> as lemmas

1890 A. Marshall Princ. Econ. I. iv. xiii. 375 Looking more closely at the economies arising from an increase in the scale of production of any kind of goods, we found that they fell into two classes—those dependent on the general development of the industry and those dependent on the resources of the individual houses of business engaged in it and the efficiency of their management; or, as we may say, into external and internal economies.

1912 A. C. Pigou Wealth & Welfare ii. viii. 177 Provided that certain external economies are common to all the suppliers jointly, the presence of increasing returns in respect of all together is compatible with the presence of diminishing returns in respect of the special work of each severally.

1924 Econ. Jrnl. 34 24 I cannot..bring myself to believe that..the phenomenon of decreasing cost can be explained entirely in terms of external economies.

1952 W. J. Baumol Welfare Econ. iii. 33 An example of an external diseconomy of scale is provided by the case of the fishing industry in an area where fish are relatively scarce. Here an increase in the scale of operations of any firm will increase the scarcity of fish in the sea and hence the costs of the remaining firms.

1981 D. W. Pearce Macmillan Dict. Mod. Econ. 149/1 An external diseconomy is where the externality-generating activity lowers the production or utility of the externally-affected party.