| 释义 |
exemplarn.  Brit.  /ᵻɡˈzɛmplə/, /ɛɡˈzɛmplə/, /ᵻɡˈzɛmplɑː/, /ɛɡˈzɛmplɑː/, U.S. /ɪɡˈzɛmpˌlɑr/, /ɛɡˈzɛmpˌlɑr/, /ɪɡˈzɛmplər/, /ɛɡˈzɛmplər/Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French exemplair; Latin exemplar. Etymology: Partly (i) < Anglo-Norman exemplair, exemplarie, Anglo-Norman and Middle French essamplaire, Middle French examplaire, exemplaire, exemplere (compare Old French essamplaire , essemplaire ; French exemplaire ) account, report, recital (1119 in Old French), copy of a book or other work (1139 in Anglo-Norman, c1350 in continental French), paragon, role model (1170), written work (1216), archetype (first half of the 14th cent.), illustrative example (first half of the 14th cent.), moral guide (1372 in the passage translated in quot. 1484 at sense 3c; < classical Latin exemplārium exemplary n.), and partly (ii) < classical Latin exemplar (also exemplāre ) typical instance, example, model, pattern, archetype, Platonic ‘idea’, original of a work of art, sketch or study for a finished work, copy, reproduction, transcript < exemplum example n. + -ar -ar suffix1. Compare exemplar adj.Compare Old Occitan eisemplaire, Catalan exemplar (13th cent.), Spanish ejemplar (second half of the 13th cent. as †exemplar), Italian esemplare (a1321 as †essemplare, earliest in sense ‘archetype’); also Middle Dutch exemplār, exemplaer, exemplāre (Dutch exemplaar), Middle Low German exempelēr, exemplār, Middle High German exemplār (German Exemplar). 1. the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [noun] a1382 (Douce 370) (1850) 4 Kings xvi. 10 Whanne he hadde seen the auter of Damasc, kyng Achaz sente to Vrias, the prest, the exsaumpler of it, and the licnesse. 1545 J. Bale f. 85 He abhorreth all that is straunge, and not lyke fashyoned to the exemplar that he hath left in the scripturs. 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus I. Acts vii. f. xxxv For god speakynge by the mouthe of his Prophete Moyses, had appoynted him the fasshion of that tabernacle, accordynge to the whiche examplar, it should be buylded. 1612 T. Tymme i. 10 Nature hath so excellently formed man, as if she intended (out of him, as out of an examplar or patterne of a most absolute and perfect worke) to cause him to be..esteemed more excellent than all other naturall things. 1631 ‘A. B.’ tr. L. Lessius i. xii. 183 Christ was like to Moyses, as the body is to the shadow,..and the Exemplar..to the image. 1793 T. Maurice I. 114 It is impossible for the artist to deviate from the exemplar before him. 1834 J. Landseer 143 An uninspired artist, without exemplars before him. 1892 J. Rickaby I. xciii. 274 The plan of things to be done by art is called a pattern or exemplar. b. Philosophy and Theology. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. cxlv. 1394 [Music] crieþ nameliche and warneþ vs of þe vnite of þe exemplare [L. exemplaris] of God in contrary worchinges. c1450 ( J. Walton tr. Boethius (Linc. Cathedral 103) 172 (MED) Enserchyng þan þe depe intelligence, Þe hye exsaumpler of þe eternyte. 1565 W. Alley i. iii. f. 103v These were named first Ideæ by Plato. And they be the eternall exemplars of those thinges, whiche be naturally made. 1614 W. Raleigh 46 The idea and exemplar of the world was first in God. 1669 T. Gale iii. iii. 45 The Universe..was made exactly conformable to its Paradigme, or universal Exemplar. 1731 J. Gill v. 106 The archetype, paradigm, exemplar, and idea, according to which all things were made. 1829 J. Mill I. viii. 191 The Eternal Exemplars, according to which individual things were made. 1882 F. W. Farrar I. 269 A spiritual world, which was the archetype and exemplar of the visible. 1949 E. L. Mascall ii. 19 It presents us not just with the super essential Essence of the pseudo Areopagite, the Examplar of all other essences, but with the self existent Being who is the creator of all other beings. 2000 D. Allen in A. Hastings et al. 538/1 Ockham believed that nature operates in an orderly way because of God's will.., not because God's mind contains exemplars according to which common natures are patterned. 1582 Heb. ix. 23 It is necessarie therefore that the examplers [L. exemplaria] of the cœlestials be cleansed with these: but the celestials them selues with better hostes then these. society > communication > book > copy > [noun] society > communication > writing > written text > [noun] > transcript or copy a1382 (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Job 2nd Prol. 671 Aftir the making of the Seuenti, now the euangelie of Crist shynende..in sixe exaumpleris ben had anent the chirches. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 99 (MED) Þe lettur is intricate And perauenture yuel founden in exemplerez [L. exemplis] of grecus. a1460 tr. (Helm.) (1999) 195 (MED) [Alexander] made to translate alle the bookes of astronomye and of phylosophye, and sente the translacions in-to Grece, and made to brenne alle the exampleres. 1538 M. Coverdale in Ep. Ded. ✚iii In comparynge dyuerse examplers together, we se, that in many places one copye hath eyther more or lesse then another. 1581 J. Hamilton f. 125v He testifeis him self that vord to be fund in all editionis and exemplaris. 1608 tr. Colloquium Altenburgense in E. Maihew App. 215 The former copies or examplars (say they) haue not the true and sincere confession of Ausburge. 1665 (Royal Soc.) 1 102 His second Tome, whereof he lately presented some Exemplars to his Friends. 1721 H. Wanley 13 Feb. (1966) I. 87 Mr Gibson came to inform my Lord how to get the Milan-Tully of 1498... I told him that my Lord ha's already a very fine Exemplar of it. 1787 Mar. 212/2 Those particular productions which appeared under the various names of Diurnals, Offices, Hours, Missals, &c. many exemplars whereof are still preserved. 1861 Jan. App. p. lxxvi I gave five examplars of the first ten sheets of an Essay on Inscriptions of Java and Sumatra, to the Rev. Brumund of Batavia. 1935 R. R. Robinson in tr. Tacitus 341 Enoch was uncertain about the text of the old exemplar, which was partly illegible through age. 2000 M. Collins ii. 92 He presumed that the ninth-century exemplar contained both text and illustrations. 3. the world > action or operation > behaviour > a standard of conduct > [noun] > a pattern or model of conduct the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [noun] > model, pattern, or example > action or conduct serving as a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) iv. l. 887 (MED) Fulfild of Slowthes essamplaire Ther is yit on, his Secretaire, And he is cleped Negligence. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 5 In this tyme..thexemplares [L. exemplaria] of acciones spectable scholde not be patent. 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry (1971) xxxviii. 61 After thexamplayre of his sone. 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin iv. f. 60 They..toke their examplar out of the dotages of the Gentiles. 1661 J. Parker 15 We ought to follow the great exemplar of God and the King, and to be forward in our proffers of peace and love. 1742 O. Sedgewick II. viii. 215 Therefore, dear Cleonice, we'll follow your grand Exemplar another Way, and adjourn the Debate. 1843 ‘Minor Hugo’ III. viii. 77 Many indeed follow the sportsman's exemplar still more closely. 1920 R. Fry in Oct. 162/2 The exemplar which men put before themselves was the civilization of Greece and Rome. 2004 May 9/2 The European Commission..singled out the UK programme as an exemplar to follow. the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [noun] > model, pattern, or example a1439 J. Lydgate (Bodl. 263) viii. l. 79 (MED) Ye [sc. Petrarch] haue been..in writyng bookis..Cheeff exaumplaire to my gret auauntage. 1549 H. Latimer 4th Serm. sig. Kviiv Christ the..patrone, and the exemplar, that all preachers ought to folow. 1594 T. Stocker tr. G. Du Vair 104 Holy and religious persons, which are..exemplars of all good manners. 1660 G. Tooke 9 Even the most admir'd Exemplar left us, is alasse expir'd. 1728 H. Bell vii. 99 By what we meet with in Pliny, and other Authors, we can't find they ever arriv'd to the Perfections of their Noble Forerunners and Examplers. 1795 W. Paley (ed. 3) II. ii. vi. 182 He could no longer have a living exemplar to copy from. 1863 W. M. Thackeray Nil nisi Bonum in 345 To men of letters doubly dear, not for his wit and genius merely, but as an examplar of goodness, probity, and pure life. 1984 P. Rose (1985) 183 Dickens..had so successfully appropriated for himself the role of exemplar and moral tutor. 2000 E. Graham in A. Hastings et al. 519/2 The Reformation brought greater stress on the pastor as moral exemplar and shepherd. society > communication > book > kind of book > [noun] society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > types of narrative or story generally > [noun] > cautionary or moral tale > collection of 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry (1971) Prol. 13 I..tolde to them that I wolde make a book and an examplayre [Fr. exemplaire] for my doughters. 4. the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [noun] > correspondence, analogy, or parallelism > a parallel case c1450 (c1420) J. Page (Galba) 420 (MED) There men myght se an exampleyre how foode makithe the pepull feyre. 1640 R. Ward (Matt. xi. 2) 60/1 If we consider this literall History Allegorically it is an exemplar of our Conversion. a1676 M. Hale (1677) i. i. 26 It doth give me not only an undeniable evidence, but an exemplar in analogy and explication. 1788 T. Pownall 128 If I was here writing as an artist,..I might exhibit many exemplars of architecture well worth their attention. 1866 H. Phillips 2nd Ser. 11 Antiquity teems with the proof of this assertion, and modern history is not wanting in exemplars. 1939 F. C. Lincoln 103 As an exemplar of vagrant migration from south to north, the Thick-billed Parrot may be cited. 1977 S. Wallman in vii. 102 Lesotho, as exemplar, may be briefly described. 2010 13 May 42/2 The genealogy of slander can be traced back to antiquity. Darnton..cites as early exemplars the pasquinades of Pietro Aretino..and the mazarinades of the Fronde. the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > [noun] > exemplifying some rule, activity, quality, etc. c1475 Gregory's Chron. in J. Gairdner (1876) 99 The Almyghty Kynge, exempler of alle marcy and grace. 1534 J. Fewterer tr. U. Pinder i. x. f. lvi Beholde here the exemplar of all myldenes and mekenes, the creatoure and maker of all creatures. 1592 in tr. F. Du Jon sig. Ii2 He sheweth forth exemplars of his wrath vpon all creatures, mankind excepted. 1627 R. Sanderson 232 There is scarce to be found such another compleate Exemplar of a wicked Magistrate [as Caius Verres]. 1692 R. South I. 432 Cromwell..the..grand Exemplar of Hypocrisie. 1744 J. Harris iii. ii. 216 An Offer to paint them a Helen, as a Model and Exemplar of the most exquisite Beauty. 1812 R. Woodhouse xxiv. 258 This method of M. Lalande's, is a kind of sample and exemplar of almost all Astronomical processes. 1868 A. Helps II. xii. 87 The friendship between a dog and a man is the highest form and exemplar of friendship. 1906 H. E. Shepherd v. 169 That dream world of ennobling attainment of which men such as Arnold, Jowett, Pattison were exemplars. 1975 B. Gill 27 Ross liked to be thought of as an exemplar of common sense. 2009 12 Mar. 47/1 Levittown, the Long Island housing development,..became a Stepfordlike exemplar of postwar suburbia. the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > sewn or ornamented textile fabric > [noun] > embroidery or ornamental sewing > embroidered fabric > sampler > as pattern to be copied c1487 J. Skelton tr. Diodorus Siculus iii. 200 Femynyn occupation, as spynnyng, kardyng, sowyng in the exemplare, wevyng in the stole. 1530 J. Palsgrave 157 Vne exemple, an exemplar for a woman to worke by. 1581 B. Rich sig. Bb.i She might goe seeke out her examplers, and to peruse whiche worke would doe beste in a ruffe. 1676 E. Coles Samplar, (Exemplar) a pattern [of needle-work]. 1882 10 If they are allowed, after attaining fair proficiency, to make a ‘sampler’ or exemplar of all the above..it will prove a great spur to industry. 1903 1 564/1 The South Kensington (Victoria and Albert) Museum has a very good example [of needlework] in a small framed exemplar. 1989 25 May 46/2 The sampler, or ‘exampler’, can be traced back to about 1500 as a piece of cloth on which an adult recorded stitches or patterns. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). exemplaradj. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French exemplaire; Latin exemplaris. Etymology: < (i) Middle French examplaire, exemplaire (see exemplary adj.), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin exemplaris serving as a model or example (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), archetypal (5th cent.), modelled on (9th cent. in a British source; already recorded in classical Latin as a masculine noun, exemplāris, denoting a copy or transcript) < exemplum example n. + -āris -ar suffix1. Compare earlier exemplary adj., and also earlier exemplar n.Compare Old Occitan eisemplar, exemplar, Catalan exemplar (late 15th cent.), Spanish ejemplar (early 15th cent. as †exemplar), Portuguese exemplar (14th cent.), Italian esemplare (end of the 14th cent.; c1340 as †esemprario). the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > [adjective] > typical of a class 1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Math. Præf. sig. *j To behold in the Glas of Creation, the Forme of Formes, the Exemplar Number of all thinges Numerable. 1631 E. Reynolds 46 Secondly, it is Causa exemplaris, The death of Christ was the Exemplar pattern, and Idea of our Death to sin. a1672 P. Sterry (1675) 94 The Soul, as the Exemplar Form,..sendeth forth this Corporeal Image, as a figure of it self. 1711 D. Williams 12 [God] is understood as an exemplar Cause, having the Forms of all Things originally in him. 1837 R. Mushet iii. iii. 216 Phanes, whom Taylor ignorantly confounds with the exemplar world of Plato. 1912 L. Shapcote tr. St. Thomas Aquinas II. xliv. 217 In the Divine Wisdom are the notions..of all things, which we have called ideas—i.e., exemplar forms existing in the Divine Mind. 2009 J. H. Weed in H. J. M. J. Goris et al. ii. 141 The various exemplar forms for material objects are held to pre-exist virtually in God as ideas. society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > that may serve as deterrent 1575 J. Rolland ii. f. 32 To that falt [sc. unchastity in a Vestal] is na grace. Bot eirdit quik, to the laif examplair. ?1583 tr. A. de Bazán sig. A4 Some of these sayd Ilandes..hath fallen into the daunger of Crimen læsæ maiestatis, diuine and humayne, worthy of exemplar punishment. 1612 in J. G. Wallace-James (1899) xv. 28 For ane examplar terrificatioun to all Godles harlottis to flie and abhorre the lyk. 1626 T. Hawkins tr. N. Caussin I. 414 If he were found culpable of such a villany, he would inflict an exemplar punishment vpon him. 1639 G. Daniel Eclesiasticus in (1878) III. 19 He shall be worne with ranke Infirmities, Corrupt, and made Exemplar to the Eyes Of other Men. 1654 21 Feb. 178 It was thought fit they should be made examplar by losing their lives in the same place where the Robbery was committed. 1656 A. Cowley Davideis iv. 125 in Ely's curst House th'exemplar vengeance bears Of all their Blood. 1703 vi. 91 When any Sodalist shall commit such failings as seem to deserve exemplar reprehension, he is with all humility to hear his faults. 3. the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > excellence > [adjective] > exemplary 1585 R. Parsons i. vii. 354 The glorie of S. Paul is encreased daily in heauen,..by reason of them that daily doe profite by his writing and rare examplar life vpon earth. 1598 Floure & Leafe in T. Speght f. 368/2 Tho nine crowned be very exemplaire Of all honour longing to chiualry. a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) ix. x. f. 312v, in at Exemplare His exemplare vertew to all his pepill was sa venerabill. 1602 T. Fitzherbert ii. f. 9 Wee ad therto his religious lyfe, so examplar for all kynd of vertue. 1683 No. 1864/1 Your Exemplar and happy Government in Church and State. 1706 D. Defoe xii. 16 Exemplar Virtue took the Reins in Hand. 1739 ‘R. Bull’ tr. F. Dedekind 39 Like his thy Life, like his thy Manners be; And shine exemplar to Posterity. 1904 B. von Hutten vi. iv. 299 Bees,..those irritatingly exemplar little creatures. 2015 C. B. Rébola Introd. 2/1 The survey contained questions including..recommendations of designed technologies for aging considered exemplar. the world > action or operation > behaviour > a standard of conduct > [adjective] > having the force of an example 1614 iv. 45 By this his piety was much noted, and was very exemplar throughout the whole Colledge. 1642 King Charles I 6 The Fidelity..of His good Subjects of this County, which He hopes will prove exemplar over His whole Kingdom. the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [adjective] > worthy of notice > exemplary 1605 F. Bacon ii. sig. Aaa1v One iudiciall and exemplar iniquity in the face of the world, doth trouble the fountaines of Iustice more, then many particuler Iniuries passed over by conniuence. View more context for this quotation 1654 iv. i. 41 That which on others would be fitting justice, on him your hopeful though offending son, wil be exemplar crueltie. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.a1382 adj.1570 |