† arghadj.

Forms: Old English arg (West Saxon earg, earg, earh), Middle English erȝ, arȝ, Middle English ærh, arh, eærȝh, eruh, erew, areu, arewe, areȝ, Middle English arwe, Middle English–Middle English argh, Middle English arwhe, arow(e. Scottish1500s– arch, 1800s argh, ergh, erf, arrow; English regional (northern) 1600s– arf.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Common Germanic; cognate with Old Norse argr (Swedish and Danish arg), Old High German ark, modern German, Dutch arg, Old Frisian arg, ergh < Old Germanic *arg-oz.

Obsolete exc. dialect.

1. Cowardly, pusillanimous, timid, fearful; (also) weak.‘Still in northern dialect.’ ( N.E.D.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > timidity > [adjective]

arghc885

unboldc897

bletheOE

feyOE

frightfula1325

fearedc1330

fearfulc1374

ferdfula1382

palea1393

ferdya1400

ghastful1422

tremblingc1430

timorousc1450

cremeuse1477

craintive1490

cocklea1500

sheepish?1518

awfula1522

meticulousc1540

timidc1550

sheepa1556

tremebundc1560

timorsomec1600

tremulous1611

pigeon-hearteda1625

affrightful1631

formidolous1656

pavid1656

timidous1658

unsupported1694

tender-nosed1700

scary1773

pippin-hearted1809

kitten-hearted1831

funky1835

misventurous1849

milksoppish1852

tender-footed1854

fearsome1863

scare1885

milksoppy1886

milksopping1888

cotton wool1909

the mind > emotion > fear > cowardice or pusillanimity > [adjective]

arghc885

heartlessOE

bloodlessc1225

coward1297

faintc1300

nesha1382

comfortless1387

pusillanimousa1425

faint-heartedc1440

unheartyc1440

cowardous1480

hen-hearteda1529

cowardish1530

feigningc1540

white-livered1546

cowardly1551

faceless1567

pusillanime1570

liver-hearted1571

cowish1579

cowardise1582

coward-like1587

faint-heart1590

courageless1593

sheep-like1596

white-hearted1598

milky1602

milk-livered1608

undaring1611

lily-livereda1616

yarrow1616

flightful1626

chicken-hearted1629

poltroon1649

cow-hearted1660

whey-blooded1675

unbravea1681

nimble-heeled1719

dunghill1775

shrimp-hearted1796

chicken-livered1804

white-feathered1816

pluckless1821

chicken-spirited1822

milk-blooded1822

cowardy1836

yellow1856

yellow-livered1857

putty-hearted1872

uncourageous1878

chicken1883

piker1901

yellow-bellied1907

manso1932

scaredy-cat1933

chickenshit1940

cold-footed1944

c885 tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. i. xii. (Bosw.) Se earga féðe Brytta.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 218 Ne ȝef þu him neauer inȝeong. ach tap him oðe sculle. for he is arch ase beore þron.

c1230 Wohunge in Cott. Hom. 277 Arh ich was meself and wah.

a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 130 He kene ðet was er eruh.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2164 Þu eart swa eærȝh cniht.

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. 457 His hert arwe as an hare.

1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 14/2 Arwe, or ferefulle [1499 arwhe, arowe, or ferdfull], Timidus pavidus.

a1450 York Myst., Barbers L viij b So am I arow to do þat dede.

1483 Cath. Angl. Arghe, pusillanimis.

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 621 King Duncane so arch ane man wes he.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy vi. 2540 If Elinus be argh, & ournes for ferde.

1691 J. Ray N. Country Words Arf, afraid.

a1800 R. Jamieson Pop. Ballads I. 233 Fearful will it be to me, I'm erch, or a' be o'er.

1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Arch, argh, ergh, erf.

1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby Arf or arfish, afraid, reluctant: ‘I felt arfish i' t' dark.’

2. Inert, sluggish, lazy, slow, loath, reluctant.‘Still in northern dialect.’ ( N.E.D.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective]

argha1000

slowOE

unwillyc1200

sweera1300

unfain1338

loathc1374

dangerousc1386

eschewc1386

squeamous1387

obstinate?a1439

unpresta1500

ill-willing?1520

evil-willing1525

untowards1525

untowarda1530

unwilling1533

strange1548

ill-willed1549

dainty1553

relucting1553

squeamish?1553

nicea1560

loathful1561

coyish1566

coy1576

unhearty1583

costive1594

unready1595

tarrowinga1598

undisposed1597

involuntary1598

backward1600

retrograde1602

unpregnant1604

scrupulous1608

unprone1611

refractory1614

behindhanda1616

nilling1620

backwards1627

shya1628

retractable1632

reluctant1638

loughta1641

tendera1641

unapt1640

uninclinable1640

unbeteaming1642

boggling1645

averse1646

indisposed1646

aversant1657

incomposed1660

disinclined1703

unobliging1707

unconsenting1713

uninclined1729

tenacious1766

disinclinable1769

ill-disposed1771

unaffectioned1788

scruplesomec1800

back-handed1817

sweert1817

tharf1828

backward in coming forward1830

unvoluntary1834

misinclined1837

squeamy1838

balky1847

retractive1869

grudging1874

tharfish1876

unwishful1876

safety first1917

a1000 Gnom. Vers. (Gr.) 188 Ful oft mon wearnum tihð eargne.

c1200 Moral Ode 16 Erȝe [v.r. erewe, arȝe, ærwe] we beoð to donne god.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xi. vii. 119 The pepill haill grantis that thai wait..bot thai ar arch to schaw.

1813 D. Anderson Poems, Eng. & Scotch 116 An' rouges o' Jews, they are nae arrow Wi' tricks fu' sly.

1877 Holderness Gl. (E.D.S.) Arf, Arfish, unwilling, indisposed, disinclined: ‘He's nobbut varry arfish te begin.’

†3. Vile, base, good-for-nothing. (So in German). Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xii. 39 Cneorisse yflo & árg becon soecas.

†4. as n. ? Wretch, betrayer, enemy. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > wretchedness > wretch > [noun]

argha1275

mixa1300

caitiffc1325

crachouna1400

crathona1400

wretcheda1425

fouling?a1475

meschant1490

miscredent?a1500

ketterela1572

miscreant1590

scroyle1602

frummer1659

fustya1732

ramscallion1734

society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > [noun] > person of bad character

argha1275

noughty packc1520

dunghill1542

land-rat1600

black sheep1640

cacodemon1711

mauvais sujet1793

bad lot1835

badmash1843

rotter1879

wrong 'un1892

wrongo1937

a1275 Prov. Alfred 228 in Old Eng. Misc. 117 Gif þu hauist sorwe, ne say þu hit þin areȝe [v.r. arewe, erewe].

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† arghv.

Forms: Old English argian, eargian, Middle English erȝian, Middle English arȝe(n, Middle English argh(e. Scottish1700s–1800s ergh.

Etymology: < argh adj.

Obsolete exc. dialect.

1. To be disheartened, timid, fearful, loath; to hesitate from timidity.‘Still in Scottish.’ ( N.E.D.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > timidity > be timorous [verb (intransitive)] > hesitate or hang back through timidity

wondec897

arghc1175

scurnc1325

erch1584

to hang the winga1601

shirk1778

crane1823

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 13 Þet eower heorte erȝian swiðe and eower feond strongian.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 713 Þenne arȝed Abraham, & alle his mod chaunged.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy v. 1976 Antenor arghet with austerne wordes.

1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd iii. iii. 44 Dear Jenny, I wad speak t'ye..and yet I ergh.

†2. impersonal, me arghes: I am afraid. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > expression of fear [phrase] > I am afraid

me arghesc1340

I fear me1530

c1340 Alex. (Stevenson) 19 Me arȝes of my selfe, I am alle in aunter.

†3. transitive. To daunt, frighten. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > quality of being intimidating > intimidate or bully [verb (transitive)]

awec1225

bashc1375

palla1393

argh1393

formengea1400

matea1400

boasta1522

quail1526

brag1551

appale1563

browbeat1581

adaw1590

overdare1590

dastard1593

strike1598

disdare1612

cowa1616

dare1619

daw1631

bounce1640

dastardize1645

intimidate1646

hector1664

out-hector1672

huff1674

bully1685

harass1788

bullyraga1790

major1829

haze1851

bullock1875

to push (someone) around1900

to put the frighteners in, on1958

psych1963

vibe1979

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. iv. 237 Ac þow þy-self..Hast arwed meny hardy men · that hadden wil to fyghte.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 572 In þe anger of his ire þat arȝed monye.

c1400 Sir Perc. 69 That arghede alle that ther ware, Bothe the lesse and the mare.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

arghint.

Brit.

/ɑː/,

/ɑːx/, U.S.

/ɑr(ɡ)/,

/ɑ/

Forms: 1800s– agh, 1900s– argh. Forms with one or more of the letters occurring two or more times are also attested.

Origin: An imitative or expressive formation.

Etymology: Imitative of a prolonged cry or groan. Compare ah int., ach int., ooh int.

Expressing pain or fright; (also) expressing anguish, disappointment, or frustration.

ΚΠ

1800 M. Edgeworth Castle Rackrent Gloss. p. xix When they [sc. the bearers at a funeral] come near any houses, they begin to cry—Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! Agh! Agh!

1919 G. B. Shaw Great Catherine iv. 154 Agh! Ooh! Stop! Oh Lord!

1948 Wanted by Police May (front cover) Aaagh!

1976 Beano 12/2 Aarghh! A monster—throw it back!

1986 J.M. Dillard Demons x. 181 Argh. What a hangover.

1992 Smithsonian Jan. 42/2 (caption) Aghhh! A Sante Fe chilehead tries to will his right hand to reach for habanero remedy—tortillas and salt.

1996 H. Fielding Bridget Jones's Diary (1997) 148 Aargh aargh. Have reached the age when men of my own age no longer find their contemporaries attractive.

2003 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 13 Apr. iii. 1/1 Aaargh, seven bogeys and three double bogeys.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

adj.c885

v.c1175

int.1800

单词	argh
释义	† arghadj. Forms: Old English arg (West Saxon earg, earg, earh), Middle English erȝ, arȝ, Middle English ærh, arh, eærȝh, eruh, erew, areu, arewe, areȝ, Middle English arwe, Middle English–Middle English argh, Middle English arwhe, arow(e. Scottish1500s– arch, 1800s argh, ergh, erf, arrow; English regional (northern) 1600s– arf. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Common Germanic; cognate with Old Norse argr (Swedish and Danish arg), Old High German ark, modern German, Dutch arg, Old Frisian arg, ergh < Old Germanic arg-oz. Obsolete* exc. dialect. 1. Cowardly, pusillanimous, timid, fearful; (also) weak.‘Still in northern dialect.’ ( N.E.D.) ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > timidity > [adjective] arghc885 unboldc897 bletheOE feyOE frightfula1325 fearedc1330 fearfulc1374 ferdfula1382 palea1393 ferdya1400 ghastful1422 tremblingc1430 timorousc1450 cremeuse1477 craintive1490 cocklea1500 sheepish?1518 awfula1522 meticulousc1540 timidc1550 sheepa1556 tremebundc1560 timorsomec1600 tremulous1611 pigeon-hearteda1625 affrightful1631 formidolous1656 pavid1656 timidous1658 unsupported1694 tender-nosed1700 scary1773 pippin-hearted1809 kitten-hearted1831 funky1835 misventurous1849 milksoppish1852 tender-footed1854 fearsome1863 scare1885 milksoppy1886 milksopping1888 cotton wool1909 the mind > emotion > fear > cowardice or pusillanimity > [adjective] arghc885 heartlessOE bloodlessc1225 coward1297 faintc1300 nesha1382 comfortless1387 pusillanimousa1425 faint-heartedc1440 unheartyc1440 cowardous1480 hen-hearteda1529 cowardish1530 feigningc1540 white-livered1546 cowardly1551 faceless1567 pusillanime1570 liver-hearted1571 cowish1579 cowardise1582 coward-like1587 faint-heart1590 courageless1593 sheep-like1596 white-hearted1598 milky1602 milk-livered1608 undaring1611 lily-livereda1616 yarrow1616 flightful1626 chicken-hearted1629 poltroon1649 cow-hearted1660 whey-blooded1675 unbravea1681 nimble-heeled1719 dunghill1775 shrimp-hearted1796 chicken-livered1804 white-feathered1816 pluckless1821 chicken-spirited1822 milk-blooded1822 cowardy1836 yellow1856 yellow-livered1857 putty-hearted1872 uncourageous1878 chicken1883 piker1901 yellow-bellied1907 manso1932 scaredy-cat1933 chickenshit1940 cold-footed1944 c885 tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. i. xii. (Bosw.) Se earga féðe Brytta. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 218 Ne ȝef þu him neauer inȝeong. ach tap him oðe sculle. for he is arch ase beore þron. c1230 Wohunge in Cott. Hom. 277 Arh ich was meself and wah. a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 130 He kene ðet was er eruh. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2164 Þu eart swa eærȝh cniht. 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. 457 His hert arwe as an hare. 1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 14/2 Arwe, or ferefulle [1499 arwhe, arowe, or ferdfull], Timidus pavidus. a1450 York Myst., Barbers L viij b So am I arow to do þat dede. 1483 Cath. Angl. Arghe, pusillanimis. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 621 King Duncane so arch ane man wes he. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy vi. 2540 If Elinus be argh, & ournes for ferde. 1691 J. Ray N. Country Words Arf, afraid. a1800 R. Jamieson Pop. Ballads I. 233 Fearful will it be to me, I'm erch, or a' be o'er. 1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Arch, argh, ergh, erf. 1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby Arf or arfish, afraid, reluctant: ‘I felt arfish i' t' dark.’ 2. Inert, sluggish, lazy, slow, loath, reluctant.‘Still in northern dialect.’ ( N.E.D.) ΘΚΠ the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective] argha1000 slowOE unwillyc1200 sweera1300 unfain1338 loathc1374 dangerousc1386 eschewc1386 squeamous1387 obstinate?a1439 unpresta1500 ill-willing?1520 evil-willing1525 untowards1525 untowarda1530 unwilling1533 strange1548 ill-willed1549 dainty1553 relucting1553 squeamish?1553 nicea1560 loathful1561 coyish1566 coy1576 unhearty1583 costive1594 unready1595 tarrowinga1598 undisposed1597 involuntary1598 backward1600 retrograde1602 unpregnant1604 scrupulous1608 unprone1611 refractory1614 behindhanda1616 nilling1620 backwards1627 shya1628 retractable1632 reluctant1638 loughta1641 tendera1641 unapt1640 uninclinable1640 unbeteaming1642 boggling1645 averse1646 indisposed1646 aversant1657 incomposed1660 disinclined1703 unobliging1707 unconsenting1713 uninclined1729 tenacious1766 disinclinable1769 ill-disposed1771 unaffectioned1788 scruplesomec1800 back-handed1817 sweert1817 tharf1828 backward in coming forward1830 unvoluntary1834 misinclined1837 squeamy1838 balky1847 retractive1869 grudging1874 tharfish1876 unwishful1876 safety first1917 a1000 Gnom. Vers. (Gr.) 188 Ful oft mon wearnum tihð eargne. c1200 Moral Ode 16 Erȝe [v.r. erewe, arȝe, ærwe] we beoð to donne god. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xi. vii. 119 The pepill haill grantis that thai wait..bot thai ar arch to schaw. 1813 D. Anderson Poems, Eng. & Scotch 116 An' rouges o' Jews, they are nae arrow Wi' tricks fu' sly. 1877 Holderness Gl. (E.D.S.) Arf, Arfish, unwilling, indisposed, disinclined: ‘He's nobbut varry arfish te begin.’ †3. Vile, base, good-for-nothing. (So in German). Obsolete. ΚΠ c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xii. 39 Cneorisse yflo & árg becon soecas. †4. as n. ? Wretch, betrayer, enemy. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > wretchedness > wretch > [noun] argha1275 mixa1300 caitiffc1325 crachouna1400 crathona1400 wretcheda1425 fouling?a1475 meschant1490 miscredent?a1500 ketterela1572 miscreant1590 scroyle1602 frummer1659 fustya1732 ramscallion1734 society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > [noun] > person of bad character argha1275 noughty packc1520 dunghill1542 land-rat1600 black sheep1640 cacodemon1711 mauvais sujet1793 bad lot1835 badmash1843 rotter1879 wrong 'un1892 wrongo1937 a1275 Prov. Alfred 228 in Old Eng. Misc. 117 Gif þu hauist sorwe, ne say þu hit þin areȝe [v.r. arewe, erewe]. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † arghv. Forms: Old English argian, eargian, Middle English erȝian, Middle English arȝe(n, Middle English argh(e. Scottish1700s–1800s ergh. Etymology: < argh adj. Obsolete exc. dialect. 1. To be disheartened, timid, fearful, loath; to hesitate from timidity.‘Still in Scottish.’ ( N.E.D.) ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > timidity > be timorous [verb (intransitive)] > hesitate or hang back through timidity wondec897 arghc1175 scurnc1325 erch1584 to hang the winga1601 shirk1778 crane1823 c1175 Lamb. Hom. 13 Þet eower heorte erȝian swiðe and eower feond strongian. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 713 Þenne arȝed Abraham, & alle his mod chaunged. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy v. 1976 Antenor arghet with austerne wordes. 1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd iii. iii. 44 Dear Jenny, I wad speak t'ye..and yet I ergh. †2. impersonal, me arghes: I am afraid. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > expression of fear [phrase] > I am afraid me arghesc1340 I fear me1530 c1340 Alex. (Stevenson) 19 Me arȝes of my selfe, I am alle in aunter. †3. transitive. To daunt, frighten. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > quality of being intimidating > intimidate or bully [verb (transitive)] awec1225 bashc1375 palla1393 argh1393 formengea1400 matea1400 boasta1522 quail1526 brag1551 appale1563 browbeat1581 adaw1590 overdare1590 dastard1593 strike1598 disdare1612 cowa1616 dare1619 daw1631 bounce1640 dastardize1645 intimidate1646 hector1664 out-hector1672 huff1674 bully1685 harass1788 bullyraga1790 major1829 haze1851 bullock1875 to push (someone) around1900 to put the frighteners in, on1958 psych1963 vibe1979 1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. iv. 237 Ac þow þy-self..Hast arwed meny hardy men · that hadden wil to fyghte. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 572 In þe anger of his ire þat arȝed monye. c1400 Sir Perc. 69 That arghede alle that ther ware, Bothe the lesse and the mare. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online September 2021). arghint. Brit. /ɑː/, /ɑːx/, U.S. /ɑr(ɡ)/, /ɑ/ Forms: 1800s– agh, 1900s– argh. Forms with one or more of the letters occurring two or more times are also attested. Origin: An imitative or expressive formation. Etymology: Imitative of a prolonged cry or groan. Compare ah int., ach int., ooh int. Expressing pain or fright; (also) expressing anguish, disappointment, or frustration. ΚΠ 1800 M. Edgeworth Castle Rackrent Gloss. p. xix When they [sc. the bearers at a funeral] come near any houses, they begin to cry—Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! Oh! Agh! Agh! 1919 G. B. Shaw Great Catherine iv. 154 Agh! Ooh! Stop! Oh Lord! 1948 Wanted by Police May (front cover) Aaagh! 1976 Beano 12/2 Aarghh! A monster—throw it back! 1986 J.M. Dillard Demons x. 181 Argh. What a hangover. 1992 Smithsonian Jan. 42/2 (caption) Aghhh! A Sante Fe chilehead tries to will his right hand to reach for habanero remedy—tortillas and salt. 1996 H. Fielding Bridget Jones's Diary (1997) 148 Aargh aargh. Have reached the age when men of my own age no longer find their contemporaries attractive. 2003 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 13 Apr. iii. 1/1 Aaargh, seven bogeys and three double bogeys. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < adj.c885v.c1175int.1800
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