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† fastenn.Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Middle Dutch vastene religious fasting, period of fasting, Lent (Dutch vasten ), Old Saxon fastunn fasting (Middle Low German vastene ), and probably also Gothic fastubni observance, fasting < the Germanic base of fast v.2 + the Germanic base of a suffix forming nouns (see below). Compare later fast n.1, and also later Fastern's Een n., Fastern's Eve n., Fastens Tuesday n.Formations in Germanic languages. The word perhaps shows the reflex of *-mn- in the original suffix (an ablaut variant (zero grade) < the same Indo-European base as classical Latin -men (see -ment suffix)), developed differently in West Germanic and Gothic. In Old English a strong neuter, as in Gothic. Compare also (reflecting later formations from the cognates of fast v.2 in the respective languages) West Frisian fēsten , Middle Dutch vasten (Dutch vasten ), Old High German fastēn (Middle High German vasten , German Fasten ). Semantic history. In early use in religious contexts frequently translating Christian uses of classical Latin iēiūnium fast, fasting. In Old English fasten n. is frequently (but by no means exclusively) attested in the context of Lent, and occurs in genitive phrases that denote the first day of Lent; compare hēafod fæstenes , translating post-classical Latin caput ieiunii , literally ‘head of the fast’, with reference to Ash Wednesday as the beginning of Lent (compare quot. OE2 at sense 2) and similar use of anginn fæstenes in this context (compare angin n.). Compare also use in later compounds Fastern's Een n., Fastern's Eve n., and Fastens Tuesday n., denoting the day preceding the first day of Lent. Compare similarly fast n.1 and its compounds Fastingong n. and Fastgong n. Forms history. With the β. forms compare the β. forms at western n.1 and the β. forms at Lenten n. and adj. and see discussion at those entries. The β. forms are continued by forms of Fastern's Een n. and Fastern's Eve n. With the probable transmission error Old English fæste at α. forms compare discussion at fast n.1 Obsolete except in compounds; see Fastern's Een n., Fastern's Eve n., and Fastens Tuesday n.the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > fasting > [noun] OE (Corpus Cambr.) xvii. 21 Soþlice þis cynn ne byþ utadryfen buton þurh gebed and fæsten [L. per orationem et ieiunium]. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 37 (MED) Ne lipnie ȝe no al to eower festene ȝif ȝe maȝen eni oðer god don. a1425 (a1325) (Galba) l. 28627 Ogains pride praier may rise, Fastin for flesli couatyse. society > faith > worship > liturgical year > fast > [noun] OE Homily: Larspel & Scriftboc (Corpus Cambr. 421) in A. S. Napier (1883) 244 Þy dæge blissiað þa, ðe sunnandæges freols heoldan and heora lencten wel gefæsten..and freols and fæsten wel geheoldan. OE (Tiber.) (1993) xxxiv. 67 A capite ieiunii, quarta et sexta feria processionem custodiant : fram heafde fæstenes on þam feorþan & þam syxtan weorcdæge embegang hi healdan. lOE (Rochester) xiv. 13 Gif mon his heowum in fæsten flæsc gefe, frigne ge þeowne halsfange alyse. c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine (1993) 143 On twelf monþe beoð þreo hundred daȝæ and fif and sixtiȝ daȝe and six tidæ, and þisses festenes is twea and feowwertiȝ [perhaps read feowertiȝ] daȝene. Compoundssociety > faith > worship > liturgical year > fast > [noun] > period of OE Wulfstan (Corpus Cambr. 201) 134 Nagan læwede men freolstidum ne fæstentidum þurh hæmedþingc wifes gemanan, þe ma þe heahhades menn þæt þing agon ænigum timan. lOE (Harl.) ii. xlvi. §1. 344 Yfel byð, þæt man fæstentide [OE Nero rihtfæstentide] ær mæle ete. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 29071 Yee hele yur aun fastintide. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 29083 Þai held noght fastin time. C2. society > faith > worship > liturgical year > fast > [noun] > period of > day eOE (Kentish) Charter: Oswulf & Beornðryð to Christ Church, Canterbury (Sawyer 1188) in F. E. Harmer (1914) 2 Gif hit ðonne festendæg sie, selle mon uuęge cæsa. ?c1225 (?a1200) (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 236 Ich hit dude ilenten ifesten daȝes inhalidaȝes. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 28464 Bath lenten tide and fasten day Oft haue i broken gain my lay. 1536 in C. Innes (1856) II. 318 The said George sall werk all festual ewinnis that beis fastryn dais quhill four houris efter none. 1608 H. Clapham 18 I thinke my wife will become one [sc. a nun] ere long, she is giuen so to obserue fasten-daies. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021). fastenv. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian festnia to attach, Old Saxon fastnon to fasten, to strengthen, Middle Dutch vestenen to affirm (rare; Dutch †vestenen ), Middle Low German vestenen to attach, to affix, to confirm, to state, Old High German festinōn to affirm, to confirm, to state, to join, to attach, to strengthen, to protect, to fortify, to prove, to testify (Middle High German vestenen , German festnen ), Old Icelandic fastna to pledge, Old Swedish, Swedish fastna to attach, to make or become firm or solid, to get stuck or bound, Old Danish fastne to get stuck or affixed (Danish fastne , fæstne ) < the Germanic base of fast adj. + the Germanic base of -en suffix5.Prefixed forms. In Old English the prefixed form gefæstnian (early Middle English ȝefestnie ; compare y- prefix) is attested significantly more frequently than the unprefixed verb in the senses ‘to fix, to establish, to attach, to fetter, to strengthen, to confirm, to make secure, to fortify’; some prefixed past participle forms covered at this entry may therefore represent the prefixed rather than the unprefixed verb (see notes at individual senses). Compare also afæstnian to fix, to establish, to attach, to strengthen, to confirm, to make secure, to fortify (compare a- prefix1), befæstnian to fix, to pledge (compare be- prefix), onfæstnian to pierce (compare on- prefix), (Northumbrian) þurhfæstnia , an element-by-element gloss of Latin transfigere to pierce through (compare through- prefix), unfæstnian to detach (compare un- prefix2 and unfasten v.), and also fullfæstnian to confirm (compare full adv.), rōdfæstnian to crucify (compare rood n.). †I. Senses relating to strengthening or hardening. 1. the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > attest, bear witness [verb (transitive)] > support, corroborate the mind > language > statement > ratification or confirmation > confirm or ratify [verb (transitive)] > an agreement eOE (Kentish) Will of Abba (Sawyer 1482) in N. P. Brooks & S. E. Kelly (2013) 664 Ic Abba geroefa ðis write & festnie mid Kristes rodetacne. OE (1942) 35 We willað wið þam golde grið fæstnian. ?c1225 (?a1200) (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 52 Ichabbe ifestned foreward seið Iob mid min echnen. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1978) l. 14502 Ȝif hit þi wille weore..þas spechen uæstnien. a1382 (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Jer. xxxv. 16 Fastneden therfore the sonus of Jonadab [L. Firmauerunt igitur filii Ionadab], sone of Recab, the heste of ther fader. a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun (Nero) vi. l. 1040 In to þat plasse Qwhar festynnyt al þe connandis wes. 1553 tr. Erasmus Epist. Perswade Young Ientleman Mariage in T. Wilson i. f. 22v Matrimonie whiche the creatour of all thynges did institute, did fasten, and make holie. the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > stability, fixity > make stable, establish [verb (transitive)] OE 20 Forþon scyle ascian..deophydig mon, dygelra gesceafta, bewriten [probably read bewritan] in gewitte wordhordes cræft, fæstnian ferðsefan, þencan forð teala. OE tr. Defensor (1969) lvi. 335 Benedictio patris firmat domum filiorum. Maledictio autem matris eradicat firmamentum : bletsung fæder fæstnað hus bearna curs soðlice moder awyrtwalað trymmincge. c1225 (?c1200) (Royal) (1981) l. 917 Forto festnin ham in treowe bileaue. 1340 (1866) 107 Zuo yuestned ine þe loue and adrayngt in þe zuetnesse of god. a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) xcii. 2 in C. Horstmann (1896) II. 227 He festned werld ofe erthe al. a1569 A. Kingsmill (1577) sig. F.iiiiv The faithful are fastened & confirmed therin most vnfainedly. 1610 J. Healey tr. J. L. Vives in tr. St. Augustine ix. xxii. 358 Which cogitation fastneth them so firme in Vnion with God, that his beatitude sufficeth..to make them eternally blessed. 2. society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fortify [verb (transitive)] OE tr. (1995) §28. 242 We þa niht on þære wicstowe gesundlice wicodon, & ic hæfde [hie] mid fæstene gefæstnad þæt us nowþer ne deor ne oðer earfeðo sceððan meahten. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1978) l. 14531 He..þa walles fastnede wunder ane stronge. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 109 Kyng Edward þe Eldere fastened a castel at Mamcestre in Norþhumberlond. the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > strengthening > make strong [verb (transitive)] the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [verb (transitive)] > make firm the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by good growth > flourish [verb (transitive)] > strengthen a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. v. 1274 Druye matiere..is nought so wel disposed to be yfastened and harded as matiere þat is moyste. a1500 (?a1425) tr. (Lamb.) 68 Mete and drynke þat he was costomed to [be] byfore norisshed by, & þat has festnyd his substance. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach ii. f. 105 The force of the ayre in Winter dooth fasten and make sounde the trees. 1608 Bp. J. Hall i. 46 Extremity doth but fasten him, whiles he like a well-wrought vault lies the stronger by how much more weight hee beares. 1776 J. Kennedy i. 27 Fasten the ground round the plant that remains, with your foot. the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > be thick enough to retain form [verb (intransitive)] > become stiff in consistency > set a1425 (a1399) Forme of Cury (BL Add.) 86 in C. B. Hieatt & S. Butler (1985) 86 Take þe wose of comfery & put it in þe pot to þe flessh, & it shal fasten anon. 1660 7 How is it probable..that any Government..can ever subsist and fasten, without an exorbitant and all-devouring power..to uphold..it. 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti I. 36 b Buildings..are taken with the Frost..before ever they have fasten'd. 1777 R. Morton Diary 9 Oct. in (1877) 1 17 Many in Jersey were apprehensive that the British would take possession of this city as soon as the river was fastened by the ice. 1784 E. Drinker 9 Jan. (1889) 151 Ye River fastened last night—H. D. walked over it. 1820 D. Buchan in J. P. Howley 122 The frost had been very severe for three days which fastened the river above. 1929 M. Samuel tr. S. Levin vii. 118 Once the river was ‘fastened’ it remained that way until the coming of spring. II. Senses relating to making fixed, secure, or immobile. 4. the world > movement > absence of movement > render immobile [verb (transitive)] eOE (Mercian) (1965) xlviii.1 Infixus sum in limum profundi : gefestnad ic eam in lam grundes. OE (1932) 49 Hie þam halgan þær handa gebundon ond fæstnodon. a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) lxviii. 2 in C. Horstmann (1896) II. 199 I am festened in slime depe. c1425 (1923) 38 (MED) Ther was..one grete schippe..so smyt And festnyd yn the derke sandys. 1632 W. Lithgow v. 223 Such..deep carouses of wine that both hee and I were almost fastned in the last plunge of understanding. 1841 C. H. Hartshorne Gloss. 419 The dog fastened him by the leg. 1888 C. C. Jones xxxvi. 91 An eh tell um fuh gard de well, an fastne ebrybody wuh come day fuh tief water. 1983 9 Dec. 12/5 Boy you see how you fasten the bus you have to take it out. 2019 2 July b6 Instead of helping, he tried to rape her while her leg was still fastened in the bridge. the world > movement > absence of movement > [verb (intransitive)] > cease to move or become motionless > be arrested or intercepted in progress 1744 E. Young 21 We leap at Stars, and fasten in the Mud. 1853 E. K. Kane x. 71 We fastened in the ice. 1888 C. C. Jones xi. 23 Wen eh der eat dem crab, one er de claw fastne in him rotten teet. 1924 M. W. Beckwith 24 Anansi open his right han' an' box de 'tump. His right han' fasten. 1983 9 Dec. 12/5 The bus fastened in mud in the canefield. 2012 @RichieDrenz 5 Jan. in twitter.com (accessed 21 Oct. 2020) Thiefin cat a tief out the milk and him head fasten U think him can get out back by himself? 5. the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > fasten [verb (transitive)] the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > condition of being fast bound or firmly fixed > make fast [verb (transitive)] OE tr. Vitas Patrum in B. Assmann (1889) 199 Þa men, þa þe beoð winnende in sciplicum gewinne.., hig teoð þa gereðru and hig fæstniað þone stepe þurh þa þilinge. ?a1200 (?OE) (1896) 21 Þa grindi[n]gteþ, þe alc mid feower wyrt[r]ume ȝefæstned byð. a1400 (a1325) (Gött.) l. 8223 Bot þat þa wandis þan had rote, þat festind ware in erde sua fast. c1475 (?c1400) (1842) 86 Festining it wiþ irne þat it fal not. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens ii. lxxxv. 264 Axen of Rosemarie burnte, doth fasten loose teeth. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius 24 A great Cross, fasten'd in a great piece of timber. 1680 J. Moxon I. xiii. 232 Pitch the other sides to be Turned Flat carefully against the Hole..fastning them with Wax. 1745 tr. L. J. M. Columella Bk. Trees iii, in tr. L. J. M. Columella 575 Fasten the sprig straight into earth that has been well pastinated and dunged. ?a1822 P. B. Shelley Boat on Serchio in (1891) 586/2 Sit at the helm—fasten this sheet. 1855 17 Feb. 55/2 The cork is tied down, fastened with wire..and deposited in a cellar. 1967 19 Jan. 90/2 Stuffing the keyhole with cotton-wool, which she then fastened with adhesive tape so that Rodney could not poke it out with a knitting-needle. 2004 Summer 35 If you loathe flyaways, slick your hair with wax before fastening it. the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > condition of being fast bound or firmly fixed > make fast [verb (transitive)] > fasten or fix > in immaterial sense OE Wærferð tr. Gregory (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iv. xiv. 280 Nu git wunaþ þæt gemynd in þam mynstre, & hit is þær þus gefæstnod. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 2441 Icc hafe fesstnedd i min þohht. To libbenn i clænnesse. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xiii. l. 9 Freres wollen..fastne þe in here fraternite. a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in (1557) 45/1 Suche euyll oppinyon once fastened in mennes heartes. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) ii. iii. 15 He..Fasten'd, and fix'd the shame on't in himselfe. View more context for this quotation 1683 in (1852) I. 74 Time will..fasten things as they are and should be. 1818 W. Cruise 481 When once a trust is sufficiently created, it will fasten itself upon the estate. 2013 E. N. Orr xxii. 190 He had fastened in his brain an image of her as she looked when he was very small. the mind > emotion > love > affection > [verb (intransitive)] > attach oneself society > inhabiting and dwelling > [verb (intransitive)] 1590 E. Spenser iii. ii. sig. Dd2 The Damzell well did vew his Personage, And liked well, ne further fastned not, But went her way. 1640 J. Fletcher & J. Shirley i. sig. B2 A very pretty Girle she was..But he was too wise to fasten. a1657 R. Loveday (1663) 258 We are here in London, where I think we shall fasten for most part of this ensuing Summer. 1742 E. Young 34 We..Spring from our Fetters; fasten in the Skies. 1659 [implied in: T. Ducket in Postscript Concerning fastning of colours in dying. (at fastening n. 2)]. 1742 W. Ellis June viii. 84 The Leaves of Woad dye Woollen of an olive Colour; but are much used to fasten in other Colours. 1854 T. Love i. 76 It is simply vitriol put in clean waters to harden or fasten the colours. 1988 I. A. Sealy 155 Justin tested a bolt of cloth fresh from the dyeing-tub and watched it go from white to blue before his eyes as the oxygen in the air fastened the dye. 2004 (Nexis) 28 Apr. 15 Fasten the colour with a dye fastener or fix. Use lots of salt to prevent the colours running. 6. the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > attachment > attach or affix [verb (transitive)] OE Ælfric (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xiv. 146 Þæt iudeisce folc nolde on Crist gelyfan, ðone ðe hi mid hospe on hengene fæstnodon. OE tr. Bede (Corpus Oxf.) iii. xiv. 204 Þæt fyr eode ondlang þara nægla þe seo studu mid gefæstnad wæs to þam wage. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 121 (MED) Mid irenen neilen he wes on þere rode ifestned. a1225 (c1200) (1888) 95 To hire bieð ifastned alle ðe raftres of ðe hali mihtes. c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) (1934) 44 Festne wið fulluht mi sawle to þe seoluen. 1484 (Electronic ed.) Parl. Jan. 1484 §26. m. 18 Diers..uppon the lystes of the same clothes festene and sowe greate risshes. 1552 Abp. J. Hamilton i. xv. f. 43 Samekil is the lufe of God and our nychbour fessinit & linkit togiddir. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. i. 85 My wife and I..Fastned our selues at eyther end the mast. View more context for this quotation 1696 in (1852) I. 497 Men that are fastned to the Country by visible estates. 1759 tr. M. Adanson 74 When they saw it [sc. my hair], really fastened to my head. 1813 J. Austen II. xv. 184 The chaise arrived, the trunks were fastened on. View more context for this quotation 1836 C. Dickens (1837) iv. 38 Fastened up behind the barouche was a hamper. 1849 G. P. R. James I. vii. 128 The visitor..proceeded to fasten his horse to a large iron hook. 1951 J. Neihardt (1991) vii. 45 We would fasten pieces of hard rawhide on our moccasins, then run and slide to see who could slide farthest. 1977 (Time Life Bks.) i. 19/3 Carpeting is usually fastened to the floor with double-faced tape rather than adhesive. 2003 May 22/3 Two Allen screws at the top of the belt loop securely fasten the holster to the gun belt. 1865 H. S. Gansevoort Let. 1 Mar. in J. C. Hoadley (1882) xiv. 193 The curb-chain should have strong snaps where it fastens to the curb-bit, instead of the weak hooks now in use. 1906 Jan. 938/1 A gasoline brazing torch which fastens to the wall in front of the work bench..may be made as follows. 1977 (National Wildlife Federation) 35 Look for reinforcing at all stress points in the bag, such as..where the bag fastens onto the frame. 1989 26 June 70/2 For $70, you get a gizmo that fastens to your fishing pole and provides invaluable digitized information. 2003 (Radio Control Models & Electronics) Dec. 98/4 The unit fastens in the frame with three, nylon, pan head screws. the world > movement > absence of movement > hold or holding > hold [verb (transitive)] > lay hold of or grasp c1225 (?c1200) (Royal) (1981) l. 544 O godd..ne mei nan uuel festnin. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) v. l. 3598 Ther was fyr ne venym non That scholde fastnen him upon. a1450 ( tr. Vegetius (Douce) (1988) 170 Þe whiche schot, and hit fastne in eny tymber or tree, hit tendith and brenneþ. a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in (1557) 56/2 No colour could fasten vpon these matters. 1647 N. Bacon 97 Yet could not that custome fasten upon the Saxons. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius 57 They break down the houses adjoyning..that it [sc. fire] may not fasten on other more solid structures. 1706 (new ed.) Palm of an Anchor, the Flook or broad part which fastens into the Ground. 1726 W. R. Chetwood 230 An English Mastiff..had the Impudence to fasten upon my Rival by the Arm. 1751 Jan. 27/2 The mouth being so formed as to touch the sides of the fish to which it fastens. 1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato (ed. 2) IV. 285 The sickness which prevails in the army has fastened upon him. 1889 7 No. 1 129 A double dart..which, when it fastens in the flesh of the salmon, detaches itself from the forked shaft to which it is securely tied. a1933 J. A. Thomson (1934) I. ix. 164 The hair-like Limnatis of the Nile, which is sometimes swallowed in drinking-water and fastens to the back of the mouth. 2004 C. Q. Yarbro 187 He pulled out the blade and prepared to stab again just as another wolf fastened on his arm. 8. a1375 (c1350) (1867) l. 1720 Sche..festened hire in þat fel wiþ ful gode þonges. 1602 T. Lodge tr. Josephus Hist. Antiq. Iewes vi. i, in tr. Josephus 127 They tooke and fastned him in his former place. 1660 S. Clarke (new ed.) 387 One Ellen Millington they put into an hole, fastning her in with stones. 1724 21 Nov. 1975/2 The Ropes that were to fasten him in the Cart. 1836 C. Dickens 2nd Ser. 99 An ingenious contrivance for displaying the full symmetry of a boy's figure, by fastening him into a very tight jacket, with an ornamental row of buttons over each shoulder, and then buttoning his trousers over it. 1952 A. White (1979) ii. x. 189 He kissed them [sc. her shoulders] when he had managed to fasten her into the dress. 1986 L. Erdrich (1989) iv. xiii. 294 Celestine bent over, fastened Sita in with a belt, and put the white leatherette purse in her lap. 2004 (Midwest ed.) 9 May i. 7/6 The moms fastened their babies back into the car seats. the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > providing with clothing > provide with clothing [verb (transitive)] > fasten a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. xcvi. 1246 He wolde fastene þe þonge [L. ligamentis] of þe schoon and wol arraye þe schone of here feet. 1582 A. Golding tr. sig. Dv The Prince..put vpon him the sayde mantle,..fastening the button thereof. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay ii. vii. 37 [They] fasten their sleeues aboue with silk ryband lace of diuers colours. 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus ii. 24 The corners of which mantle are..fastened about their shoulders. 1696 tr. J. Dumont 130 Breeches fasten'd with Buttons. 1727 D. Defoe iv. 30 No Chains can bind him, but the Chains fasten'd on him by Heaven. 1767 51 Skins..fastened about their necks by a thong. 1865 xxxiii. 234 Having fastened the envelope, [he] laid it down on the dressing table until he had finished dressing. 1892 Oct. 49/2 Edith listened, putting up her hair, tying her ribbons, fastening her dress, with many a thought. 1916 1 Apr. 224/3 ‘Come to think of it, ma'am,’ said the seedy gentleman, as he fastened his bag, ‘I wouldn't care to sell you any powder.’ 1958 T. Berger xii. 187 I noticed my top fly button was loose and I fastened it. 1995 G. Hall (1996) xix. 327 Please fasten your seatbelts and observe the no-smoking signs. 2014 F. Field xvii. 174 They got their body armour on and fastened the straps of their combat helmets. the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > close or shut [verb (transitive)] a1400 in K. W. Engeroff (1914) 82 (MED) Þilke cofre..shal be y-set in a more cofre, y-fastened wit twey lokes. 1749 H. Fielding III. viii. vi. 186 I will fasten the Door. View more context for this quotation 1797 A. Radcliffe II. i. 28 I have not caused this gate to be fastened. 1833 H. Martineau vi. 103 The lattice was not quite fastened. 1860 J. Tyndall i. xxvii. 216 The rooms were swept..the shutters fastened. 1952 T. Armstrong viii. 253 After fastening the door he stripped and then..started to wash himself. 1998 (Nexis) 18 July 7 The gates are fastened; the splendid clubhouse is boarded up. society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > confine [verb (transitive)] 1658 J. Durham 703 Satan shall be utterly fastned up in his prison for ever. 1699 G. Parker sig. B3 She seeked all possible means to fasten me into a Prison. a1764 R. Lloyd On Rhyme in (1774) II. 111 Colts..Clapt up and fasten'd in the pound. 1779 in (1782) i. 23 She, herself, had been fastened out of the dressing room by the said Mrs. Newton. 1868 J. C. Atkinson To fasten out, to turn the Moor-sheep to the moor for the season, excluding them for good from the enclosed land. 1908 J. S. Fletcher v. ii. 320 Was he..to be fastened up there like a rat in a trap for—how long? 2001 (Nexis) 1 Feb. 14 A warning to all..guinea pig owners. Please, please make sure that they are securely fastened up at night. the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > become closed or shut [verb (intransitive)] > admit of being closed with fastenings the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > fasten [verb (intransitive)] > admit of being fastened 1674 N. Cox ii. 94 Her [sc. a hawk's] Hood must be..raised and bossed against her Eyes, deep, and yet streight enough beneath, that it may the better fasten about her Head without hurting her. 1774 W. Hooper III. xlvii. 201 A cover that shuts by a hing, and fastens with a spring. 1830 W. Scott Old Mortality ii, in (new ed.) III. 48 The iron hasps [of the window]..fastened in the inside. 1850 F. E. Smedley iv. 32 The garment..fastening round the neck with a hook and eye. 1924 A. D. Sedgwick ii. viii. 161 A dark silk dress fastening at the breast with a great old clasp of wrought gold. 2015 (Nexis) 22 Aug. 29 Some women make life easier by buying a bra that fastens at the front. 2019 @lootcoza 6 May in twitter.com (accessed 27 Oct. 2020) Each door fastens with a different lock or latch. society > travel > travel by water > berthing, mooring, or anchoring > berth, moor, or anchor [verb (intransitive)] society > travel > travel by water > berthing, mooring, or anchoring > berth, moor, or anchor (a ship) [verb (transitive)] c1540 (?a1400) (2002) f. 45v Þai..ffestonit the flete. 1645 T. Shepard 176 The poore Sea-man when hee is neare dangerous shores, when he cannot goe downe to the depth of the Sea to fasten his ship. 1683 W. Hedges 20 May (1887) I. 89 Which made our Mangee or Steerman advise us to fasten our boat in some Creeke. 1700 S. L. tr. C. Frick Relation Voy. in tr. C. Frick & C. Schweitzer 207 As soon as we could come to fasten by her [sc. the Ship's] side. 1853 M. La Touche I. i. 11 The boat is fastened quite safely. I have had my last of it. It will be no rowing weather, I'm afraid, when I come here again. 1917 Oct. 133 She sprang lightly onto the dock, and fastening her boat, she stood, completely surrounded by the joyous crowd. 1958 J. North xi. 136 He maneuvered into the harbor, up the little river, carefully fastened the ship for the stormy night and extended his hand to help me up the ladder of the quay. 2015 (Nexis) 2 July 6 We fastened the boat and took our seats, watching the superb seals swim about. the world > space > relative position > posture > act of drawing body into compact form > drawn into compact form [verb (transitive)] > clench 1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo l. 354 in (1931) I. 67 Fassinnyng ȝour fingaris faste. 1596 E. Spenser v. iv. sig. P2v This threasure..Well I proue..To be this maides, with whom I fastned hand. View more context for this quotation 1608 E. Topsell 220 When it once byteth and fasteneth teeth, it neuer letteth goe. the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > fasten [verb (transitive)] > together > the parts of a fabric or structure 1609 J. Skene tr. Chalmerlane Air in i. f. 153v Saidlers sould be challanged, that they make the saidelles of grene tries, quhere they aucht to be of withered and dry timmer. 2. They festen and bindes them not with lether or glew, as they sould doe. 1646 Sir T. Browne ii. iii. 71 Their ships are fastened not with Iron but wood. View more context for this quotation 1860 7 284 A ship fastened with yellow metal. 1994 T. C. Gillmer (ed. 2) i. 12 The overlapping edges of the planking are through-riveted in the same manner that present-day clinker-built boats are fastened with closely spaced rivets. 2004 J. Vigor (2005) vii. 104 He made sure Vagabond was strongly fastened, and on occasion used to help him fasten the planking with square copper nails and large rooves. 12. society > occupation and work > industry > whaling and seal-hunting > whaling > [verb (transitive)] > harpoon 1726 (Royal Soc.) 33 261 Care is taken by those who kill these Mate Fish..only to fasten the Calf, but not to kill her, till they have first secured the Cow. 1856 J. Thompson xvi. 115 When within reach of the whale, the officer in command gives orders for the harpooner to throw his instrument, which he does until the animal is fastened. 2013 P. Kurtz v. 40 Melville was critical of the tradition..of requiring the harpooner to handle the oars as well as thrust the iron that fastened the whale. 1766 S. Newcomb Deposition 4 Apr. in L. K. Wroth & H. B. Zobel (1965) I. xliii. 77 (note) I fell in Chase of a whale and we hove at her But did not fasten to her. 1820 W. Scoresby II. 534 Each boat ‘fastens to’, or strikes a distinct fish. 1836 W. B. Rhodes Jrnl. 4 Aug. in S. Ell & G. Ell (1994) 83 I made a signal to the Mate to induce him to fasten, there being many whales round the boats. 1839 T. Beale 165 The two boats that have not yet ‘fastened’..give chase. 1851 H. Melville c. 487 One day we lowered for a pod of four or five whales, and my boat fastened to one of them. 1928 Nov. 145/2 Hogg snatched up his second iron, hurled it, and fastened on. The whale was stung to madness. 2004 D. Hunt x. 87 The ship received word one of the boats had fastened. III. Figurative uses of branch II. 13. the mind > will > intention > intend [verb (transitive)] > direct actions, speech, etc., towards eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory (Hatton) (1871) li. 395 On idelnisse ge fæstniað eower mod on him, forðæm ðe he eow flihð. OE (Tiber.) (1888) vii. 36 Inclinato sit semper capite defixis in terram aspectibus : ahyldum he syg æfre heafde gefæstnodum on eorðan gesyhðum. ?c1225 (?a1200) (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 162 Þe luue is treoweliche towart him ifestned [a1250 Nero i uesned]. a1400 (St. John's Cambr.) (1891) 53 Y schal fastne myn eyen op on þe. c1429 (1986) l. 800 Hire hert vpwards on hevene was festined nyght & day. 1568 E. Tilney (new ed.) sig. Bvj If she once fasten hir eyes on a nother, he shall enjoy hir. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. i. 199 Fasten your eare on my aduisings. View more context for this quotation 1633 Bp. J. Hall i. 320 To that man, whose heart is fastned upon thee. 1766 T. Amory II. 22 Thus did I reflect as I sat among the dead, with my eyes fastened on the breathless corps of Charlotte. 1841 C. Dickens ii. xli. 21 The attention of the sly little fiend was fastened upon them. 1885 10 July 572 A madman armed with a knife, upon whom a steady eye must be fastened. 1954 W. Lewis (1983) i. iv. 35 He fastened a hard stare upon her. 1968 L. Bangs (2003) 4 One night when they were all on acid and all equally bum-tripped, Jerry Luck fastened his paranoia on the Warhol poster. 2000 A. Mason in A. Hastings et al. 181/1 Victorian doubters fastened their intensity of feeling on matters that might well now be seen as mere difficulties. 1592 A. Munday tr. E. de Maisonneufve xvii. sig. T2v The wise and vertuous king Floridamant..fastened on his words, and thus began himselfe. 1609 S. Rowlands 48 Experience often hath..taught, that when advantage I do see, To fasten on occasion and begin. 1797 S. J. Pratt IV. vii. 79 Their eyes fastened on two windows. 1834 T. Arnold III. vii. 89 One object on which our thoughts and imaginations may fasten. 1847 L. Hunt I. ii. 20 He is fastened upon by the man with the bundle. 1855 J. L. Motley I. ii. vii. 569 The whole mob..fastened upon the company of marble martyrs. 1956 S. Plath 21 Mar. (2017) I. 1153 It seems there are 50 critics & dissectors ready to fasten like leeches to every poem ground out! 1971 H. S. Kushner (1989) iv. 80 When they learn that their parents can do these things imperfectly, they eagerly fasten on God as being the Superparent capable of all things. 2001 S. King ix. 269 His eyes fastened on a sketchy track of that mildewy stuff. 2006 A. Kuczynski vi. 108 Feminist critics of cosmetic surgery have long fastened on the notion that women use cosmetic surgery..to conform to some broad, culturally imposed Barbie-doll notion of beauty. the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (transitive)] > stare or gaze at > in the face 1870 Jrnl. 31 Dec. in 435/3 He fastened him with his flashing eye. 1881 C. E. L. Riddell xvi Fastening her kinsman with a cold steely eye. 1988 E. O'Brien (U.S. ed.) vi. 58 She turned around and fastened me with a look that was half courteous and half brazen. 1995 P. Rice ix. 91 Catching her hand in a firm grip and fastening her with a steely gaze, he said, ‘It's your turn, Miss Peyton.’ 14. society > law > legal obligation > contract > agree to by contract [verb (transitive)] > contract with (a person) OE (Northumbrian) i. 27 Missus est angelus..ad uirginem desponsatam uirgo [read viro] : gæsended wæs s[e] angel..to hehstalde gewoedded uel fæstnad hehstald [OE Rushw. Gospels to fæfne giweddad uel gifæstnad were, OE West Saxon Gospels: Corpus Cambr. to beweddudre fæmnan anum were]. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) 2374 Þatt ȝho wollde ben Rihht laȝhelike fesstnedd Wiþþ macche. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland (Vernon) (1867) A. ii. l. 51 In Mariage..To beo fastnet with fals. 1632 W. Lithgow viii. 353 I fastned Iohn Browne with him to accompany his returne. society > law > legal obligation > contract > agree to by contract [verb (transitive)] > bind by contract > an apprentice or a servant 1426 in (2007) 1426/29 The sheref sall assigne xl dais to sic ydil men to get thaim masteris or to festyn thaim to leful craftis. ?c1872 A. W. Bickerdike 47 As fer lads, an' fastening 'em to a trade wi' indentures, ther's noa use for 'em nah a days... Maisters leearn ther apprentices all they can, soa binding bi indentures is nah useless. 1895 at Fasten Mod. (Sheffield) He's a sort of a prentice, but he's not fastened. 1928 31/1 ‘Eę long ær tę fæsnd for?’ ‘Fower yęr; but..au'v nobbęt tū muęr yęr tę guę neę’. the world > movement > impact > striking > strike [verb (transitive)] > deal or give (a stroke or blow) > accurately or effectively the mind > emotion > love > kiss > [verb (transitive)] > imprint (a kiss) c1225 Lofsong Lefdi (Royal) in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 305 Mine sawle fan..habbeð monie wunden o me nunan ifestnet. c1440 (?a1400) l. 1119 (MED) He folowes in fersly and festenesse a dynte Hye vpe on þe hanche. a1500 (1870) 850 Strokis festnit in the shelde. 1531 T. Elyot i. xvii. sig. Dviiv Or he coulde fasten on the other any violent stroke. 1613 S. Purchas iv. vii. 370 A mutuall kisse..is fastened on the cheeke. 1632 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi 170 Wee could never come once to fasten a blow on him. 1633 T. Stafford ii. xxiii. 243 I could never fasten a salley yet upon him, but with losse to myselfe. 1697 J. Dryden Ded. Æneis in tr. Virgil sig. e1 Cou'd he fasten a blow..when he was not suffer'd to approach? 1924 9 May 11/3 He fastened warmer kisses upon the proud young throat. 1953 C. Edwards v. 33 She bent over the old man and fastened a kiss upon his cheek. 16. the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > accuse [verb (transitive)] > fasten upon the world > existence and causation > causation > attribution or assignment of cause > assign to a cause [verb (transitive)] > attribute something to someone > put upon or ascribe to someone c1390 (?c1350) (1871) l. 249 (MED) I nul not fastenen on þe sone þe Fadres gultus. 1638 Bp. J. Wilkins (1707) ii. 20 Some of the Ancients have fasten'd strange Absurdities upon the Words of the Scripture. 1673 W. Cave i. v. 12 To form and fasten this charge upon them. a1674 Earl of Clarendon (1676) 304 He hath not been able..to fasten the least reproch upon them. 1722 W. Sewel (1795) I. Pref. 18 To fasten doctrines upon them which they never approved. 1856 J. A. Froude I. iv. 273 A discreditable effort to fasten upon him a charge of high treason. 1927 J. Buchan xi. 191 No doubt you mean well, but I will homologate no course which fastens evil on a man whose righteousness has been abundantly proven. 1990 D. Kavanagh (ed. 2) iv. 106 Responsibility for this moral decline is fastened on the leaders of the counter-culture. 2001 (Nexis) 23 May 4 If a system is failing, it is dishonest to fasten the blame on one junior individual. the mind > possession > giving > give [verb (transitive)] > cause to be possessed the mind > will > motivation > persuasion > persuade (a person) [verb (transitive)] > persuade or prevail upon > induce acceptance of 1527 W. Bonde sig. F.iv Ye may be glade and reioyse in hert, that I can fasten no temptacion on yow. 1615 J. Stephens (new ed.) 256 If you fasten a guift upon him, his thankes bee liberall. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1622) ii. iii. 44 If I can fasten but one cup vpon him. View more context for this quotation 1632 W. Lithgow x. 431 I neuer saw one..to pledge or present his Maiesties health; but as many other healths as you list; they will both fasten, and receiue from you. 1673 J. Ray 435 We could scarce fasten any mony upon them. 1726 W. R. Chetwood 354 I did not know how to fasten a Present upon Mr. Ratcliff. society > authority > command > command or bidding > command [verb (transitive)] > impose society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > compel [verb (transitive)] > force or impose something upon 1585 T. Bilson iii. 498 It is a wicked error to say, that any priuate man in Baptisme must..submitte him-selfe to the violent and corporall correction of his flesh..: which you would fasten on Christian Princes by vertue of their Baptisme. 1682 8 Endeavouring..to fasten such a Sheriff upon them. 1718 No. 41. 1 Divert her Malice, by fastening a new Spark upon her. 1797 W. Godwin i. vi. 36 No practice..fastened upon us by decrees and penalties. 1861 T. Hughes I. v. 73 He..had fastened himself upon him. 1881 C. E. L. Riddell xxxv One of the nephews..insisted on fastening himself to Mr. Snow. 1991 P. Fussell 43 It's bad enough to fasten a vividly Irish name onto a boy who has never heard of County Mayo. 2009 D. Knowles iv. 60 The actual consent of the citizen is the only grounds on which the authority of the state rests, the only reason good enough to fasten duties on to the citizen. Phrasesthe world > space > place > position or situation > be positioned or situated [verb (intransitive)] > take up position > firmly or with sure foothold > give sure foothold c1400 (?c1380) l. 273 Þer he [sc. Jonah] festnes þe fete. a1500 (?a1450) (Harl. 7333) (1879) 5 (MED) Þe toode..ȝede vp on þe brest of þe knyȝt, afore þe herte, And ther he fastenyd his iiij feete. 1535 Ecclus. xl. 25 Golde and syluer fasten the fete [L. est constitutio pedum]. 1643 E. Bowles 22 Men walking among Quagmires, know not where to fasten a foot. 1675 J. Smith 46 His sinewy Arm (able to roll the Earth about, if he had but a place whereon to fasten his foot) should give the Truth of it. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria f. 15 Shee enuadeth the fysshe or tortoyse as swiftly as an arrowe. And where she hath once fastened her howld shee casteth the purse of skynne. 1640 A. Stafford 83 Some have compared life to a Bird in a Childes hand, which sometimes flies away before hee can well fasten his hold on it. a1732 T. Boston (1734) 149 Your Faith of the Promise is fail'd, and you cannot again fasten your Grip upon it. 1887 1 Jan. (Extra ed.) 12/1 I fastened my grip upon the jar in my hand and brought it down upon the Englishman's head. 1904 Nov. 179/2 Once a python has fastened its grip on an intended victim it is useless to try and force it to let go. 1911 T. M. Sample xii. 144 He has further fastened his hold on the farmers by securing the control of the fertilizer trade in the United States. 2013 (Nexis) 23 Mar. 23 In 1933, as Hitler's fascists fastened their grip on Germany, he joined the Communist Party. the world > movement > absence of movement > hold or holding > hold or grip [verb (intransitive)] > lay hold > firmly 1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo ii. sig. H8v I holding nothing fast, of all thinges fasten holde. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay iv. xxx. 153 To the end their adversaries should fasten the lesse hold upon them. ?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer (new ed.) xii. 611 Yet, might my feete, on no stub fasten hold To ease my hands: the roots were crept so low Beneath the earth. 1841 C. H. Hartshorne Gloss. 419 Why ivir dostna fasten houd on it wi' boath honds. 1940 17 Jan. 10/2 His legalistic mind had fastened hold of a point. society > society and the community > dissent > quarrel or quarrelling > quarrel with [verb (transitive)] > pick a quarrel with 1669 J. Dryden ii. i. 17 He..could never fasten a quarrel upon you. 1855 T. B. Macaulay III. 325 The..Macdonalds..fastened a succession of quarrels on the people of Inverness. 1863 J. M. Allan I. ii. viii. 298 Gerald endeavoured in vain to fasten an argument upon ‘The Venerable’, as to the literal construction of the first chapters of Genesis. 1939 30 Sept. 7/2 We have sought no quarrel with the Soviet, and it remains to be seen whether the Soviet desires to fasten a quarrel upon us. 1927 30 Jan. b4/1 I want to tell you some real news. Grab a tight hold on your chair and fasten your safety belt cause this is going to knock you for a goal. 1950 1 Oct. 59/2 At a party for her fiance.., Margo learns that Eve is also after him. ‘Fasten your seat belts, it's going to be a bumpy night,’ she tells Bill and Addison. 2011 (Time Out) 149/2 Tell the chef your likes and dislikes and then fasten your seatbelt, because things are sure to get interesting. Phrasal verbs With adverbs in specialized senses. to fasten off the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > binding or tying > bind or tie [verb (transitive)] > fasten or secure with a knot > a thread, ribbon, etc. 1743 tr. L. Heister I. i. 297 That this last Bandage may adhere more firmly, it will be necessary to pass it round the Thorax, when arrived to the Shoulder, and to fasten it off upon the Arm. 1838 xi. 260 Knit the two first stitches plain, the rest double knitting till it is a square bag; fasten it off, making it to open at the top. 1843 (Paris ed.) 190 Next twist the dubbing on the silk, and wind it on the hook for nearly half the intended length of your fly, and fasten it off. 1893 May 146/2 Run ribbon through holes..and fasten it off at wrist with neat bow. 1992 Mar. 33 Clear stitch diagrams show how to work the half cross stitch and fasten off the thread. 2014 Apr. 68/2 Sew running stitches around cast-on edge, pull tight and fasten off. 1567 A. Golding tr. Ovid (new ed.) ix. f. 116 Her feete were fastned downe with rootes. Shee stryued all she myght Too plucke them vp. 1795 W. Felton II. ix. 169 Pad cloth, a cloth that lies on the horse's back for the housin to lie on, trimmed with lace round the edges and fastened down by the belly band. 1875 ‘N. D'Anvers’ tr. Z. Fleuriot xviii. 158 We'll keep this eel in water till bed-time, and then we'll put it in a basket, without fastening down the lid, and leave it in Louis' room. 1981 R. Westall (1990) ii. 18 The car was vintage and had a big leather strap to fasten down the bonnet. 2016 @emptynestsail 12 June in twitter.com (accessed 28 Oct. 2020) Done for today! Still have to fasten down the deck boards but that can wait. society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restriction or limitation > restrict or limit [verb (transitive)] the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > the quality of being specific > make specific [verb (transitive)] > render determinate or definite 1694 G. Stanhope tr. Simplicius xxxi. 237 You would needs have this wondrous Man fastned down to some one particular Profession. 1731 G. Medley tr. P. Kolb I. 68 I have..rescued the character of the Hottentots from the brutish stupidity to which it has been fastened down by all the authors. 1876 W. E. Gladstone in June 12 To fasten down its sense, the affix ‘Evangelical’ may suffice. 1926 11 Jan. 32/2 Take improvisation away from jazz and try to fasten it down to fixed forms..and most of its originality is lost. 2003 5 194 While his arguments are highly plausible.., Williams does not really fasten down key causal connections. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.eOE v.eOE |
