men (see -ment suffix). Compare earlier examination n., examine n., examining n.Compare Catalan examen (1419), Spanish exámen (c1400; first half of the 13th cent. as †exame ), Portuguese exame (15th cent.), Italian esame (late 13th cent.); also Middle Dutch examen (in late sources; Dutch examen ), German Examen (1491). In sense 2 originally after Spanish exámen (1574 in the passage translated in quot. 1599, or earlier, in this sense). †1. The action or an act of appraising, investigating, or scrutinizing something. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > close examination, scrutiny > [noun] examininga1325 examinationa1450 examine1494 examen1502 scanning1560 scrutation1593 scrutiny1604 pervestigation1610 microscope1671 introspectiona1676 scan1706 bolting1771 conning1823 grubbing1831 vivisection1880 searchlight1891 1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) iv. xxii. sig. zvi^v Yf he hath not caused to make examen of the age, of the holy lyfe, of the scyence, & of other thynges y^e whiche ben requysyte of ryght in them the whiche sholde be ordeyned it is deedly synne. 1587 J. Harmar tr. T. de Bèze Serm. xxiv. 327 He..commaunded also that his doctrine should be examined by the scriptures... The Apostles also..came vnder this examen. 1619 E. M. Bolton in tr. Florus Rom. Hist. To Rdr. 4 The doctrines..are such as thou art to expect from an heathen..& their examen will else-where fall out fitly. 1645 City Alarum 17 They allow the Prince of Orange every summer a tun or two of gold without examen, for Intelligence. c1720 N. Dubois & G. Leoni tr. A. Palladio Architecture II. iii. 4 Things..which I had learnt by a very laborious Examen and long study. 1780 E. Capell Notes & Var. Readings Shakespeare II. 147/1 Without entring into fruitless examens of it, [it] suffices to shew the true force and sense of what has better authority, namely—the present reading. 1801 H. Fuseli Lect. Painting I. i. 40 Recalled his pupil to the examen of the great principle. 1890 E. Johnson Rise Christendom 123 That only [is] wise which..the law of God or the examen of his senior has pointed out. 2. Esp. in the Society of Jesus (Jesuits): reflection on and moral evaluation of one's thoughts, conduct, motives, etc.; an instance of this; esp. a devotional exercise involving such reflection, typically performed daily or in preparation for the sacrament of penance. Also more fully examen of conscience; cf. examination n. 8.Chiefly associated with St Ignatius of Loyola, who recommended a daily examen in his Spiritual Exercises (first published in 1548 as Exercitia Spiritualia, a Latin translation of Loyola's Spanish manuscript). ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > contemplation or meditation > self-examination > [noun] examination1557 examen1599 self-examining1621 self-examination1625 1599 R. Gibbons tr. Luis de Granada Spiritual Doctr. iv. 270 A certaine person, whoe, in the examen at night, when he found that he had exceeded in anie woord, was wount to byte his toung in penance. 1606 R. Parsons Answere 5th Pt. Rep. Cooke Ep. Ded. sig. c2 If I thought you would take it frendlie, and helpe your self thereby to the right examen of your conscience betwene God and you. 1618 tr. St. Ignatius of Loyola Man. Devout Medit. & Exercises 56 (heading) The examen of our Conscience. 1651 J. Saint-Amard tr. F. Micanzio Life Father Paul sig. P^v In all those dayes he made a most exact examen [It. essame] of his soule. 1720 ‘T. M.’ tr. J. M. Horstius Paradise of Soul iv. i. 224 If thou dost not make this Examen every Day (not carelessly, but diligently) thou wilt always stick in the same Mire. 1743 M. Marley Good Confessor 42 It is the diligence of the Examen that denominates the Confession morally entire. 1853 F. W. Faber All for Jesus 36 We might ask it..in our examen of conscience. 1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) 327/2 St. Ignatius..also recommends a particular examen to be made, at least daily..on that particular sin into which the individual most frequently falls. 1914 Let. 21 Apr. in Theosophical Q. (1920) 391 You ask whether you should undertake a daily Examen, or at longer intervals. 1940 I. Fuller Loon Feather iii. i. 206 At the end of the day we had a quarter hour for examen of conscience. 2012 L. Dunham Path Purified Heart iii. 38 We can't kid or hide from God, and the examen directs the spotlight onto our relationship with God. 3. A written analysis or appraisal of a subject; spec. a review of a literary work.Now chiefly with reference either to Corneille's Examens (a set of retrospective analyses of his own plays published in the 1660 collection of his dramatic works) or to Dryden's Examen Poeticum (1693). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > non-fiction > treatise or dissertation > [noun] drawth1340 treatisea1375 commentc1400 treatc1400 treatyc1400 tract1432 tractate1474 disputationa1533 commentary1547 tractive1558 tractation1563 diatribe1581 examen1606 dispute1608 ergasy1637 hippiatrics1646 disquisition1647 dissertation1651 tractic1651 supernaturals1676 adenography1689 1606 P. Holland in tr. Suetonius Hist. Twelve Caesars To Rdrs Correct what is amisse according to the Examen and Review annexed to the end of all. 1651 R. Baxter Plain Script. Proof Infants Church-membership & Baptism Apol. 7 Having greedily read over his Exhortation and Examen a little before. 1667 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities (ed. 2) sig. a4 An Examen of The Origine (and Doctrine) of Substantial Formes. 1738 S. Johnson Let. Nov. (1992) I. 20 An Examen of Mr. Pope's Essay. 1762 G. Colman Polly Honeycombe (new ed.) Pref. p. v It has been usual with the Writers of the French Theatre..to tuck Examens of their Plays..to the tail of them. 1840 Charter 26 Jan. The press of important matter which occupied our columns last week, prevented our critical examen of the perennial information which the nation receives at the opening of the session of Parliament. 1899 J. E. Spingarn Hist. Lit. Crit. iii. 84 This is, indeed, Corneille's opinion, and in the examen of his Polyeucte he cites Minturno in justification of his own case. 1905 H. M. Trollope Life Molière ix. 234 These examens [i.e. Corneille's] were not written until a good many years after the comedies were printed. 1978 J. Loftis & D. S. Rodes in J. Dryden Wks. XI. 433 Dryden joined the following year in a hostile examen of Settle's The Empress of Morocco. 2010 H. Love in C. Rawson Dryden, Pope, Johnson, Malone i. 13 Neither the prefaces nor their attendant dedications, examens, discourses, prologues, epilogues and epistles were available during Dryden's lifetime as a gathered published artefact. †4. The action or an act of testing the physical properties of something; spec. the assay of metal. Also (and earliest) in figurative contexts (cf. examine v. 1b). Obsolete.In later use passing into sense 1. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] fandingOE fanda1325 saya1393 assayc1450 trial1570 examen1609 experimentation1674 experiment1678 examination1819 tâtonnement1847 tentative1865 adventurism1923 1609 R. Parsons Quiet Reckoning iii. 201 The examen of Gods iudgments as hath bene said, through which examining fyre both Saints and not Saints must passe. 1649 H. Lawrence Some Considerations Use Holy Script. 5 To bring spirituall revelations to the touch-stone and Examen of the Scriptures. 1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing viii. 73 The only way to know what is sophisticate is to bring all to the Examen of the Touchstone. 1664 J. Evelyn Sylva 5 Some..might here recommend to us a more accurate Microscopical examen. 1717 F. Slare in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 30 565 I made a yet more nice and certain Examen of these Waters, by mixing Milk with them. 1766 J. Wilkinson in Philos. Trans. 1765 (Royal Soc.) 55 103 We proceeded to the more important examen, to discover the precise quantity of cork necessary to sustain a man in the water. †5. A formal test of a candidate's knowledge, skill, or competence; an examination. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] examination1421 examen1612 probation1645 trial1672 exam1837 mug1853 special1890 mid-year1895 periodical1897 test1910 assessment1956 1612 I. B tr. P. Du Moulin Waters of Siloe v. 217 Yee subtle Doctors that haue passed by the examen [Fr. l'estamine] of Logick tell me in kindnesse, in what figure are these syllogismes? 1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Examen, a Trial, Proof, particularly of one that is to be admitted to Orders or Employment. 1700 Char. Whig 6 [He] could never get Learning enough at School, to enable him to undergo an Examen for Admission into the University. †6. Law. A judicial inquiry; a trial. Cf. examination n. 3. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > trying or hearing of cause > [noun] > formal interrogation examinationa1325 questioninga1450 examen1677 interrogatory1827 1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. 204 The beginning and end of this controversie ought to be brought to the people, but the examen and dijudication to the three chief Magistrates. 1685 H. Consett Pract. Spiritual Courts 95 In Matrimonial Causes, the Judge..is wont to compel them to..stand personally in Judgment, and undergo the Examen the Judge imposeth upon them. 1736 R. Acherley Jurisd. Chancery as Court of Equity (ed. 3) 21 The manner and method of Trials or Examens, used in this High Court of Equity. †7. The pointer of a balance, used to indicate the degree to which two weights deviate from being equal; the tongue of a balance. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > equipment for weighing > [noun] > a weighing apparatus > a balance > tongue of a balance moment of a balancea1382 tongue1429 languet1483 clefa1513 needle1589 cock1611 trial1611 scape1633 pin1639 examen1719 1719 J. T. Desaguliers Lect. Exper. Philos. 145 To make the Variations the more sensible, the Examen of the Balance is made very long. 1833 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal II. 292 When the beam does, by the position of its examen or vertical spur over the axis, appear to have its two brachia exactly in equilibrio. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1502
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