externaladj.n.
/ᵻkˈstəːnl/, /ɛkˈstəːnl/, U.S. /ɪkˈstərn(ə)l/, /ɛkˈstərn(ə)l/ A. adj. (Opposed to internal.)
1.
a. Situated or lying outside; pertaining to, or connected with, the outside or outer portion of anything. external angle: one made by producing outwardly a side of a figure. external contact: (see quot. 1867).
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > [adjective]
outwardeOE
outwithc1225
outa1300
outermorea1425
withoutforthc1503
exterial1528
outforth?1541
butc1570
exterior1570
extrinsical1594
extrinsic1613
externala1616
outside1634
exoteric1662
extern1666
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) v. vii. 3 Her vertues graced with externall gifts. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) v. ii. 340 If they had swallow'd poyson, 'twould appeare By externall swelling. View more context for this quotation
1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated i. vii. 163 Externall I call those parts which are without the Spheare it selfe.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) External angles.
1796 C. Hutton Math. & Philos. Dict. at Angle The external angle of a triangle is equal to both the internal opposite ones taken together.
1834 H. McMurtrie tr. G. Cuvier Animal Kingdom (abridged ed.) 227 Having those organs free on the external edge.
1840 D. Lardner Treat. Geom. 83 All the external angles of the polygon must also be equal to four right angles.
1842 E. Wilson Anatomist's Vade Mecum (ed. 2) 335 The External or Cellular coat is dense and resisting.
1861 R. Bentley Man. Bot. i. i. 50 External Glands..may be..divided into stalked..or not stalked.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. External contact, in a transit of Mercury or Venus over the sun's disc, this expression means the first touch of the planet's and sun's edges, before any part of the former is projected on the disc of the luminary.
b. Anatomy. Of veins, nerves, etc.: Lying towards the outer surface of the body. external auditory meatus n. [Latin m. auditorius] the external passage of the ear, from the surface to the eardrum.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > sense organ > hearing organ > parts of hearing organ > [noun] > canals
burr1573
meatus1615
scala1712
Fallopian canal1877
external auditory meatus1893
porion1916
auditory meatus1920
1828 R. Knox tr. H. Cloquet Syst. Human Anat. 485 External descending branches [Fr. branches descendantes externes]..are four or five in number..furnishing to the same parts an equal quantity of twigs.
1842 E. Wilson Anatomist's Vade Mecum (ed. 2) 342 The External Jugular Vein.
1842 E. Wilson Anatomist's Vade Mecum (ed. 2) 418 The External Cutaneous Nerve.
1876 T. Bryant Pract. Surg. (ed. 2) I. ix. 378 The external meatus.
1893 H. Morris Treat. Human Anat. 37 A ridge of bone, the supra-mastoid crest, runs immediately above the external auditory meatus.
c. Of remedies, treatment, etc.: Outward, applied to the exterior of the body.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [adjective] > external
outward?a1505
external1706
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) External Digestives are such as ripen a Swelling or breed good and laudable Matter in a Wound, and prepare it for Mundification or cleansing.
1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 2 300 He recommends external warmth..but not internal stimulants.
1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 87 This man hath cured me by an external process.
1851 W. B. Carpenter Man. Physiol. 72 The application of external heat.
2. Pertaining to the outward or bodily form as opposed to the inner nature or spirit; outwardly visible or perceptible; consisting in outward acts or appearances.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > appearance or aspect > [adjective] > mere outward appearance
utter?c1225
outwarda1382
superficial1531
external1564
formala1586
surface1828
apparitional1899
1564 Briefe Exam. C ij The externall partes of the sacramentes.
1564 Forme of Prayers Eng. Chuch Geneua sig. Dxv The external face of the same is polluted.
1647 H. More Philos. Poems ii. i. iii. xxviii They..Appear in thickned Aire with shape externall.
1676 E. Stillingfleet Def. Disc. Idolatry i. ii. 281 A man that commits only the external act of Idolatry, is as guilty as [etc.].
1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. i. 156 The external Worship of God.
1779 S. Johnson Milton in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets II. 140 Religion..will glide..out of the mind, unless it be invigorated..by external ordinances, by stated calls to worship.
1872 J. Morley Voltaire iii. 113 The external qualities of this striking style.
3. † b. Situated in or belonging to foreign countries; foreign. Obsolete.
a. Situated outside, not included within the limits of, the object under consideration. Const. to.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > extrinsicality or externality > [adjective] > situated or concerned with what is outside
exteriora1538
extrinsical1578
extern1598
externala1616
extrinsic1666
extroitivea1834
exogenous1854
a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. i. 572 Maids..hauing no externall thing to loose, But the word Maid. View more context for this quotation
1801 Med. Jrnl. 21 84 The external air.
1865 W. E. H. Lecky Hist. Rationalism (1878) I. 359 All who were external to Christianity were doomed to eternal damnation.
1885 C. Leudesdorf tr. L. Cremona Elements Projective Geom. 209 F and G are both external to the conic.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > [adjective] > foreign (of country or place) or situated abroad
althedyOE
strange1297
foreigna1393
outward1427
extern1543
abroad1559
external1587
stranger1593
tramontane1596
oversea1645
transmontane1727
trans-oceanic1827
overseas1892
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > [adjective] > foreign (of country or place) or situated abroad > of or relating to a foreign land
un-i-cundeeOE
althedisheOE
althedyOE
elelendisha1000
fremda1000
outlandishOE
strange1297
outenc1300
unkindc1300
outlandsc1330
foreign?1435
outland1488
peregrine1532
uncouth1533
forinsecal1539
exterior1540
extern1543
unnative1568
uplandish1586
external1587
tramontane1596
exotical1601
estranged1614
undenizened1635
extra-marine1639
outlanding1643
ultramarine1656
transmontane1727
forinsec service1728
foreigneering1806
trans-oceanic1827
vilayati1843
alienized1860
oversea1881
overwater1889
overseas1892
furrin1895
non-native1932
1587 R. Holinshed et al. Hist. Scotl. (new ed.) 257/1 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) II Singular prowesse shewed by him (in externall battell).
1599 Life Sir T. More in C. Wordsworth Eccl. Biog. (1853) II. 96 His external friends were these: Budæus a learned Frenchman, etc.
c. metaphor. Belonging or pertaining to the world of things or phenomena, considered as outside of the perceiving mind. external world n. the totality of objects existing outside the conscious subject; the objective world; the ‘non-ego’.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > extrinsicality or externality > objectivity > [adjective]
utterc900
outerc1380
objectual1606
objective1648
selfless1651
external1667
non-egoistical1842
transgredient1904
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [adjective] > of or relating to entities or existence of entities > of types of existence
supposital1656
external1667
objective1744
ejective1883
out there1965
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 103 All external things, Which the five..Senses represent. View more context for this quotation
1762 Ld. Kames Elements Crit. I. Introd. 1 Nothing external is perceived till it first makes an impression.
1779 S. Johnson Milton in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets II. 28 The knowledge of external nature..is not..the business of the human mind.
1884 B. Bosanquet et al. tr. H. Lotze Metaphysic 445 Our mental life is aroused anew at every moment by sensations which the external world excites.
4. Arising or acting from without, originating from something outside. external evidence n. evidence derived from circumstances or considerations outside or independent of the thing discussed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > extrinsicality or externality > [adjective] > coming or operating from outside or extraneous
strangec1386
alienate1533
extern1533
unnative1568
extrinsical1578
implanted1595
adventitious1603
intervenient1605
acquired1609
extrinsic1613
foreign1621
extraneous1638
adnate1642
acquisititiousa1652
external1651
adventual1656
forinsecal1658
adventine1755
extranate1856
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxix. 167 Not by externall violence, but intestine disorder.
1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 233 These Shells..being..exposed..to many other external Accidents, are..worn, fretted, and broken to pieces.
1747 J. Wesley Primitive Physick p. iv Without the Aid of External Violence.
1812 J. Playfair Outl. Nat. Philos. I. 40 The motion of a body..must be ascribed to the action of an external cause or force.
1814 T. Chalmers Evid. Christian Revel. advt. 5 The external testimony of Christianity..leaves infidelity without excuse.
1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. v. 171 The idea that the punishment of sin is solely some external evil brought upon us.
1868 W. E. Gladstone Juventus Mundi (1870) i. 20 The external evidence to a contrary effect..is considerable.
5.
a. Connected with, or having reference to, what is outside; having an outside object or sphere of operation. external perception: the perception of external objects, as opposed to internal perception, the perception of what takes place within the mind. So external senses.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > [noun] > action of perceiving
apperceivingc1386
perceiverancea1500
perceivance1534
embracement1599
apprehension1600
intuition1628
perception1762
apperception1848
external perceptiona1856
cognizing1862
perceptualization1936
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > [adjective] > situated, originating, or operating outside
outside1826
external1894
a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) II. xxii. 43 As this [sc. the Acquisitive] faculty is again subdivided into two, according as it is conversant either about the phænomena of matter, or about the phænomena of mind, the non-ego, or the ego, I gave precedence to the former of these,—the faculty known under the name of External Perception.
1894 N.E.D. at External Mod. It is necessary to consider the subject in its external relations. The external affairs of the society were managed by the secretary.
b. Philosophy. external relation: a connection existing between one thing and another which is not intrinsic to the identity of the first thing (cf. internal relation n. at internal adj. and n. Compounds).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun] > external or internal relation
external relation1615
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > [noun] > internal or external relation
external relation1615
internal relation1883
1615 W. Ames Second Manduction for Mr. Robinson 18 I had thought that the substance & essence of a thing had consisted in matter & forme, & not in such externall relations.
1725 I. Watts Logick i. vi. 196 We must..observe it in those various external Relations in which it stands to other Beings.
1794 P. Will tr. A. Knigge Pract. Philos. Social Life (1799) I. iii. 138 The disposition of our mind depends upon our temper as well as on our health, and on internal and external relations.
1893 F. H. Bradley Appearance & Reality iv. 40 This solid unit, existing only by virtue of external relations, is forced to expand.
1975 Hargreaves & White tr. Wittgenstein Philos. Remarks iii. 63 The essential difference between the picture conception and the conception of Russell, Ogden and Richards, is that it regards recognition as seeing an internal relation, whereas in their view this is an external relation.
1991 Mind 100 41 This thesis that propositions are independent of our consciousness of them, and thus that thought is just an external relation between a thinker and a proposition, already implies a rejection of the omnipresent internal relations characteristic of Bradley's monist metaphysics.
c. spec. Having reference to dealings with foreign countries.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > [adjective] > relating to affairs of state > branch of
internal1558
intern1640
external1770
1770 E. Burke Thoughts Present Discontents 43 The persons now in the external Administration.
1891 Law Rep.: Weekly Notes 18 July 138/2 The external debt of the Republic of Chili.
6. In education, of a student: that does not attend a university but takes its examinations; of an examiner: that tests students of a college, school, etc., of which he is not himself a member; hence of such an examination or the degree so obtained.
ΚΠ
1888 Cal. Univ. Coll., Bristol, 1888–9 21 An Honour Certificate shall be granted, after examination by an External Examiner, in conjunction with the Professor or Lecturer of the subject.
1898 Daily News 20 July 6/3 Sir A. Rollit also tried to get rid of the words ‘Each certificate and diploma shall state whether the candidate has passed as an internal or as an external student’.
1900 Univ. Birmingham Cal. 1900–1 65 The Examiners of the University shall be the Professors of the University with such Lecturers of the University as the Council from time to time appoint and such External Examiners not being Professors Lecturers or Teachers in the University as may be from time to time appointed by the Council.
1912 University of London Regs. for External Students 23 An External B.A. Pass Examination... The External Final Examination.
1959 Listener 19 Mar. 515/1 What is the real effectiveness of the device of ‘external’ marking of papers?
B. n.
1. singular. The outside; the exterior.
ΚΠ
1792 Sequel Adventures Munchausen ii. 48 The external of the chariot was adorned with banners.
1814 R. Southey Roderick x. 202 Deformity and hollowness beneath The rich external.
2. That which is external. In plural.
a. Outward features or aspect; bodily qualifications; outward ceremonies or observances.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > [noun] > the outside or exterior > outer or exterior part(s) > outward parts, appearance, or trappings
exterior1591
extern1609
external1641
externality1839
1641 Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia sig. A3 A time in which, as for her externalls she was full blowne.
1662 J. Gauden in R. Hooker Wks. Ep. Ded. sig. A4 The externals of decent Forms.
1663 R. South Serm. preached Nov. 9, 1662 32 Adam was..glorious in his externals; he had a beautiful body.
1751 J. Jortin Serm. (1771) I. i. 15 The Externals of religion.
a1764 R. Lloyd Puff in Wks. (1774) I. 171 Externals have the gift of striking, And lure the fancy into liking.
1853 J. B. Marsden Hist. Early Puritans (ed. 2) 24 An agreement in externals ought to prevail amongst all the reformed.
1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. xiv. 793 He [Condillac] found it utterly impossible to escape from those tendencies towards the external which governed his own age.
1868 M. E. Grant Duff Polit. Surv. 188 The system has all the externals and much of the reality of constitutional government.
b. Things lying outside or distinct from a person or object; external or outward circumstances or conditions; also, non-essentials.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > extrinsicality or externality > [noun] > non-essentialness > non-essentials or external features
outwards1628
circumstantial1647
external1652
1652 J. Gaule Πυς-μαντια 80 Why should the Planets have such influences upon externalls, and accidentalls; that had none upon the intervalls, and essentialls?
1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 431 Fractures..are divisions of bones, caused by externals violently forced on them.
1676 M. Hale Contempl. Moral & Divine i. 280 Such a state of externals as might be suitable to the exigence and nature of my condition in this life.
1734 A. Pope Ess. Man: Epist. IV 64 God in Externals could not place Content.
1883 Athenæum 10 Feb. 178/3 The concluding remarks on..the subordination of externals to essentials.
Draft additions 1993
Computing. Of memory or a storage device: not contained in the central processing unit; also applied more generally to any peripheral component of a computing system.
ΘΚΠ
society > computing and information technology > hardware > secondary storage > [adjective]
external1945
society > computing and information technology > hardware > peripherals > [adjective]
peripheral1954
off-board1979
external1984
1945 J. P. Eckert et al. Descr. ENIAC (PB 86242) (Moore School of Electr. Engin., Univ. Pennsylvania) iii. 1 The memory elements of the machine may be divided into two groups—the ‘internal memory’ and the ‘external memory’... The external memory exists outside of the machine.
1953 Proc. IRE 41 1264/2 The random-access property also makes it easier to operate input, output, and external storage devices out of synchronism with the central computer.
1969 IEEE Trans. Audio & Electroacoustics June 128/1 Occasionally, arrays of data to be fast Fourier transformed..are too large to fit in internal computer memory, and must be kept on an external storage device.
1984 Which Micro? Dec. 35 (advt.) Computers..plus 5 external hard disk drives.
1990 Computer Buyer's Guide & Handbk. 8 iii. 56/3 External floppy disk interface; sound port for external audio amplifier.
Draft additions 1993
Economics. external economy, an economy of scale (see economy n. Phrases 2) in which external factors lead to the reduction of costs to individual companies. By contrast, external diseconomy.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > types of economic system
free market1642
peasant economy1883
agriculturism1885
money economy1888
price system1889
external economy1890
peace economy1905
war economy1919
planned economy1924
market economy1929
circular economy1932
managed economy1932
mixed economy1936
market socialism1939
plural economy1939
market capitalism1949
external diseconomy1952
siege economy1962
knowledge economy1967
linear economy1968
EMU1969
wage economy1971
grey economy1977
EMS1978
enterprise culture1979
new economy1981
tiger1981
share economy1983
gig economy2009
1890 A. Marshall Princ. Econ. I. iv. xiii. 375 Looking more closely at the economies arising from an increase in the scale of production of any kind of goods, we found that they fell into two classes—those dependent on the general development of the industry and those dependent on the resources of the individual houses of business engaged in it and the efficiency of their management; or, as we may say, into external and internal economies.
1912 A. C. Pigou Wealth & Welfare ii. viii. 177 Provided that certain external economies are common to all the suppliers jointly, the presence of increasing returns in respect of all together is compatible with the presence of diminishing returns in respect of the special work of each severally.
1924 Econ. Jrnl. 34 24 I cannot..bring myself to believe that..the phenomenon of decreasing cost can be explained entirely in terms of external economies.
1952 W. J. Baumol Welfare Econ. iii. 33 An example of an external diseconomy of scale is provided by the case of the fishing industry in an area where fish are relatively scarce. Here an increase in the scale of operations of any firm will increase the scarcity of fish in the sea and hence the costs of the remaining firms.
1981 D. W. Pearce Macmillan Dict. Mod. Econ. 149/1 An external diseconomy is where the externality-generating activity lowers the production or utility of the externally-affected party.
Draft additions June 2008
external combustion n. Engineering (in an engine) combustion of the fuel outside the chamber where the force is developed and motion produced (as in a steam engine or a turbine); usually attributive; cf. internal combustion n. 2.
ΚΠ
1824 R. Phillips Four Dialogues 176 The atomic motion, transferred by the fixation of the gases in the process of the external combustion, passes through the substance of the vessel containing the water.
1890 J. H. Cotterill Steam Engine (ed. 2) iv. 104 An engine of this class was proposed by Dr. Joule, as an external combustion engine.
1922 Gas Manuf., Distribution & Use (Brit. Commerc. Gas Assoc.) ii. 95/1 The fact that a gas engine works through the explosion of a mixture of gas and air inside the cylinder of the engine led to the adoption of the term ‘internal combustion engine’ in contradistinction with the steam engine, which is driven by ‘external combustion’—the steam being produced in a separate boiler.
2007 Appl. Thermal Engin. 27 802/1 The Stirling engine is an external combustion reciprocating engine developed by Robert Stirling in 1816.
Draft additions March 2015
external ear n. [after post-classical Latin auris externa (1600 or earlier); compare French oreille externe (1612 or earlier)] the skin-covered cartilaginous flap (pinna or auricle) that is the visible part of the ear in humans and most other mammals; (also) the pinna together with the ear canal (external auditory meatus).
ΚΠ
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 577/1 (caption) Figure 1. sheweth the whole externall eare, with a part of the Temple bone.
1771 T. Pennant Synopsis Quadrupeds 276 Earless [Marmot]... M[armot] without external ears, having only a small orifice on each side the head.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps 225 These aërial waves enter the external ear, meet..the so-called tympanic membrane.
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. I. 370/2 Darwinian tubercle.., eminence on edge of helix of external ear, believed to correspond with end of pointed ear of apes.
2000 Herbs for Health May 64/1 Otitis externa , external ear infection, is one of the most common problems veterinarians see in their practices today.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.n.1564- life peeress
- life phase
- life plan
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- life raft
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