existv.

Brit.

/ᵻɡˈzɪst/,

/ɛɡˈzɪst/, U.S.

/ɪɡˈzɪst/,

/ɛɡˈzɪst/

Forms: 1500s–1600s exsist, 1500s– exist.

Origin: Either (i) a borrowing from French. Or (ii) a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French exister; Latin existere.

Etymology: < (i) Middle French exister (late 14th cent.), or its etymon (ii) classical Latin existere, exsistere, to appear, to rise from the dead, to come forward, present oneself, to prove to be (of a given character), to come into being, arise, in post-classical Latin also to be (4th cent.) < ex- ex- prefix¹ + sistere sist v. Compare earlier existence n.Both existere and exsistere are attested in classical Latin authors; the form existere is attested in post-classical Latin in inscriptions from the 4th cent. a.d.

1. To have reality or being.

a. intransitive. To be real or actual; to be a part of objective reality. Also: spec. (Logic) (of a property or kind of thing) to have instances, to be exemplified.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > [verb (intransitive)]

liveeOE

beOE

i-bea1175

befindc1175

to be beleft1340

to consist of1565

exist1570

re1597

breathe1652

1570 L. Tomson Answere Assertions Fecknam iii. f. 55 It is that quod facit vt extent quae sperantur, which maketh those things to exist which are hoped for.

1575 J. Banister Needefull Treat. Chyrurg. sig. Aii^v Corrupting the actions which seuerally and by them selues may existe and bee.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear i. 105 The orbs, From whome we doe exsist [1623 exist] .

1663 R. South Serm. preached Nov. 9, 1662 3 To conceive the World..to have existed from Eternity.

1710 G. Berkeley Treat. Princ. Human Knowl. §34 All things that exist..are purely notional.

1793 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. (ed. 12) 593 Corporations which exist by force of the common law.

1797 W. Godwin Enquirer i. vi. 41 The Roman historians are the best that ever existed.

1846 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic (ed. 2) i. iii. §6 The man called father might still exist though there were no child.

1874 Times 11 Mar. 5/6 It is much to be regretted that some organized system of requalifying men after paying off..does not exist.

1919 B. Russell Introd. Math. Philos. 18 The class of couples..is indubitable and not difficult to define, whereas the number 2, in any other sense, is a metaphysical entity about which we can never feel sure that it exists or that we have tracked it down.

1949 Jrnl. Personality 17 321 We hope to demonstrate experimentally what principal forms of rigidity exist.

1970 Technometrics 12 276 Recovery from a computer malfunction is a vital part of computer data analysis... Therefore..there should always exist a backup copy.

1997 J. Hoffman & G. S. Rosenkrantz Substance 195 (note) Aristotle held that a property exists only if it is instantiated. Thus..a first-order property exists only if it is instantiated by a substance.

2014 Observer 15 June (New Review section) 22/5 Once mammalogists settle on what and how many species exist.

b. intransitive. With qualifying phrase, as, or †noun complement: to have being in a specified place or manner or under specified conditions. Also: (of relations, circumstances, etc.) to subsist, be found, occur.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > [verb (intransitive)] > exist in or be situated in

standOE

to have placea1398

exist1585

rely1591

subsist1593

to find place1598

seat1604

rulec1654

1585 W. Bayley Disc. Mithridatium sig. E^v It seemeth requisite to minister the medicine in lyquid forme,..that the spirites comforted, might the better exsist and the sooner expell the venyme.

1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge iv. i. sig. G2 Most things that morally adhere to soules, Wholly exist in drunke opinion.

1652 S. Stone Congregational Church sig. E2 Risibility is an adjunct of man existing in him as his own.

1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxii. 132 That Combination does not always exist together in Nature.

1762 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting I. iv. 59 Their first charter in which they are styled Peyntours, was granted in the 6th of Edward IV, but they had existed as a fraternity long before.

1786 J. H. Tooke Επεα Πτεροεντα ix. 412 A quality which..would make me rather chuse..to exist a mastiff or a mule.

1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. i, in Poems 58 But though no weed exists, his garden round.

1823 H. J. Brooke Familiar Introd. Crystallogr. 165 The character of the modifying planes..may..be considered to exist in all the prisms belonging to this class.

1833 N. Arnott Elements Physics (ed. 5) II. i. 122 Which substances..usually exist as airs.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xv. 102 A space of a foot existed between ice and water.

1904 M. V. Young Ital. Gram. 11 Words which have always existed as part of the spoken language are developed more..than those taken from book Latin at a comparatively late date.

1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 26/1 Granitic liquids exist at relatively low temperatures.

2013 Wall St. Jrnl. 23 Nov. b10/2 Bitcoin exists only online and is maintained by a decentralized network of computers.

c. intransitive. With for (a person). To be recognized or accepted as real by (a person); to be part of a person’s conceptual world. Frequently in negative contexts.

ΚΠ

1804 tr. in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 5 May 682 Men who preach up assassination and foment domestic troubles..are the enemies of all states, and of all governments. The law of nations does not exist for them.

1821 tr. P. H. T. d'Holbach Syst. Nature II. 223 A thing may with great possibility exist of which we have no knowledge, and yet be material; but I maintain until we have a knowledge of it, it exists not for us, any more than colours exist for a man born blind.

1895 J. O'Neill Garrison Tales Tonquin 36 While waiting for his trial he had read on the walls of his cell many wise maxims: ‘Misery does not exist for the philosopher.’ — ‘The door of death is not locked.’

1941 G. de M. Poncins Kabloona 13 Only the Arctic existed for them; and everything that lay below the Mackenzie River, was to them the remote, the virtually non-existent ‘Outside’.

1990 N. Blei Chi Town 80 He has this thing with clocks and calendars which leads one to suspect that time does not exist for him.

2002 G. Vanderhaeghe Last Crossing x. 98 Nothing exists for white men unless they give it a name in their own language. His mother's people, the Kanai, they call Bloods. The Nitsi-tapi, they call the Blackfoot.

2. intransitive. To have life, to be alive.Not always clearly distinguishable from sense 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > [verb (intransitive)]

liveeOE

aliveeOE

ylivec950

won971

goc1225

movea1325

breathea1382

reigna1400

to pass on earth (also mould)c1400

to draw (one's) breath?1570

exist1578

respire1619

to tread clay, this earth, shoe leather1789

to grab on1861

to store the kin1866

1578 T. Twyne tr. L. Daneau Wonderfull Woorkmanship of World xvii. f. 36^v Y^e holy Ghost giueth strength to liue, and to mooue, and also susteineth, both that they may exist and liue [L. vt existeret], & also continue & bee preserued.

1612 J. Davies Muses Sacrifice f. 34^v Looke how many moments I exist, so many blessings dost thou giue to mee.

1692 tr. C. de Saint-Évremond Misc. Ess. 279 You desire to be satisfied from whence you come, what you are, and what you shall be elsewhere, when you exist no more here.

1720 P. Blair Bot. Ess. iv. 268 From an Embryo it now becomes a Fœtus, and so strong as to be able to exist of it self, without any further Support.

1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth ix, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 211 The Prince of Scotland was not to be murdered..he was only to cease to exist.

1862 E. Davies Let. 4 Dec. (2004) 9 If we exist for anything, surely it is to fight against slavery.

1888 M. A. Mitchell tr. C. Sylva Heart Regained iii. 74 I cannot part from you. I cannot exist without you.

1939 A. Huxley After Many a Summer ix. 108 Men don't find more good by merely existing longer.

1956 J. G. Porter in A. Pryce-Jones New Outl. Mod. Knowl. 142 Adaptable as he [sc. man] is, can he exist for any length of time under conditions of no-gravity?

2013 Observer (Nexis) 22 Sept. (Food Monthly Suppl.) 28 I cannot exist without espresso. It is the blood in my veins.

3. intransitive. To continue in being, maintain an existence, sustain life.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > duration > have duration [verb (intransitive)] > endure, remain, persist, or continue

bidec893

lastOE

through-wonOE

ylasta1000

standOE

runOE

lastlOE

beleavec1200

abidec1275

cleavec1275

durec1275

dwell13..

endurec1386

perseverec1390

continuec1400

contunec1400

tarrya1450

remainc1455

perdure?a1475

rest1474

permanec1485

succeed1486

perpetuate1530

persist1531

demur1547

perduratea1558

weara1568

to hold it out1585

to hold out1585

abye1590

contain1592

live1592

perennate1623

to draw overa1700

exist1754

linger1764

to hang it out1939

1754 S. Welch Obs. Office Constable 4 So far will it be for any gang of villains to be able to exist a week, that [etc.].

1790 R. Burns Let. 2 Mar. (2003) II. 21 We are under a damning necessity of studying Selfishness in order that we may Exist.

1791 E. Burke Corr. (1844) III. 359 That government is strong indeed which can exist under contempt.

1800 Olio 26 Mar. 38/1 Gentleman,..any man who can..exist by freebooting upon the credulity of tradesmen, or the hospitality and generosity of acquaintances.

1852 L. A. Meredith My Home in Tasmania II. 137 ‘Cockatooers’.. rent portions of this forest from the proprietors..and vainly endeavour to exist on what they can earn.

1899 Grocott's Daily Mail (Grahamstown, S. Afr.) 12 July 2 The Bushmen and Korannas..live for the greater part of the year in the Kalahari, existing upon the Tsame and wild potatoes of the desert.

1926 R. J. H. Sidney Malay Land 142 The Malay opera seems to have existed for some thirty years.

1966 G. Greene Comedians i. iii. 72 I wondered what my mother was doing at the Hotel Trianon, whether she was existing there on a pension from the count.

2007 I. McDonald Brasyl 8 The Black Plumed Bird could exist on a diet of import vodka and Hollywood cigarettes.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	exist
释义	existv. Brit. /ᵻɡˈzɪst/, /ɛɡˈzɪst/, U.S. /ɪɡˈzɪst/, /ɛɡˈzɪst/ Forms: 1500s–1600s exsist, 1500s– exist. Origin: Either (i) a borrowing from French. Or (ii) a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French exister; Latin existere. Etymology: < (i) Middle French exister (late 14th cent.), or its etymon (ii) classical Latin existere, exsistere, to appear, to rise from the dead, to come forward, present oneself, to prove to be (of a given character), to come into being, arise, in post-classical Latin also to be (4th cent.) < ex- ex- prefix¹ + sistere sist v. Compare earlier existence n.Both existere and exsistere are attested in classical Latin authors; the form existere is attested in post-classical Latin in inscriptions from the 4th cent. a.d. 1. To have reality or being. a. intransitive. To be real or actual; to be a part of objective reality. Also: spec. (Logic) (of a property or kind of thing) to have instances, to be exemplified. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > [verb (intransitive)] liveeOE beOE i-bea1175 befindc1175 to be beleft1340 to consist of1565 exist1570 re1597 breathe1652 1570 L. Tomson Answere Assertions Fecknam iii. f. 55 It is that quod facit vt extent quae sperantur, which maketh those things to exist which are hoped for. 1575 J. Banister Needefull Treat. Chyrurg. sig. Aii^v Corrupting the actions which seuerally and by them selues may existe and bee. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear i. 105 The orbs, From whome we doe exsist [1623 exist] . View more context for this quotation 1663 R. South Serm. preached Nov. 9, 1662 3 To conceive the World..to have existed from Eternity. 1710 G. Berkeley Treat. Princ. Human Knowl. §34 All things that exist..are purely notional. 1793 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. (ed. 12) 593 Corporations which exist by force of the common law. 1797 W. Godwin Enquirer i. vi. 41 The Roman historians are the best that ever existed. 1846 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic (ed. 2) i. iii. §6 The man called father might still exist though there were no child. 1874 Times 11 Mar. 5/6 It is much to be regretted that some organized system of requalifying men after paying off..does not exist. 1919 B. Russell Introd. Math. Philos. 18 The class of couples..is indubitable and not difficult to define, whereas the number 2, in any other sense, is a metaphysical entity about which we can never feel sure that it exists or that we have tracked it down. 1949 Jrnl. Personality 17 321 We hope to demonstrate experimentally what principal forms of rigidity exist. 1970 Technometrics 12 276 Recovery from a computer malfunction is a vital part of computer data analysis... Therefore..there should always exist a backup copy. 1997 J. Hoffman & G. S. Rosenkrantz Substance 195 (note) Aristotle held that a property exists only if it is instantiated. Thus..a first-order property exists only if it is instantiated by a substance. 2014 Observer 15 June (New Review section) 22/5 Once mammalogists settle on what and how many species exist. b. intransitive. With qualifying phrase, as, or †noun complement: to have being in a specified place or manner or under specified conditions. Also: (of relations, circumstances, etc.) to subsist, be found, occur. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > [verb (intransitive)] > exist in or be situated in standOE to have placea1398 exist1585 rely1591 subsist1593 to find place1598 seat1604 rulec1654 1585 W. Bayley Disc. Mithridatium sig. E^v It seemeth requisite to minister the medicine in lyquid forme,..that the spirites comforted, might the better exsist and the sooner expell the venyme. 1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge iv. i. sig. G2 Most things that morally adhere to soules, Wholly exist in drunke opinion. 1652 S. Stone Congregational Church sig. E2 Risibility is an adjunct of man existing in him as his own. 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxii. 132 That Combination does not always exist together in Nature. 1762 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting I. iv. 59 Their first charter in which they are styled Peyntours, was granted in the 6th of Edward IV, but they had existed as a fraternity long before. 1786 J. H. Tooke Επεα Πτεροεντα ix. 412 A quality which..would make me rather chuse..to exist a mastiff or a mule. 1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. i, in Poems 58 But though no weed exists, his garden round. 1823 H. J. Brooke Familiar Introd. Crystallogr. 165 The character of the modifying planes..may..be considered to exist in all the prisms belonging to this class. 1833 N. Arnott Elements Physics (ed. 5) II. i. 122 Which substances..usually exist as airs. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xv. 102 A space of a foot existed between ice and water. 1904 M. V. Young Ital. Gram. 11 Words which have always existed as part of the spoken language are developed more..than those taken from book Latin at a comparatively late date. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 26/1 Granitic liquids exist at relatively low temperatures. 2013 Wall St. Jrnl. 23 Nov. b10/2 Bitcoin exists only online and is maintained by a decentralized network of computers. c. intransitive. With for (a person). To be recognized or accepted as real by (a person); to be part of a person’s conceptual world. Frequently in negative contexts. ΚΠ 1804 tr. in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 5 May 682 Men who preach up assassination and foment domestic troubles..are the enemies of all states, and of all governments. The law of nations does not exist for them. 1821 tr. P. H. T. d'Holbach Syst. Nature II. 223 A thing may with great possibility exist of which we have no knowledge, and yet be material; but I maintain until we have a knowledge of it, it exists not for us, any more than colours exist for a man born blind. 1895 J. O'Neill Garrison Tales Tonquin 36 While waiting for his trial he had read on the walls of his cell many wise maxims: ‘Misery does not exist for the philosopher.’ — ‘The door of death is not locked.’ 1941 G. de M. Poncins Kabloona 13 Only the Arctic existed for them; and everything that lay below the Mackenzie River, was to them the remote, the virtually non-existent ‘Outside’. 1990 N. Blei Chi Town 80 He has this thing with clocks and calendars which leads one to suspect that time does not exist for him. 2002 G. Vanderhaeghe Last Crossing x. 98 Nothing exists for white men unless they give it a name in their own language. His mother's people, the Kanai, they call Bloods. The Nitsi-tapi, they call the Blackfoot. 2. intransitive. To have life, to be alive.Not always clearly distinguishable from sense 3. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > [verb (intransitive)] liveeOE aliveeOE ylivec950 won971 goc1225 movea1325 breathea1382 reigna1400 to pass on earth (also mould)c1400 to draw (one's) breath?1570 exist1578 respire1619 to tread clay, this earth, shoe leather1789 to grab on1861 to store the kin1866 1578 T. Twyne tr. L. Daneau Wonderfull Woorkmanship of World xvii. f. 36^v Y^e holy Ghost giueth strength to liue, and to mooue, and also susteineth, both that they may exist and liue [L. vt existeret], & also continue & bee preserued. 1612 J. Davies Muses Sacrifice f. 34^v Looke how many moments I exist, so many blessings dost thou giue to mee. 1692 tr. C. de Saint-Évremond Misc. Ess. 279 You desire to be satisfied from whence you come, what you are, and what you shall be elsewhere, when you exist no more here. 1720 P. Blair Bot. Ess. iv. 268 From an Embryo it now becomes a Fœtus, and so strong as to be able to exist of it self, without any further Support. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth ix, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 211 The Prince of Scotland was not to be murdered..he was only to cease to exist. 1862 E. Davies Let. 4 Dec. (2004) 9 If we exist for anything, surely it is to fight against slavery. 1888 M. A. Mitchell tr. C. Sylva Heart Regained iii. 74 I cannot part from you. I cannot exist without you. 1939 A. Huxley After Many a Summer ix. 108 Men don't find more good by merely existing longer. 1956 J. G. Porter in A. Pryce-Jones New Outl. Mod. Knowl. 142 Adaptable as he [sc. man] is, can he exist for any length of time under conditions of no-gravity? 2013 Observer (Nexis) 22 Sept. (Food Monthly Suppl.) 28 I cannot exist without espresso. It is the blood in my veins. 3. intransitive. To continue in being, maintain an existence, sustain life. ΘΚΠ the world > time > duration > have duration [verb (intransitive)] > endure, remain, persist, or continue bidec893 lastOE through-wonOE ylasta1000 standOE runOE lastlOE beleavec1200 abidec1275 cleavec1275 durec1275 dwell13.. endurec1386 perseverec1390 continuec1400 contunec1400 tarrya1450 remainc1455 perdure?a1475 rest1474 permanec1485 succeed1486 perpetuate1530 persist1531 demur1547 perduratea1558 weara1568 to hold it out1585 to hold out1585 abye1590 contain1592 live1592 perennate1623 to draw overa1700 exist1754 linger1764 to hang it out1939 1754 S. Welch Obs. Office Constable 4 So far will it be for any gang of villains to be able to exist a week, that [etc.]. 1790 R. Burns Let. 2 Mar. (2003) II. 21 We are under a damning necessity of studying Selfishness in order that we may Exist. 1791 E. Burke Corr. (1844) III. 359 That government is strong indeed which can exist under contempt. 1800 Olio 26 Mar. 38/1 Gentleman,..any man who can..exist by freebooting upon the credulity of tradesmen, or the hospitality and generosity of acquaintances. 1852 L. A. Meredith My Home in Tasmania II. 137 ‘Cockatooers’.. rent portions of this forest from the proprietors..and vainly endeavour to exist on what they can earn. 1899 Grocott's Daily Mail (Grahamstown, S. Afr.) 12 July 2 The Bushmen and Korannas..live for the greater part of the year in the Kalahari, existing upon the Tsame and wild potatoes of the desert. 1926 R. J. H. Sidney Malay Land 142 The Malay opera seems to have existed for some thirty years. 1966 G. Greene Comedians i. iii. 72 I wondered what my mother was doing at the Hotel Trianon, whether she was existing there on a pension from the count. 2007 I. McDonald Brasyl 8 The Black Plumed Bird could exist on a diet of import vodka and Hollywood cigarettes. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < v.1570
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