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单词 exo-
释义

exo-prefix

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.
Forms: before a vowel sometimes reduced to ex-.
Origin: Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: French exo-; Latin exo-; Greek ἐξω-.
Etymology: Ultimately < ancient Greek ἐξω-, combining form (in e.g. ἔξωχρος very pale) of ἔξω (adverb, preposition) out, out of, outside, without, except ( < ἐξ , preposition (see ex- prefix2) + -ω, suffix forming adverbs), frequently via French exo- or scientific Latin exo-.Compare German exo-.
Representing Greek ἔξω, without, in many compounds of modern formation.
Categories »
exarteritis n.
Brit. /ˌɛksɑːtəˈrʌɪtᵻs/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksɑrdəˈraɪdᵻs/
(also ˌexo-arteˈritis) Pathology inflammation of the outer coat of an artery.
exoascous n.
Brit. /ˌɛksəʊˈaskəs/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksoʊˈæskəs/
Botany having the asci free, as in fungi of the order Exoasceles.
ΚΠ
1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 558/1 Asci free, i.e., exoascous.
exoatmospheric adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksəʊatməsˈfɛrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksoʊˌætməˈsfɪrɪk/
occurring or working outside the atmosphere.
ΚΠ
1966 Economist 5 Mar. 898/1 A ‘new, long-range exoatmospheric interceptor’ to which the short-range Sprint missile would be a supplement.
1967 Listener 9 Feb. 185/2 The resulting pulse of radiation should make almost everything in range boil; this would happen beyond the atmosphere and the principle is called exoatmospheric interception.
exobiology n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒlədʒi/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksoʊˌbaɪˈɑlədʒi/
(see quot. 19601).
ΚΠ
1960 Daily Tel. 14 Jan. 11/1 Dr. Lederberg is building up a team for work on exobiology, as this branch of the study of life on other planets is called.
1960 Space Research I. 1153 The problems of exobiology have important applications for the development of theoretical biology and the understanding of the mechanism of the evolution of life.
1969 Times 11 Jan. 15/6 The novel feature of the research carried out by staff of the exobiology division of the Nasa Ames Research Centre in California is that the amino-acids discovered in these ancient rocks have the asymmetry characteristic of living things.
exobiologist n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒlədʒɪst/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksoʊˌbaɪˈɑlədʒəst/
ΚΠ
1964 New Scientist 26 Nov. 573/2 One of the greatest difficulties the exobiologists are up against is that of making sure that their equipment does not carry any extraneous terrestrial bacteria.
1969 New Yorker 12 Apr. 85/1 Exobiologists will be looking for traces of life on the moon.
exocannibalism n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈkanᵻbəlɪz(ə)m/
,
/ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈkanᵻbl̩ɪz(ə)m/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksoʊˈkænəbəˌlɪzəm/
the custom of eating the flesh of persons belonging to another tribe; exophagy. [Compare French exocannibalisme (1896 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1900 tr. J. Deniker Races of Man 148 ‘Exocannibalism’, that is to say the habit of eating the flesh of strangers.
exocardial adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈkɑːdɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈkɑrdiəl/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈkɑrdiəl/
Physiology pertaining to the exterior of the heart.
ΚΠ
1881 A. Flint Treat. Princ. Med. (ed. 5) 315 The sign is called..sometimes, in contradistinction from the murmur produced by blood-currents within the heart, an exocardial murmur.
exocarp n.
Brit. /ˈɛksə(ʊ)kɑːp/
,
U.S. /ˈɛksəˌkɑrp/
(in fruits) the outermost layer of the pericarp; = epicarp n. [After scientific Latin exocarpos (1800 or earlier).]
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > [noun] > parts of > skin or roughening of skin
rindeOE
skina1398
peel?a1450
pill1530
shell1561
peeling1598
sloughc1660
russet1817
epicarp1819
exocarp1845
russeting1851
shuck1869
1845 A. Gray Bot. Text-bk. (ed. 2) i. x. 252 Exocarp.
1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 326 Euphorbia..valves with a coriaceous exocarp.
exocellular adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈsɛljᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈsɛljələr/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈsɛljələr/
outside the cell.
ΚΠ
1946 Nature 23 Nov. 745/1 The exocellular enzymes previously elaborated by the growing myxococci.
exochorion n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈkɔːrɪən/
,
/ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈkɔːrɪɒn/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈkɔriˌɑn/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈkɔriˌɑn/
Anatomy the outer layer of the chorion or membrane that encloses the fœtus. [After French exochorion (1826 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1850 R. P. Thomas tr. P. Cazeaux Theoret. & Pract. Treat. Midwifery 185 It consists of two laminæ, the external or primitive of which, also called the exochorion, is wholly deprived of vessels.
exocœlar adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈsiːlə/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈsilər/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈsilər/
pertaining to the outer side of the cœlom or body-cavity. [ < exo- prefix + cœl- (in cœlome n.) + -ar suffix1, after German exocoelar (1877 in the passage translated in quot. 1879).]
ΚΠ
1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man I. ix. 271 The exocœlar [Ger. Exocoelar], that is, the outer, or parietal cœlom—epithelium.
exocoele n.
Brit. /ˈɛksə(ʊ)siːl/
,
U.S. /ˈɛksəˌsil/
(also exocoel) Zoology the space which lies between different pairs of mesenteries of a zoantharian polyp.
ΚΠ
1885 G. H. Fowler in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 25 578 For the chambers (Radialtaschen, Loges,) into which the cœlenteron is periaxially divided by the mesenteries, I am compelled to coin new names; to those chambers which lie between a ‘pair’ of mesenteries the term entocœle is applied..; to those chambers of which one lies between every two pairs of mesenteries the term exocœle.
1904 Biol. Bull. July 84 The two first pairs appeared within the dorsal exocœles..; the two next pairs were within the middle exocœles; and finally appeared the pairs within the ventral exocœles.
1940 L. H. Hyman Invertebrates I. vii. 568 In the case of paired septa, the space between the members is named endocoel, between pairs, exocoel.
1963 L. A. Borradaile & F. A. Potts Invertebrata (ed. 4) v. 182 In the typical sea-anemone..and in coral polyps..the secondary mesenteries..are situated in the spaces between two adjacent pairs (exocoeles), never between two members of a pair (entocoeles).
1967 P. A. Meglitsch Invertebr. Zool. vi. 159 (caption) The retractor muscles face the exocoel in directive septa.
exocoelic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈsiːlɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈsilɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈsilɪk/
ΚΠ
1902 Trans. Linn. Soc. Oct. 304 The tentacles are outgrowths of both the entocœlic and exocœlic mesenterial chambers.
exoclinal adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈklʌɪnl/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈklaɪn(ə)l/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈklaɪn(ə)l/
Geology characteristic of or pertaining to an exocline.
ΚΠ
1901 Nature 19 Sept. 514/1 The Silurian tableland,..its endoclinal and exoclinal structures.
exocline n.
Brit. /ˈɛksə(ʊ)klʌɪn/
,
U.S. /ˈɛksəˌklaɪn/
an inverted fan-fold (see quot.).
ΚΠ
1889 Geol. Mag. Feb. 62 We must naturally expect to find the deepest strata in the ‘fan structure’ (endocline) or pseudo-synclinal form and the highest in the folds of the inverted fan structure (exocline) or pseudo-anticlinal.
exocyclic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈsʌɪklɪk/
,
/ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈsɪklɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksoʊˈsaɪklɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈsɪklɪk/
(a) Zoology of an irregular sea urchin, having the anus displaced from the apical position in which it is found in the regular forms; (b) Chemistry situated outside the ring.
ΚΠ
1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 562 Anus exocyclic.
1913 J. B. Cohen Org. Chem. Adv. Students II. iv. 298 Dispersivity..is increased by the double bond in the side-chain (exocyclic) as compared with that in the nucleus (endocyclic).
1965 C. S. G. Phillips & R. J. P. Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xvi. 594 The exocyclic atoms are markedly electronegative.
1966 Treat. Invertebrate Palaeontol. (Amer. Geol. Soc.) U.I.U 289/2 This exocyclic tendency was not very successful in the Diadematacea.
exocytosis n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)sʌɪˈtəʊsɪs/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksoʊsaɪˈtoʊsəs/
Biology the expulsion of matter by a living cell.
ΚΠ
1963 C. De Duve in De Rueck & Cameron CIBA Symp. Lysosomes 126 The process sometimes referred to as reverse pinocytosis and believed to be involved in secretory mechanisms could be called exocytosis.
1970 Nature 8 Aug. 620/2 He proposed that chromaffin cells released their contents after attaching to the cell membrane, through ‘exocytosis’.
exoderm n.
Brit. /ˈɛksə(ʊ)dəːm/
,
U.S. /ˈɛksəˌdərm/
the outer layer of the blastoderm; = ectoderm n. at ecto- comb. form ; also, the external crust of the body of an insect. [Compare scientific Latin exoderma (1828), French exoderme (1834 or earlier), both denoting the external crust of the body of an insect, and German Exoderm ectoderm (1872 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1879 tr. E. Haeckel Evol. Man I. viii. 197 The protoplasm of the exoderm cells.
1884 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Exoderm.
exodromic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈdrɒmɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈdrɑmɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈdrɑmɪk/
Mathematics (see quot.).
ΚΠ
1901 A. B. Basset Elem. Cubic & Quartic Curves 14 All curves of an even degree, except conics, may consist of two or more perigraphic portions which may lie entirely within or entirely without one another. In the former case the curves will be called endodromic, and in the latter exodromic.
exo-erythrocytic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksəʊᵻrɪθrəˈsɪtɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksoʊəˌrɪθrəˈsɪdɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊiˌrɪθrəˈsɪdɪk/
existing outside the red blood-corpuscles.
ΚΠ
1946 Nature 16 Nov. 707/2 Therapeutic potency is..apparent not only against the erythrocytic but also against the exo-erythrocytic forms of the malaria parasite.
1968 J. H. Burn Lect. Notes Pharmacol. (ed. 9) 115 The exo-erythrocytic parasites are very important in the chemotherapy of malaria because they are much more resistant to treatment than the red cell forms.
Categories »
exogastritis n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ɡaˈstrʌɪtᵻs/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˌɡæˈstraɪdᵻs/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˌɡæˈstraɪdᵻs/
Pathology inflammation of the outer coat of the stomach. [After French exogastrite (1826 or earlier).]
exogynous adj.
Brit. /ɛkˈsɒdʒᵻnəs/
,
/ᵻkˈsɒdʒᵻnəs/
,
U.S. /ɛkˈsɑdʒənəs/
,
/ᵻkˈsɑdʒənəs/
having the style projecting prominently out of the flower. [Compare scientific Latin exogynus (1830 or earlier), French exogyne (1834 or earlier).]
exomorphic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈmɔːfɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈmɔrfɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈmɔrfɪk/
Geology designating contact metamorphic changes in the surrounding rocks by the intrusion of igneous matter. [After French exomorphique (1847 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1888 F. H. Hatch in J. J. H. Teall Brit. Petrogr. 430 Exomorphic, applied by Fournet to contact-metamorphism when produced in the rock through which the molten mass is erupted. Used in contradistinction to endomorphic. Syn. Exogenous.
1903 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 165 280 The density increment due to exomorphic changes.
1931 F. H. Lahee Field Geol. (ed. 3) vi. 133 The contact metamorphic zone (exomorphic zone)..varies in thickness from a fraction of an inch to many hundred yards.
exomorphism n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈmɔːfɪz(ə)m/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈmɔrˌfɪzəm/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈmɔrˌfɪzəm/
the process of causing or undergoing exomorphic changes. [After French exomorphisme (1847 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. Exomorphism, that variety of contact-metamorphism which is developed, in the surrounding walls, by an intruded mass of eruptive rock.
1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) X. 84/1 The crystallization of the larger intrusives may result in profound alterations in the adjacent wall rocks (exomorphism).
exonarthex n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈnɑːθɛks/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈnɑrˌθɛks/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈnɑrˌθɛks/
the outer vestibule of a Greek church (cf. esonarthex n. at eso- prefix ). [Compare French exonarthex (1834 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1850 J. M. Neale Hist. Holy Eastern Church: Pt. 1 I. 245 The esonarthex opens on to the church by nine doors, to the exonarthex by five.
exoneural adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈnjʊərəl/
,
/ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈnjʊərl̩/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈn(j)ʊrəl/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈn(j)ʊrəl/
operating outside the nerves.
ΚΠ
1851 H. Mayo On Truths Pop. Superstit. (ed. 2) 73 To denote mental phenomena of the kind I am supposing, I propose the term exoneural (ἔξω νεῦρον).
1881 W. F. Barrett in Nature 7 July 212/2 There seemed to be a veritable exoneural action of the mind.
exoneurally adv.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈnjʊərəli/
,
/ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈnjʊərl̩i/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈn(j)ʊrəli/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈn(j)ʊrəli/
exonormative adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈnɔːmətɪv/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈnɔrmədɪv/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈnɔrmədɪv/
Linguistics, of language standardization: drawing on foreign models of usage as a basis for the standard language; contr. with endonormative adj. at endo- prefix and comb. form .
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > a language > dialect > [adjective] > standard or standardized > other terms relating to
endonormative1968
exonormative1968
exoglossic1975
endoglossic1984
1968 W. A. Stewart in J. A. Fishman Readings Sociol. of Lang. 534 The form of standardization prevalent in any one country may be either endonormative, when it is based upon models of usage native to that country, or exonormative, when it is based upon foreign models of usage.
1980 Word 1979 30 43 The Yugoslav–Albanian change involved planned shift from an endonormative to an exonormative mode of standardization.
1984 Eng. World-wide 5 i. 145 The well-known problem of stylistic invariability in EFL speakers may well be aggravated in ESL countries such as Singapore..where exonormative standards may well be supplied from different sources.
exopathic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈpaθɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈpæθɪk/
(of disease) originating outside the body (cf. autopathic adj.).
ΚΠ
1881 J. Simon in Nature XXIV. 372 We see the various causes of death as under two great heads, respectively autopathic and exopathic.
exopeptidase n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈpɛptᵻdeɪz/
,
/ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈpɛptᵻdeɪs/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈpɛptəˌdeɪz/
,
/ˌɛksəˈpɛptəˌdeɪs/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈpɛptəˌdeɪz/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈpɛptəˌdeɪs/
Biochemistry any of a group of proteolytic enzymes which split terminal peptide bonds only.
ΚΠ
1936 Bergmann & Ross in Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 114 723 It is therefore possible to classify the two types of peptidases as exopeptidases, which are restricted to terminal peptide linkages, and endopeptidases, which are not thus restricted.
1962 A. Spector in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism 334 In neither investigation were sufficient substrates studied to indicate that the activity..was associated with a true exopeptidase.
exophagous adj.
Brit. /ɛkˈsɒfəɡəs/
,
/ᵻkˈsɒfəɡəs/
,
U.S. /ɛkˈsɑfəɡəs/
,
/ᵻkˈsɑfəɡəs/
(see quot.).
ΚΠ
1883 Pall Mall Gaz. 30 Nov. 5/1 The Indians are ‘exophagous’, that is, do not eat members of their own tribe.
exophagy n.
Brit. /ɛkˈsɒfədʒi/
,
/ᵻkˈsɒfədʒi/
,
U.S. /ɛkˈsɑfədʒi/
,
/ᵻkˈsɑfədʒi/
the habit of being exophagous.
exophoria n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈfɒrɪə/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈfɔriə/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈfɔriə/
Medicine a tendency of the visual axes to diverge laterally from parallelism; latent divergent squint.
ΚΠ
1886 G. T. Stevens in N.Y. Med. Jrnl. 4 Dec. 626/2 The different relations of the visual lines..may be defined and arranged as follows..I. Generic Terms.—Orthophoria: A tending of the visual lines in parallelism. Heterophoria: A tending of these lines in some other way. II. Specific Terms.—Heterophoria may be divided into: 1. Esophoria: A tending of the visual lines inward. 2. Exophoria: A tending of the lines outward. 3. Hyperphoria: A tending of the right or left visual line in a direction above its fellow.
1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) xxx. 472 If the latent deviation is one of convergence the condition is called esophoria, of divergence exophoria, if vertical, hyperphoria.
exophoric adj. and n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈfɒrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈfɔrɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈfɔrɪk/
ΚΠ
1906 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1 Sept. 674/1 Practically two-thirds of the whole number of exophorics were what might be called near workers.
1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. Exophoric, adj.
1962 H. C. Weston Sight, Light & Work (ed. 2) ii. 41 People who are exophoric for distance are usually progressively more so as the point of fixation approaches the eyes.
exophyllous adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksəˈfɪləs/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈfɪləs/
(see quot.). [After French exophylle (1823 in Dumortier).]
ΚΠ
1832 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. 190 Exophyllous; because the young leaves of..dicotyledons are always naked.
exoplasm n.
Brit. /ˈɛksə(ʊ)ˌplaz(ə)m/
,
U.S. /ˈɛksəˌplæzəm/
the outermost layer of the cuticular protoplasm of some Protozoa (cf. ectoplasm n., endoplasm n. at endo- prefix and comb. form , s.v. ecto- comb. form.). [After German Exoplasma (1872 in Haeckel).]
ΚΠ
1888 Athenæum 4 Feb. 151/1 The granulated structure of its exoplasm..was described.
exopod n.
Brit. /ˈɛksə(ʊ)pɒd/
,
U.S. /ˈɛksəˌpɑd/
Zoology an exopodite.
ΚΠ
1893 T. R. R. Stebbing Hist. Crustacea iv. 36 In describing a crustacean appendage he [sc. T. H. Huxley] names the first two joints the protopodite, which bears on its extremity on the inner side the endopodite, and on the outer side the exopodite. For these terms the shortened forms exopod and endopod will here be preferred—exopod for exopodite, and endopod for endopodite and protopodite combined.
1959 Chambers's Encycl. IV. 278/2 In the walking legs of crabs and lobsters only the endopod remains, but in the corresponding thoracic limbs of some more primitive Malacostra the exopod is presented as a many-pointed flagellum and is used for swimming.
exopodite n.
Brit. /ɛkˈsɒpədʌɪt/
,
/ᵻkˈsɒpədʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ɛkˈsɑpəˌdaɪt/
,
/ᵻkˈsɑpəˌdaɪt/
‘the outermost of the two processes appended to the basal process of the hinder limbs of some of the Crustacea’ ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon). [After French exopodite (1851 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life 92 The anterior extremities of the palpiform exopodites.
1877 T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Invertebrated Animals vi. 281 The exopodite, metamorphosed into another such bowl shuts down over the endopodite.
exopoditic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)pəˈdɪtɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksoʊpəˈdɪdɪk/
Categories »
exoptile adj.
Brit. /ɛkˈsɒptʌɪl/
,
/ᵻkˈsɒptʌɪl/
,
U.S. /ɛkˈsɑpt(ə)l/
,
/ᵻkˈsɑpt(ə)l/
Botany having a naked plumule. [After French exoptile (1826).]
exoreic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈriːɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈriɪk/
(also exo'rheic) Geography characterized by exoreism.
ΚΠ
1927 Geogr. Rev. 17 399 The boundary between the endoreic and the exoreic regions can be drawn without hesitation.
1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. iv. 226 The exorheic regions contain the main lake districts of the world.
exoreism n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈriːɪz(ə)m/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈriˌɪzəm/
(also exo'rheism) Geography land drainage reaching the sea. [ < French exorrhéisme, also exoréisme (E. de Martonne 1926, in Compt. Rend. 182 1396).]
ΚΠ
1927 E. de Martonne in Geogr. Rev. XVII. 397 It is convenient to describe each of these two great regions by a single word: we may term through-flowing, or ocean, drainage ‘exoreism’ (ex-o-rḗ-ism, from the Greek ἐξ, out, and ῥεῐν, to flow), interior basin drainage ‘endoreism’ (en-do-rḗ-ism, from ἐν, in, and ῥεῐν).
1963 D. W. Humphries & E. E. Humphries tr. H. Termier & G. Termier Erosion & Sedimentation 404 Exorheism, drainage towards the oceans surrounding a land mass.
exorhizal adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈrʌɪzl/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈraɪz(ə)l/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈraɪz(ə)l/
(also exo'rrhizal) Botany (of plants) having the radicle naked, i.e. not enclosed in a sheath. [After French exorhize (1808).]
ΚΠ
1870 R. Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 2) i. iii. 126 Such a mode of root-development has been called..exorhizal.
exorrhizous adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈrʌɪzəs/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈraɪzəs/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈraɪzəs/
ΚΠ
1884 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Exorrhizous.
exoscopic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈskɒpɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈskɑpɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈskɑpɪk/
viewing from the outside; having regard to external appearances or relations.
ΚΠ
1817 J. Bentham Chrestomathia Pt. II 216 Division of Politics and Government into Esoscopic..and Exoscopic, i.e. external-concerns-regarding, —viz. Inter-national Government and Politics.
1853 Sylvester in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 143 i. 409 The method becoming as it may be said endoscopic instead of being exoscopic as in the first section.
exoscopically adv.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈskɒpᵻkli/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈskɑpək(ə)li/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈskɑpək(ə)li/
ΚΠ
1853 Sylvester in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 143 i. 409 The subject is treated..exoscopically in the first and last sections.
exoseptum n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈsɛptəm/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈsɛptəm/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈsɛptəm/
Zoology each of the calcareous septa appearing in the exocœle of a coral polyp.
ΚΠ
1885 G. H. Fowler in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. XXV. 578 The septa lying in these two classes of chambers are similarly called exosepta and entosepta.
1903 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Feb. 147 The union of the entoseptum within each pair of the second cycle mesenteries with the adjoining exosepta.
1904 Biol. Bull. July 82 The dorsal and middle pairs of exosepta arose bilaterally in advance of the two ventral pairs.
exoskeletal adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈskɛlᵻtl/
,
/ˌɛksə(ʊ)skᵻˈliːtl/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈskɛləd(ə)l/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈskɛləd(ə)l/
Anatomy of or pertaining to the exoskeleton.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > skin > [adjective]
skinned?a1425
skinny?1541
integumental1836
integumentary1846
percutaneous1862
exoskeletal1870
intracutaneous1885
intradermic1888
intradermal1900
the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [adjective] > having a hard protective covering > relating to bony integument
exoskeletal1870
1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life Introd. 57 Exoskeletal ossifications.
1877 T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Invertebrated Animals i. 55 From the epidermis, all cuticular and cellular exoskeletal parts..are developed.
exoskeleton n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈskɛlᵻtn/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈskɛlətn/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈskɛlətn/
the external integument, whether bony or calcified, as in some animals, or leathery as in others; also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > skin > [noun]
swardc725
fellOE
hidea1000
leather1303
skina1325
rinda1413
swarth?c1450
swadc1460
thackc1480
skin coat1589
hackle1609
flesha1616
pelta1626
integument1664
barka1758
exoskeleton1839
1839–47 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. III. 846/2 Exoskeleton.
1864 H. Spencer Illustr. Progress 409 In the highest Annulosa, the exo-skeleton and the muscular system, never lose all traces of their segmentation.
1872 H. A. Nicholson Man. Palæontol. 187 The Mollusca..commonly possessing an exoskeleton or shell.
1888 J. Jacobs Fables of Bidpai lii These are the facts that form the exoskeleton of his life.
exosomatic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)sə(ʊ)ˈmatɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəsəˈmædɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊsəˈmædɪk/
Biology designating or pertaining to a device that an animal uses which is not one of its own organs.
ΚΠ
1945 A. J. Lotka in Human Biol. Sept. 188 In place of slow adaptation of anatomical structure and physiological function in successive generations by selective survival, increased adaptation has been achieved by the incomparably more rapid development of ‘artificial’ aids to our native receptor-effector apparatus, in a process that might be termed exosomatic evolution.
1951 New Biol. 11 21 Exosomatic adaptations.
1951 New Biol. 11 21 Most exosomatic organs are instruments or tools..like spectacles, radio sets,..hammers, scalpels, motor cars and guns.
Categories »
exosperm n.
Brit. /ˈɛksə(ʊ)spəːm/
,
U.S. /ˈɛksəˌspərm/
Botany
exosphere n.
Brit. /ˈɛksə(ʊ)sfɪə/
,
U.S. /ˈɛksəˌsfɪ(ə)r/
the layer of the atmosphere farthest from the earth.
ΚΠ
1951 Jrnl. Brit. Interplan. Soc. 10 18 The atmosphere can conveniently be divided into four parts, the troposphere, the stratosphere, the ionosphere and the exosphere.
1955 E. Burgess Frontier to Space 150 The density and extent of the exosphere.
1969 Sci. Jrnl. May 67/1 The lunar atmosphere is a true exosphere in direct communication with space, to which its molecules can escape freely unless inhibited by gravity.
exospheric adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈsfɛrɪk/
,
/ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈsfɪərɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈsfɪrɪk/
,
/ˌɛksəˈsfɛrɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈsfɪrɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈsfɛrɪk/
ΚΠ
1951 Jrnl. Brit. Interplan. Soc. 10 18 The exospheric gases.
exospore n.
Brit. /ˈɛksə(ʊ)spɔː/
,
U.S. /ˈɛksəˌspɔr/
Botany the outer coat of a spore or oosphere in fungi or lichens. [Compare scientific Latin exosporium (1809 or earlier), French exospore (1817 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1859 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. V. 246/1 The sporangium..burst by the swelling of the exospore.
1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 325 The exospore is usually smooth and often variously coloured.
exosporal adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈspɔːrəl/
,
/ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈspɔːrl̩/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈspɔrəl/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈspɔrəl/
pertaining to an exospore; a term applied to fungi whose spores are on the outer surface of the sporangium.
ΚΠ
1859 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. V. 246/2 The exosporal membrane dehisces in three valves.
exosporous adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈspɔːrəs/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈspɔrəs/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈspɔrəs/
= exosporal adj.
ΚΠ
1884 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Exosporous.
exostome n.
Brit. /ˈɛksə(ʊ)stəʊm/
,
U.S. /ˈɛksəˌstoʊm/
Botany the aperture in the outer integument of the ovule. [Compare scientific Latin exostoma (1818 or earlier), French exostome (1829 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1845 A. Gray Bot. Text-bk. (ed. 2) i. ix. 241 The orifice of the primine is called the Exostome, that of the secundine of the inner Endostome; literally the outer and the inner orifice.
1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 81 The arillus being produced from the exostome.
exotentacle n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈtɛntəkl/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈtɛntək(ə)l/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈtɛntək(ə)l/
Zoology a tentacle arising from an exocœle in certain polyps.
ΚΠ
1904 Biol. Bull. July 88 The exotentacles in Siderastrea radians have been found to appear throughout in advance of the entotentacles.
Categories »
exotheca n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈθiːkə/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈθikə/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈθikə/
Zoology the hard exterior wall of the gonosome of the Hydrozoa. [After French exothèque (1833 or earlier).]
exothecal adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈθiːkl/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈθik(ə)l/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈθik(ə)l/
pertaining to the exotheca.
ΚΠ
1877 Nicholson in Encycl. Brit. VI. 374 They [the costæ of the coral]..may be united by transverse plates (‘exothecal dissepiments’) which run horizontally across the intercostal spaces.
exothecium n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈθiːsɪəm/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈθisiəm/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈθisiəm/
Botany ‘the cuticular or outer layer of the anther’ ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon). [After scientific Latin exothecium (1830 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1861 R. Bentley Man. Bot. i. iv. 247 An outer..which..is called the exothecium.
exotoxin n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈtɒksɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈtɑks(ə)n/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈtɑks(ə)n/
a toxin liberated by a living bacterium or other micro-organism into the medium in which it grows.
ΚΠ
1920 H. Zinsser in Jrnl. Immunology V. 286 There was much unclearness..regarding the so-called exotoxins of bacteria.
1964 M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 8) vi. 67 The reaction between endotoxins and their antibodies does not follow the law of multiple proportions which is so characteristic of exotoxin-antitoxin reactions.
exotrophic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈtrɒfɪk/
,
/ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈtrəʊfɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈtrɑfɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈtrɑfɪk/
,
/ˌɛksəˈtroʊfɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈtroʊfɪk/
(see quot.) [After German exotroph (1892 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1900 B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms Exotrophic, employed by Wiesner where an organ or lateral shoot, as opposed to the mother-shoot, is most strongly developed.
exotropia n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈtrəʊpɪə/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈtroʊpiə/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈtroʊpiə/
divergent strabismus. [After German Exotropie (1885 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1897 G. T. Stevens in W. F. Norris & C. A. Oliver Syst. Dis. Eye II. viii. 172 The class Heterotropia..may be divided into two sub-classes... The specific divisions of the sub-class a are—1. Esotropia, a deviation of the visual lines inward. 2. Exotropia, a deviation of the visual lines outward. 3. Hypertropia (right or left), a deviation of one visual line above the other. 4. Hyperesotropia and Hyperexotropia are the compound deviations.
1961 Lancet 7 Oct. 812/1 Increase of the interpupillary distance with exotropia.
exotropic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈtrɒpɪk/
,
/ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈtrəʊpɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈtrɑpɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈtrɑpɪk/
,
/ˌɛksəˈtroʊpɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈtroʊpɪk/
ΚΠ
1906 G. T. Stevens Motor Apparatus of Eyes iii. xlviii. 384 Exotropic persons are, much more than esophoric subjects, accustomed to close one eye when reading or working.
exotropism n.
Brit. /ɛkˈsɒtrəpɪz(ə)m/
,
/ᵻkˈsɒtrəpɪz(ə)m/
,
U.S. /ɛkˈsɑtrəˌpɪzəm/
,
/ᵻkˈsɑtrəˌpɪzəm/
(see quot.).
ΚΠ
1898 H. C. Porter tr. E. Strasburger et al. Text-bk. Bot. 258 A torsion must..occur when a geotropic organ, which has become curved over toward its parent axis, turns itself about so as to face outwards (exotropism [Ger. Exotropismus]).
exotrophy n.
Brit. /ɛkˈsɒtrəfi/
,
/ᵻkˈsɒtrəfi/
,
U.S. /ɛkˈsɑtrəfi/
,
/ᵻkˈsɑtrəfi/
(see quot.) [After German Exotrophie (1892).]
ΚΠ
1900 B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms Exotrophy, development of lateral shoots instead of the main axis.

Draft additions 1997

exodermis n.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈdəːmɪs/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈdərməs/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈdərməs/
Botany a protective outer layer formed beneath root epidermis, as it breaks down, from the outermost cortex. [After German Exodermis (1847 or earlier). Compare French exoderme (P. Vuillemin in De la valeur des caractères anatomiques..tiges des composées (1884) iii. 52).]
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > endodermis, pericycle, or exodermis
pericambium1875
bundle-sheath1882
bundle-system1884
exodermis1889
pericycle1890
1889 D. H. Scott in Ann. Bot. 4 149 What we generally term epidermis is here an absorptive structure, but this is only the case in young roots. The older roots cease to be absorptive and require, like sub-aërial organs, a protective dermal structure... This epidermoidal layer, or better exodermis, is especially evident in monocotyledonous roots, which have a persistent cortex, and often no periderm, so that the exodermis here has to form a permanent protective structure.
1919 F. O. Bower Bot. Living Plant v. 72 The outermost layer, lying directly below the piliferous layer, and with its cells alternating with these, is called the exodermis.
1976 P. Bell & D. Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. (new ed.) 172 The rhizodermis dies with the root hairs, and its place is taken by a typical secondary boundary tissue, the exodermis.

Draft additions 1993

exoglossic adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈɡlɒsɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈɡlɑsɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈɡlɑsɪk/
Linguistics of, pertaining to, or characterized by the use of a language or variety which is not native to a region, but which nevertheless exercises cultural, political, or economic influence, esp. as an official norm; opposed to endoglossic adj. at endo- prefix and comb. form Additions.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > a language > dialect > [adjective] > standard or standardized > other terms relating to
endonormative1968
exonormative1968
exoglossic1975
endoglossic1984
1975 Linguistics 15 Aug. 23 The importance of English to the average Nigerian pre-adolescent is mainly exoglossic and limited to formal education.
1984 Eng. World-wide 5 250 Margie S. Berns..introduced the foreign language varieties, focusing on the tendency in Germany for AmE to replace BrE as the dominant exo-glossic model in many domains and registers.

Draft additions 1993

exophora n.
Brit. /ɛkˈsɒf(ə)rə/
,
/ᵻkˈsɒf(ə)rə/
,
U.S. /ɛkˈsɑf(ə)rə/
,
/ᵻkˈsɑf(ə)rə/
Grammar a mode of reference in which the significance of a substitutional element or pro-form is determined by situational knowledge on the part of the reader or listener; opposed to endophora n. at endo- prefix and comb. form Additions.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > other grammatical categories or concepts > [noun] > types of grammatical reference
anaphora1933
deixis1949
anaphoric1951
anaphoricity1971
endophora1976
exophora1976
1976 Halliday & Hasan Cohesion in Eng. ii. 33 We shall find it useful..to have a special term for situational reference. This we are referring to as exophora, or exophoric reference.
1984 Discourse Processes VII. i. 58 The register characteristic of speakers sharing many common assumptions conveys meaning contextually and is characterized by a greater incidence of exophora; for example, Hand it over, where the meaning of it is conveyed by a gesture.

Draft additions 1993

exophoric adj.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈfɒrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈfɔrɪk/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈfɔrɪk/
Grammar of, pertaining to, or constituting exophora.
ΚΠ
1974 Foundations of Lang. July 507 Mood in sentential complements is endophoric, while in adverbial and relative clauses it is exophoric.
1984 Lang. & Communication 4 257 The second utterance is a more explicit version of the first, not only in terms of making clear the threat element but also in substituting ‘in this court to explain why’ for the exophoric ‘here’.

Draft additions 1993

exophorically adv.
Brit. /ˌɛksə(ʊ)ˈfɒrᵻkli/
,
U.S. /ˌɛksəˈfɔrək(ə)li/
,
/ˌɛksoʊˈfɔrək(ə)li/
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > other grammatical categories or concepts > [adverb] > by way of specific type of reference
endophorically1974
exophorically1974
1974 Foundations of Lang. July 510 The question arises..as to the circumstances under which mood is interpreted endophorically or exophorically.
1984 Lang. & Communication 4 262 The crucial implicitness is achieved exophorically, with a direct appeal to situational knowledge.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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