fieldfaren.

Brit.

/ˈfiːldfɛː/, U.S.

/ˈfil(d)ˌfɛ(ə)r/

Forms:

α. Old English–1600s feldefare, Middle English ffeldefare, Middle English veldevare, Middle English–1500s feldyfare, Middle English–1600s feldifare, late Middle English felefare, 1500s pheldifare, 1600s feldefer, 1600s veldefare, 1700s feldefar, 1700s feldifire; English regional 1800s fieldefare, 1800s vildever (Gloucestershire), 1800s– feldefare, 1800s– fildefare, 1800s– fildevare (Somerset), 1800s– fildifire (Shropshire), 1800s– veldevare (Wiltshire), 1800s– veldever (south-western), 1800s– veltiver (Berkshire), 1800s– vildyveer (Gloucestershire); Scottish pre-1700 feldefer, pre-1700 feldifair, pre-1700 feldifare, pre-1700 feldifer, pre-1700 1700s feldefare, 1800s feldyfar; also Irish English 1800s feldefare.

β. Middle English ffeldfare, Middle English 1600s feldfar, Middle English–1600s feldfare, Middle English–1600s felfare, 1500s fildfare, 1500s veylfare, 1500s– fieldfare, 1600s felfar, 1600s felfire, 1600s phelphare, 1600s–1800s fellfare; English regional 1800s felfaa (Lancashire), 1800s– felfar (Norfolk), 1800s– felfare (Nottinghamshire), 1800s– felfaw (Yorkshire), 1800s– felfer (northern), 1800s– felfur (Lincolnshire), 1800s– fellfare (Warwickshire), 1800s– fellfaw (Yorkshire), 1800s– fellfo (Cumberland), 1800s– fellfor (Yorkshire), 1800s– felverd (Yorkshire and Wiltshire), 1800s– filfare (Kent), 1800s– fulfar (Norfolk), 1800s– fulfer (East Anglian), 1800s– veelvare (Somerset), 1800s– veldwer (Gloucestershire), 1800s– villvare (Somerset), 1800s– vulver (Wiltshire), 1900s– fellfaa (Cumberland).

γ. 1700s veltfare.

δ. English regional (Northumberland and midlands) 1800s– feltyfare; Scottish 1700s feltefer, 1700s feltifer, 1800s feltifare, 1800s feltifire, 1800s– feltyfare; also Irish English 1800s feltyfare.

ε. Scottish 1800s feltifleer, 1800s feltiflier, 1800s feltyflier, 1800s feltyflyer, 1800s– feltieflyer, 1900s– feltiefleer, 1900s– feltiefleier.

ζ. English regional (chiefly East Anglian) 1800s– felfit, 1800s– felfoot, 1800s– felfut, 1800s– fulfit.

η. Scottish 1900s– flirtyfleer.

Origin: Apparently formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: field n.¹, English *-fare, English *-fara.

Etymology: Apparently ultimately < field n.¹ + Old English *-fare (feminine) or *-fara (masculine), an agent noun < the same base as fare v.¹ (compare Old English gefara fellow-traveller, companion; compare y- prefix). In α. forms the second syllable apparently either shows original Old English -e- connective, or perhaps reflects derivation from the Old English genitive form felda; however, the frequency of forms with medial -i- in Middle English and English regional forms (e.g. feldifare) suggests that there may have been an unattested Old English variant in which the second element was prefixed with y- prefix, and hence comparable to Old English gefara . Various alternative etymologies have been suggested, on the assumption that the attested forms may result from folk-etymological reanalysis of a word of different origin. The ε. , ζ. , and η. forms apparently reflect various later folk-etymological reanalyses. Forms in which the first syllable ends in t probably also in most cases indicate that this element is no longer apprehended as field n.¹Occasional earlier etymologies deriving the second element < -ware suffix were apparently misled by the error in the edition cited in quot. OE at sense 1. Compare Old English felofor , bird name of uncertain meaning:eOE Épinal Gloss. (1974) 43 Porfyrio, felofor.eOE Latin-Old Eng. Gloss. (St. Gallen 913) in H. D. Meritt Old Eng. Glosses (1945) 44/1 Onocratulum, auis quae sonitum facit in aqua, raredumlæ uel felufor. Porphirionem, non fit in Brittania.eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 85/2 Onocratallus, feolufer.This word glosses either Latin onocrotalus , lit. ‘pelican’, or porphyrio , name of a kind of waterfowl (see porphyrio n.), probably always with ultimate reference to the occurrence of the Latin bird names in association with each other in the Vulgate (in Leviticus 11:18 and Deuteronomy 14:17–18). The etymology of this word is uncertain and disputed; it has been explained as a borrowing < Latin porphyrio , or alternatively as being of native origin and ultimately related to fieldfare n. It has also been suggested that some of the forms of fieldfare n. (e.g. felfar at β. forms) show the reflex or at least the influence of Old English felofor.

1. A large migratory thrush, Turdus pilaris, with a grey head and rump and chestnut back, breeding in northern Eurasia and wintering chiefly in western and southern Europe.In quot. OE glossing Latin scorellus, a bird name of uncertain meaning only found in glossaries and often glossed by terms for the yellowhammer or bunting (see yellowhammer n.), apparently originally a corrupt form of post-classical Latin sciuriolus, scurellus squirrel (see squirrel n.), which is found glossing ancient Greek μυγαλῆ mygale n. in the glossaries' ultimate source.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > family Muscicapidae (thrushes, etc.) > subfamily Turdinae > [noun] > genus Turdus (thrush) > turdus pilaris (fieldfare)

fieldfareOE

juniper1598

storm cock1769

pigeon fieldfare1812

bluetail1836

jack bird1861

felt1879

OE Brussels Gloss. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 287 Scorellus, clodhamer and feldeware [MS feldefare], uel bugium.

a1325 Gloss. W. de Bibbesworth (Cambr.) (1929) 32 La grive [glossed] the feldefare [v.r. veldevare].

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 183 Fesauns & feldfares.

c1430 (c1380) G. Chaucer Parl. Fowls (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1871) l. 364 The frosty feldefare.

c1460 My Fayr Lady in J. O. Halliwell Select. Minor Poems J. Lydgate (1840) 203 The thruschylcok nor the feldfare.

a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 228 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 102 The feldefer in ye forest yat febilly him feidis.

1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 25 At the tyme of yeare the feldefares fede only of Iuniper berries the people Eate the feldefares undrawen.

1594 R. Barnfield Affectionate Shepheard ii. x. sig. Ci Pit-falls for the Larke and Pheldifare.

1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Collurione, a bird called a Fieldfare or Iuniper.

1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xxv. xxii. 1016 It feeds on pepper, as the black-birds and felfires with us do upon Ivie berries.

a1670 J. Hacket Scrinia Reserata (1693) i. 82 Such long wing'd hawks were not to be cast of to fly after fieldfares.

1689 J. Chetham Angler's Vade Mecum (ed. 2) xxxv. 227 The Feather of a Felfare Quill.

1694 Bp. J. Robinson Acct. Sueden i. 7 Small Birds..of the bigness of Veldefares.

1707 Miscellanea Curiosa (Royal Soc.) III. 336 There was a great Flock of small Black-divers, that were not much bigger than a Feldifire.

1738 in J. Colville Ochtertyre House Bk. of Accomps (1907) 13 Jan. Supper..two feltefers rost.

1768 Universal Mag. Mar. 146/2 Or else a veltfare or a snipe.

1785 W. Cowper Needless Alarm 20 Berries..With which the field-fare, wintry guest, is fed.

1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake iii. 103 The field-fare framed her lowly nest.

1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. at Felty-flyer The fieldfare, Turdus pilaris, a bird; Roxb[urghshire], Loth[ian], Lanarks[hire].

1837 W. Macgillivray Hist. Brit. Birds II. 105 Turdus pilaris, the chestnut-backed Thrush, or Fieldfare..Feltyfare, Feldyfar, Feltyflier, Grey Thrush.

1852 M. Arnold Empedocles on Etna, & Other Poems 142 Hollies..With scarlet berries gemm'd, the fell-fare's food.

1883 D. Foster Sci. Angler 132 Body, gold-colored silk..; legs, sandy hen's hackle; wings, fieldfare quill.

1895 W. Rye Gloss. Words E. Anglia Felfoot, or Fulfit. The fieldfare.

1910 W. P. Pycraft Hist. Birds xi. 191 In Siberia it [sc. the wood sandpiper, Totanus glareola] generally uses the deserted nests of Fieldfares high up in trees!

1980 M. Shoard Theft of Countryside iii. xii. 131 In autumn and winter the down was home to fieldfares, siskins and redwings from Scandinavia.

2005 Ireland's Own 21 Jan. 48/1 The fieldfare is a large, attractive thrush that is a widespread and abundant winter visitor to these shores.

2. Chiefly North American. The American robin, Turdus migratorius. Now historical and rare.

ΚΠ

1731 M. Catesby Nat. Hist. Carolina I. 29 The Fieldfare of Carolina... Weighs two ounces three quarters; about the size and shape of the European Fieldfare.

1791 W. Bartram Trav. N. & S. Carolina 301 The cat-bird, great and less thrush and field fare seldom or never build in Carolina beneath the mountains,..but all these breed in Pennsylvania.

1829 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom VI. 526 The Fieldfare of Canada (T. migratorius) is a well-tempered and familiar bird.

1842 H. D. Thoreau in Dial July 20 Or seen the furrows shine but late upturned, And where the fieldfare followed in the rear.

1965 E. Richardson Living Island 63 The American robin was long classed as a game bird in several southern states where the early settlers called it ‘fieldfare’..and slaughtered it by thousands.

Phrases

Proverb. farewell fieldfare and variants: (perhaps) ‘good riddance to you’. Now revived in literary (esp. poetic) use as a valediction.In quot. a1413 perhaps: ‘it is too late to do anything about it’, ‘all is lost’.Apparently with allusion to the fieldfare's departure northward at the end of winter.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [interjection] > oaths other than religious or obscene > implying rejection

farewell fieldfarea1413

twenty-three skidoo1926

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 861 The harm is don, and fare wel feld-fare [?a1425 Harl. 3943 feldyfare].

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 5510 But..synge go fare wel feldfare.

a1456 (a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 429 I..sange ‘Go, farewell feldfare’, As man forsake in euery place.

1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus iv. f. 64 Gude nicht now feldifair, Fair on fond fuill.

1869 Notes & Queries 20 Feb. 180/2 Farewell feldefare is farewell, fieldfare! It is clearly a proverb expressing ‘go, and never mind what becomes of you.’

1939 L. Powys Love & Death xxix. 278 The old sexton..was at work upon a grave near the eastern wall. Farewell, fieldfare! It was the very wall below which Dittany and I had often walked in bright summer sunshine.

1999 B. O'Donoghue Here not There 44 ‘Farewell, Fieldfare!’ we said to them and to their kind.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	fieldfare
释义	fieldfaren. Brit. /ˈfiːldfɛː/, U.S. /ˈfil(d)ˌfɛ(ə)r/ Forms: α. Old English–1600s feldefare, Middle English ffeldefare, Middle English veldevare, Middle English–1500s feldyfare, Middle English–1600s feldifare, late Middle English felefare, 1500s pheldifare, 1600s feldefer, 1600s veldefare, 1700s feldefar, 1700s feldifire; English regional 1800s fieldefare, 1800s vildever (Gloucestershire), 1800s– feldefare, 1800s– fildefare, 1800s– fildevare (Somerset), 1800s– fildifire (Shropshire), 1800s– veldevare (Wiltshire), 1800s– veldever (south-western), 1800s– veltiver (Berkshire), 1800s– vildyveer (Gloucestershire); Scottish pre-1700 feldefer, pre-1700 feldifair, pre-1700 feldifare, pre-1700 feldifer, pre-1700 1700s feldefare, 1800s feldyfar; also Irish English 1800s feldefare. β. Middle English ffeldfare, Middle English 1600s feldfar, Middle English–1600s feldfare, Middle English–1600s felfare, 1500s fildfare, 1500s veylfare, 1500s– fieldfare, 1600s felfar, 1600s felfire, 1600s phelphare, 1600s–1800s fellfare; English regional 1800s felfaa (Lancashire), 1800s– felfar (Norfolk), 1800s– felfare (Nottinghamshire), 1800s– felfaw (Yorkshire), 1800s– felfer (northern), 1800s– felfur (Lincolnshire), 1800s– fellfare (Warwickshire), 1800s– fellfaw (Yorkshire), 1800s– fellfo (Cumberland), 1800s– fellfor (Yorkshire), 1800s– felverd (Yorkshire and Wiltshire), 1800s– filfare (Kent), 1800s– fulfar (Norfolk), 1800s– fulfer (East Anglian), 1800s– veelvare (Somerset), 1800s– veldwer (Gloucestershire), 1800s– villvare (Somerset), 1800s– vulver (Wiltshire), 1900s– fellfaa (Cumberland). γ. 1700s veltfare. δ. English regional (Northumberland and midlands) 1800s– feltyfare; Scottish 1700s feltefer, 1700s feltifer, 1800s feltifare, 1800s feltifire, 1800s– feltyfare; also Irish English 1800s feltyfare. ε. Scottish 1800s feltifleer, 1800s feltiflier, 1800s feltyflier, 1800s feltyflyer, 1800s– feltieflyer, 1900s– feltiefleer, 1900s– feltiefleier. ζ. English regional (chiefly East Anglian) 1800s– felfit, 1800s– felfoot, 1800s– felfut, 1800s– fulfit. η. Scottish 1900s– flirtyfleer. Origin: Apparently formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: field n.¹, English -fare, English -fara. Etymology: Apparently ultimately < field n.¹ + Old English -fare (feminine) or -fara (masculine), an agent noun < the same base as fare v.¹ (compare Old English gefara fellow-traveller, companion; compare y- prefix). In α. forms the second syllable apparently either shows original Old English -e- connective, or perhaps reflects derivation from the Old English genitive form felda; however, the frequency of forms with medial -i- in Middle English and English regional forms (e.g. feldifare) suggests that there may have been an unattested Old English variant in which the second element was prefixed with y- prefix, and hence comparable to Old English gefara . Various alternative etymologies have been suggested, on the assumption that the attested forms may result from folk-etymological reanalysis of a word of different origin. The ε. , ζ. , and η. forms apparently reflect various later folk-etymological reanalyses. Forms in which the first syllable ends in t probably also in most cases indicate that this element is no longer apprehended as field n.¹Occasional earlier etymologies deriving the second element < -ware suffix were apparently misled by the error in the edition cited in quot. OE at sense 1. Compare Old English felofor , bird name of uncertain meaning:eOE Épinal Gloss. (1974) 43 Porfyrio, felofor.eOE Latin-Old Eng. Gloss. (St. Gallen 913) in H. D. Meritt Old Eng. Glosses (1945) 44/1 Onocratulum, auis quae sonitum facit in aqua, raredumlæ uel felufor. Porphirionem, non fit in Brittania.eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 85/2 Onocratallus, feolufer.This word glosses either Latin onocrotalus , lit. ‘pelican’, or porphyrio , name of a kind of waterfowl (see porphyrio n.), probably always with ultimate reference to the occurrence of the Latin bird names in association with each other in the Vulgate (in Leviticus 11:18 and Deuteronomy 14:17–18). The etymology of this word is uncertain and disputed; it has been explained as a borrowing < Latin porphyrio , or alternatively as being of native origin and ultimately related to fieldfare n. It has also been suggested that some of the forms of fieldfare n. (e.g. felfar at β. forms) show the reflex or at least the influence of Old English felofor. 1. A large migratory thrush, Turdus pilaris, with a grey head and rump and chestnut back, breeding in northern Eurasia and wintering chiefly in western and southern Europe.In quot. OE glossing Latin scorellus, a bird name of uncertain meaning only found in glossaries and often glossed by terms for the yellowhammer or bunting (see yellowhammer n.), apparently originally a corrupt form of post-classical Latin sciuriolus, scurellus squirrel (see squirrel n.), which is found glossing ancient Greek μυγαλῆ mygale n. in the glossaries' ultimate source. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > family Muscicapidae (thrushes, etc.) > subfamily Turdinae > [noun] > genus Turdus (thrush) > turdus pilaris (fieldfare) fieldfareOE juniper1598 storm cock1769 pigeon fieldfare1812 bluetail1836 jack bird1861 felt1879 OE Brussels Gloss. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 287 Scorellus, clodhamer and feldeware [MS feldefare], uel bugium. a1325 Gloss. W. de Bibbesworth (Cambr.) (1929) 32 La grive [glossed] the feldefare [v.r. veldevare]. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 183 Fesauns & feldfares. c1430 (c1380) G. Chaucer Parl. Fowls (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1871) l. 364 The frosty feldefare. c1460 My Fayr Lady in J. O. Halliwell Select. Minor Poems J. Lydgate (1840) 203 The thruschylcok nor the feldfare. a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 228 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 102 The feldefer in ye forest yat febilly him feidis. 1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 25 At the tyme of yeare the feldefares fede only of Iuniper berries the people Eate the feldefares undrawen. 1594 R. Barnfield Affectionate Shepheard ii. x. sig. Ci Pit-falls for the Larke and Pheldifare. 1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Collurione, a bird called a Fieldfare or Iuniper. 1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xxv. xxii. 1016 It feeds on pepper, as the black-birds and felfires with us do upon Ivie berries. a1670 J. Hacket Scrinia Reserata (1693) i. 82 Such long wing'd hawks were not to be cast of to fly after fieldfares. 1689 J. Chetham Angler's Vade Mecum (ed. 2) xxxv. 227 The Feather of a Felfare Quill. 1694 Bp. J. Robinson Acct. Sueden i. 7 Small Birds..of the bigness of Veldefares. 1707 Miscellanea Curiosa (Royal Soc.) III. 336 There was a great Flock of small Black-divers, that were not much bigger than a Feldifire. 1738 in J. Colville Ochtertyre House Bk. of Accomps (1907) 13 Jan. Supper..two feltefers rost. 1768 Universal Mag. Mar. 146/2 Or else a veltfare or a snipe. 1785 W. Cowper Needless Alarm 20 Berries..With which the field-fare, wintry guest, is fed. 1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake iii. 103 The field-fare framed her lowly nest. 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. at Felty-flyer The fieldfare, Turdus pilaris, a bird; Roxb[urghshire], Loth[ian], Lanarks[hire]. 1837 W. Macgillivray Hist. Brit. Birds II. 105 Turdus pilaris, the chestnut-backed Thrush, or Fieldfare..Feltyfare, Feldyfar, Feltyflier, Grey Thrush. 1852 M. Arnold Empedocles on Etna, & Other Poems 142 Hollies..With scarlet berries gemm'd, the fell-fare's food. 1883 D. Foster Sci. Angler 132 Body, gold-colored silk..; legs, sandy hen's hackle; wings, fieldfare quill. 1895 W. Rye Gloss. Words E. Anglia Felfoot, or Fulfit. The fieldfare. 1910 W. P. Pycraft Hist. Birds xi. 191 In Siberia it [sc. the wood sandpiper, Totanus glareola] generally uses the deserted nests of Fieldfares high up in trees! 1980 M. Shoard Theft of Countryside iii. xii. 131 In autumn and winter the down was home to fieldfares, siskins and redwings from Scandinavia. 2005 Ireland's Own 21 Jan. 48/1 The fieldfare is a large, attractive thrush that is a widespread and abundant winter visitor to these shores. 2. Chiefly North American. The American robin, Turdus migratorius. Now historical and rare. ΚΠ 1731 M. Catesby Nat. Hist. Carolina I. 29 The Fieldfare of Carolina... Weighs two ounces three quarters; about the size and shape of the European Fieldfare. 1791 W. Bartram Trav. N. & S. Carolina 301 The cat-bird, great and less thrush and field fare seldom or never build in Carolina beneath the mountains,..but all these breed in Pennsylvania. 1829 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom VI. 526 The Fieldfare of Canada (T. migratorius) is a well-tempered and familiar bird. 1842 H. D. Thoreau in Dial July 20 Or seen the furrows shine but late upturned, And where the fieldfare followed in the rear. 1965 E. Richardson Living Island 63 The American robin was long classed as a game bird in several southern states where the early settlers called it ‘fieldfare’..and slaughtered it by thousands. Phrases Proverb. farewell fieldfare and variants: (perhaps) ‘good riddance to you’. Now revived in literary (esp. poetic) use as a valediction.In quot. a1413 perhaps: ‘it is too late to do anything about it’, ‘all is lost’.Apparently with allusion to the fieldfare's departure northward at the end of winter. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [interjection] > oaths other than religious or obscene > implying rejection farewell fieldfarea1413 twenty-three skidoo1926 a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 861 The harm is don, and fare wel feld-fare [?a1425 Harl. 3943 feldyfare]. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 5510 But..synge go fare wel feldfare. a1456 (a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 429 I..sange ‘Go, farewell feldfare’, As man forsake in euery place. 1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus iv. f. 64 Gude nicht now feldifair, Fair on fond fuill. 1869 Notes & Queries 20 Feb. 180/2 Farewell feldefare is farewell, fieldfare! It is clearly a proverb expressing ‘go, and never mind what becomes of you.’ 1939 L. Powys Love & Death xxix. 278 The old sexton..was at work upon a grave near the eastern wall. Farewell, fieldfare! It was the very wall below which Dittany and I had often walked in bright summer sunshine. 1999 B. O'Donoghue Here not There 44 ‘Farewell, Fieldfare!’ we said to them and to their kind. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.OE
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