firmamentn.

Brit.

/ˈfəːməm(ə)nt/, U.S.

/ˈfərməmənt/

Forms: Middle English–1500s fer-, fyrmament(e, Middle English– firmament.

Etymology: < Latin firmāmentum. < firmāre to strengthen, < firmus firm. Compare Old French firmament. In classical Latin the word means ‘something which strengthens or supports’ (compare 3). In the Vulgate it was adopted, in imitation of the στερέωμα of the Septuagint (properly ‘firm or solid structure’, < στερεοῦν to make firm or solid, < στερεός firm, solid), as the rendering of Hebrew rāqīăʿ, applied to the vault of the sky. The Hebrew word probably means ‘expanse’, from the root rāqaʿ which in the Bible has the senses ‘to tread’, ‘to beat out (metals)’, ‘to spread out’; but in Syriac the verb means ‘to condense, make firm or solid’, whence the Greek and Latin renderings of the noun.

a. The arch or vault of heaven overhead, in which the clouds and the stars appear; the sky or heavens. In modern use only poetic or rhetorical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [noun]

roofeOE

welkinc825

heaveneOE

heightOE

heavenOE

liftOE

loftOE

welkin1122

skies?a1289

firmamentc1290

skewa1300

spherea1300

skewsc1320

hemispherec1374

cope of heavenc1380

clouda1400

skya1425

elementc1485

axle-treea1522

scrowc1540

pole1572

horizona1577

vaulta1586

round?1593

the cope1596

pend1599

floor1600

canopy1604

cope1609

expansion1611

concameration1625

convex1627

concave1635

expansum1635

blue1647

the expanse1667

blue blanket1726

empyrean1727

carry1788

span1803

overhead1865

c1050 Byrhtferth's Handboc in Anglia (1885) 8 309 On þam oðrum dæge he geworhte firmamentum þæt ys þeos heofon.]

c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 226/248 Þat huy ne yseiȝen no-þing bote þe se ant þe firmament.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 95 Ðo god bad ben ðe firmament.

c1386 G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale 975 Bright was the day, and bliew the firmament.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. vii. f. 35^v That lyttle sleepe that they had, was..abrode vnder the firmamente.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 604 Now glow'd the Firmament With living Saphirs.

1693 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) III. 192 This morning a rain~bow seen in the firmament.

1835 J. B. Robertson tr. F. von Schlegel Philos. of Hist. I. i. 27 The northern firmament possesses by far the largest and most brilliant constellations.

1877 W. C. Bryant Receive thy Sight in Poems ii The pleasant rays That lit the glorious firmament.

b. Heaven, as the place where God dwells. Obsolete except in Biblical and liturgical phrases.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > heaven > [noun]

bliss971

heavenOE

paradiseOE

towera1240

seatc1275

heavenwarda1300

Abraham's bosomc1300

tabernaclea1340

wonea1350

sanctuary1382

pasturec1384

firmament1388

sky?1518

Canaan1548

welkin1559

happy land1562

sphere?1592

heavenwards1614

afterworld1615

patria1707

god-home1848

overworld1858

the invisible1868

1388 J. Wyclif Psalms cl. 1 Herie ȝe þe lord in hise seyntis! herie ȝe him in þe firmament of his vertu!

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 221 Thikke þowsandez..Fellen fro the fyrmament, fendez ful blake.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Song Three Children 33 Blessed be thou in y^e firmament of heauen.

1611 Bible (King James) Psalms cl. 1 Praise him in the firmament of his power.

c. transferred and figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > perfection > [noun] > peak of perfection

perfection1340

pointc1400

pinnaclec1450

firmament1526

tipe1548

vertical point1559

acmea1568

status1577

summity1588

sublimation1591

turret1593

topgallant1597

non ultra?1606

vertical1611

non plus ultra1647

ne ultraa1657

verticle1658

summit1661

ne plus ultra1664

ne plus1665

nonplus1670

tip-top1702

pink1720

sublime1748

eminencea1854

it1896

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. HHvii^v Pytie, whiche may wele be called the fyrmament of perfection, for it is the stablysshment of all holy conuersacion, whereby man..discerneth waters fro waters.

1644 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce (ed. 2) 79 That it may be suffer'd to stand in the place where God set it amidst the firmament of his holy Laws.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 175 What if..this Firmament Of Hell should spout her Cataracts of Fire.

1871 E. F. Burr Ad Fidem vi. 97 A whole firmament of twinkling philosophers and philosophies.

†2.

a. In old Astronomy: The sphere containing the fixed stars; the eighth heaven of the Ptolemaic system.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun] > firmament

firmamentc1400

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xi. 43 Þe xii. signez of þe firmament.

1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 93 A nother heuen ys called the fyrmamente where are the sterres.

1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 7 Aboue these seuen planetes, is there an other heauen or skie, whiche commonly is named the Firmament, and hath in it an infinite numbre of starres.

1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated i. iv. 79 The distance of the Firmament wherein are placed the fixt Starres, is not measurable by mans industrie.

1665 R. Boyle Disc. ii. i, in Occas. Refl. sig. C1 Those Stars that shine in the Firmament or highest visible Heaven.

†b. Hence, applied sometimes to the other celestial spheres. first firmament n. the Primum mobile.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun]

liftOE

heavenOE

wheelc1175

welkina1325

spherec1374

elementc1384

firmamentc1386

roundnessa1398

movablec1400

orbc1449

concavity1483

concameration1625

subcelestial1644

orbit1727

the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun] > primum mobile

first firmamentc1386

first movablec1400

first-movingc1400

first mobilea1475

primum mobilea1475

first movera1550

primovant1570

motor1586

primovable1625

highest movable1669

c1386 G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 197 O firste moving cruel firmament, With thy diurnal swegh that croudest ay.

1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 2 He can..yiven every Jugement, Which longeth to the firmament..Both of the sterre and of the mone.

1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 11 This motion is..called of auncient writers the motion of the First firmament.

c. transferred in Alchemy. (Cf. heaven n.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > alchemy > other alchemical substances or theories > [noun] > others

nurslinga1500

red stonea1500

ruby stonea1500

white womana1500

firmament1612

nitre1682

1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. iii. sig. E2 Your Sunne, your Moone, your Firmament, your Adrop.

†3.

a. In the literal etymological sense: Anything which strengthens or supports; a substratum, a firm support or foundation. literal and figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > support > [noun] > that which supports

staffc1000

hold1042

source1359

legc1380

shorer1393

stabilimenta1398

upholder1398

sustentationa1400

undersetterc1400

bearinga1425

undersettinga1425

suppowellc1430

triclinec1440

sustentaclec1451

supportera1475

sustainerc1475

sustenal1483

stayc1515

buttress1535

underpinning1538

firmament1554

countenance1565

support1570

appuia1573

comfort1577

hypostasis1577

underpropping1586

porter1591

supportation1593

supportance1597

understaya1603

bearer1607

rest1609

upsetter1628

mountinga1630

sustent1664

underlay1683

holdfast1706

abutment1727

suppeditor1728

mount1739

monture1746

bed1793

appoggiatura1833

bracing1849

bench1850

under-pinner1859

bolster-piece1860

sustainer1873

table mount1923

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > one who is important > one who is essential or has central role

Atlas1589

keystone1641

protagonist1671

firmament1701

leading light1707

pivotman1782

kingpin1858

queen-pin1907

1554 J. Knox Godly Let. sig. B viij Here is the firmamente of my fyrst cause.

a1555 J. Philpot tr. C. S. Curione Def. Authority Christ's Church in R. Eden Exam. & Writings J. Philpot (1842) (modernized text) 382 Paul calleth the church the firmament and pillar of truth.

1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 17 [That] this same bone..might be vnto Larinx as a firmament, and foundation.

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 388 It was not safe that his thinne coat should runne along without some Firmament.

a1626 F. Bacon Interpr. Nat. i, in Lett. & Remains (1734) 401 I thought it good..to make a strong..bank to..guide the course of the waters; by setting down this position or firmament, namely, That all knowledge is to be limited by religion.

1649 Bp. J. Taylor Great Exemplar ix. 121 This duty to parents is the very firmament and bond of commonwealths.

1701 S. Sewall Diary 30 June (1973) I. 450 The absence of him who was the Firmament and Ornament of the Province.

b. The process of strengthening or making firm.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > strengthening > [noun]

establishment1561

corroboration1599

confirmation1646

firmament1650

strengthening1660

tone-up1943

the world > movement > absence of movement > [noun] > stability > condition of being firmly fixed > becoming or making

fixturea1616

firmation1646

firmament1650

1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 144 The tongue hath a ligament or bridle for two causes: First for the firmament of its Basis.

†4. (See quot.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > jewellery > jewellery worn on the head > [noun] > hair ornaments > precious stones on

firmamenta1685

a1685 M. Evelyn Mundus Muliebris (1690) 7 Pins tipt with Diamond Point, and head, By which the Curls are fastened, In radiant Firmament set out.

a1685 M. Evelyn Fop-dict. 18 in Mundus Muliebris (1690) Firmament, diamonds, or other precious Stones heading the Pins which they stick in the Tour, and Hair, like Stars.

Compounds

In combinations.

ΚΠ

1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 20 Theyr Firmament-propping foundation, shal be adequated with the Valley of Iehosaphat.

1883 ‘M. Twain’ Life on Mississippi xx. 244 A firmament-obliterating irruption of profanity.

Derivatives

ˈfirmamentˌwards adv. towards the firmament; heavenwards.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [adverb] > towards

to skyward1582

heavenward1626

heavenwards1643

skyward1655

skywards1755

heavenwardly1848

firmamentwards1886

skywardly1893

1886 R. F. Burton tr. Arabian Nights' Entertainm. (Lady Burton's ed.) I. xxi. 188 Then she flew firmamentwards to circle it.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	firmament
释义	firmamentn. Brit. /ˈfəːməm(ə)nt/, U.S. /ˈfərməmənt/ Forms: Middle English–1500s fer-, fyrmament(e, Middle English– firmament. Etymology: < Latin firmāmentum. < firmāre to strengthen, < firmus firm. Compare Old French firmament. In classical Latin the word means ‘something which strengthens or supports’ (compare 3). In the Vulgate it was adopted, in imitation of the στερέωμα of the Septuagint (properly ‘firm or solid structure’, < στερεοῦν to make firm or solid, < στερεός firm, solid), as the rendering of Hebrew rāqīăʿ, applied to the vault of the sky. The Hebrew word probably means ‘expanse’, from the root rāqaʿ which in the Bible has the senses ‘to tread’, ‘to beat out (metals)’, ‘to spread out’; but in Syriac the verb means ‘to condense, make firm or solid’, whence the Greek and Latin renderings of the noun. 1. a. The arch or vault of heaven overhead, in which the clouds and the stars appear; the sky or heavens. In modern use only poetic or rhetorical. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [noun] roofeOE welkinc825 heaveneOE heightOE heavenOE liftOE loftOE welkin1122 skies?a1289 firmamentc1290 skewa1300 spherea1300 skewsc1320 hemispherec1374 cope of heavenc1380 clouda1400 skya1425 elementc1485 axle-treea1522 scrowc1540 pole1572 horizona1577 vaulta1586 round?1593 the cope1596 pend1599 floor1600 canopy1604 cope1609 expansion1611 concameration1625 convex1627 concave1635 expansum1635 blue1647 the expanse1667 blue blanket1726 empyrean1727 carry1788 span1803 overhead1865 c1050 Byrhtferth's Handboc in Anglia (1885) 8 309 On þam oðrum dæge he geworhte firmamentum þæt ys þeos heofon.] c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 226/248 Þat huy ne yseiȝen no-þing bote þe se ant þe firmament. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 95 Ðo god bad ben ðe firmament. c1386 G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale 975 Bright was the day, and bliew the firmament. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. vii. f. 35^v That lyttle sleepe that they had, was..abrode vnder the firmamente. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 604 Now glow'd the Firmament With living Saphirs. View more context for this quotation 1693 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) III. 192 This morning a rain~bow seen in the firmament. 1835 J. B. Robertson tr. F. von Schlegel Philos. of Hist. I. i. 27 The northern firmament possesses by far the largest and most brilliant constellations. 1877 W. C. Bryant Receive thy Sight in Poems ii The pleasant rays That lit the glorious firmament. b. Heaven, as the place where God dwells. Obsolete except in Biblical and liturgical phrases. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > heaven > [noun] bliss971 heavenOE paradiseOE towera1240 seatc1275 heavenwarda1300 Abraham's bosomc1300 tabernaclea1340 wonea1350 sanctuary1382 pasturec1384 firmament1388 sky?1518 Canaan1548 welkin1559 happy land1562 sphere?1592 heavenwards1614 afterworld1615 patria1707 god-home1848 overworld1858 the invisible1868 1388 J. Wyclif Psalms cl. 1 Herie ȝe þe lord in hise seyntis! herie ȝe him in þe firmament of his vertu! c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 221 Thikke þowsandez..Fellen fro the fyrmament, fendez ful blake. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Song Three Children 33 Blessed be thou in y^e firmament of heauen. 1611 Bible (King James) Psalms cl. 1 Praise him in the firmament of his power. View more context for this quotation c. transferred and figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > perfection > [noun] > peak of perfection perfection1340 pointc1400 pinnaclec1450 firmament1526 tipe1548 vertical point1559 acmea1568 status1577 summity1588 sublimation1591 turret1593 topgallant1597 non ultra?1606 vertical1611 non plus ultra1647 ne ultraa1657 verticle1658 summit1661 ne plus ultra1664 ne plus1665 nonplus1670 tip-top1702 pink1720 sublime1748 eminencea1854 it1896 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. HHvii^v Pytie, whiche may wele be called the fyrmament of perfection, for it is the stablysshment of all holy conuersacion, whereby man..discerneth waters fro waters. 1644 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce (ed. 2) 79 That it may be suffer'd to stand in the place where God set it amidst the firmament of his holy Laws. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 175 What if..this Firmament Of Hell should spout her Cataracts of Fire. View more context for this quotation 1871 E. F. Burr Ad Fidem vi. 97 A whole firmament of twinkling philosophers and philosophies. †2. a. In old Astronomy: The sphere containing the fixed stars; the eighth heaven of the Ptolemaic system. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun] > firmament firmamentc1400 c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xi. 43 Þe xii. signez of þe firmament. 1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 93 A nother heuen ys called the fyrmamente where are the sterres. 1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 7 Aboue these seuen planetes, is there an other heauen or skie, whiche commonly is named the Firmament, and hath in it an infinite numbre of starres. 1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated i. iv. 79 The distance of the Firmament wherein are placed the fixt Starres, is not measurable by mans industrie. 1665 R. Boyle Disc. ii. i, in Occas. Refl. sig. C1 Those Stars that shine in the Firmament or highest visible Heaven. †b. Hence, applied sometimes to the other celestial spheres. first firmament n. the Primum mobile. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun] liftOE heavenOE wheelc1175 welkina1325 spherec1374 elementc1384 firmamentc1386 roundnessa1398 movablec1400 orbc1449 concavity1483 concameration1625 subcelestial1644 orbit1727 the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun] > primum mobile first firmamentc1386 first movablec1400 first-movingc1400 first mobilea1475 primum mobilea1475 first movera1550 primovant1570 motor1586 primovable1625 highest movable1669 c1386 G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 197 O firste moving cruel firmament, With thy diurnal swegh that croudest ay. 1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 2 He can..yiven every Jugement, Which longeth to the firmament..Both of the sterre and of the mone. 1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 11 This motion is..called of auncient writers the motion of the First firmament. c. transferred in Alchemy. (Cf. heaven n.) ΘΚΠ the world > matter > alchemy > other alchemical substances or theories > [noun] > others nurslinga1500 red stonea1500 ruby stonea1500 white womana1500 firmament1612 nitre1682 1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. iii. sig. E2 Your Sunne, your Moone, your Firmament, your Adrop. View more context for this quotation †3. a. In the literal etymological sense: Anything which strengthens or supports; a substratum, a firm support or foundation. literal and figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > support > [noun] > that which supports staffc1000 hold1042 source1359 legc1380 shorer1393 stabilimenta1398 upholder1398 sustentationa1400 undersetterc1400 bearinga1425 undersettinga1425 suppowellc1430 triclinec1440 sustentaclec1451 supportera1475 sustainerc1475 sustenal1483 stayc1515 buttress1535 underpinning1538 firmament1554 countenance1565 support1570 appuia1573 comfort1577 hypostasis1577 underpropping1586 porter1591 supportation1593 supportance1597 understaya1603 bearer1607 rest1609 upsetter1628 mountinga1630 sustent1664 underlay1683 holdfast1706 abutment1727 suppeditor1728 mount1739 monture1746 bed1793 appoggiatura1833 bracing1849 bench1850 under-pinner1859 bolster-piece1860 sustainer1873 table mount1923 the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > one who is important > one who is essential or has central role Atlas1589 keystone1641 protagonist1671 firmament1701 leading light1707 pivotman1782 kingpin1858 queen-pin1907 1554 J. Knox Godly Let. sig. B viij Here is the firmamente of my fyrst cause. a1555 J. Philpot tr. C. S. Curione Def. Authority Christ's Church in R. Eden Exam. & Writings J. Philpot (1842) (modernized text) 382 Paul calleth the church the firmament and pillar of truth. 1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 17 [That] this same bone..might be vnto Larinx as a firmament, and foundation. 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 388 It was not safe that his thinne coat should runne along without some Firmament. a1626 F. Bacon Interpr. Nat. i, in Lett. & Remains (1734) 401 I thought it good..to make a strong..bank to..guide the course of the waters; by setting down this position or firmament, namely, That all knowledge is to be limited by religion. 1649 Bp. J. Taylor Great Exemplar ix. 121 This duty to parents is the very firmament and bond of commonwealths. 1701 S. Sewall Diary 30 June (1973) I. 450 The absence of him who was the Firmament and Ornament of the Province. b. The process of strengthening or making firm. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > strengthening > [noun] establishment1561 corroboration1599 confirmation1646 firmament1650 strengthening1660 tone-up1943 the world > movement > absence of movement > [noun] > stability > condition of being firmly fixed > becoming or making fixturea1616 firmation1646 firmament1650 1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 144 The tongue hath a ligament or bridle for two causes: First for the firmament of its Basis. †4. (See quot.) ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > jewellery > jewellery worn on the head > [noun] > hair ornaments > precious stones on firmamenta1685 a1685 M. Evelyn Mundus Muliebris (1690) 7 Pins tipt with Diamond Point, and head, By which the Curls are fastened, In radiant Firmament set out. a1685 M. Evelyn Fop-dict. 18 in Mundus Muliebris (1690) Firmament, diamonds, or other precious Stones heading the Pins which they stick in the Tour, and Hair, like Stars. Compounds In combinations. ΚΠ 1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 20 Theyr Firmament-propping foundation, shal be adequated with the Valley of Iehosaphat. 1883 ‘M. Twain’ Life on Mississippi xx. 244 A firmament-obliterating irruption of profanity. Derivatives ˈfirmamentˌwards adv. towards the firmament; heavenwards. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [adverb] > towards to skyward1582 heavenward1626 heavenwards1643 skyward1655 skywards1755 heavenwardly1848 firmamentwards1886 skywardly1893 1886 R. F. Burton tr. Arabian Nights' Entertainm. (Lady Burton's ed.) I. xxi. 188 Then she flew firmamentwards to circle it. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1290
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