| 释义 |
foeadj.n. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a word inherited from Germanic. Partly a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: i-fo n. and adj. Etymology: Originally (i) (as adjective) cognate with Old Frisian fāch outlawed, prosecuted, punishable, Middle Dutch vee hostile, probably < a Germanic base seen also in Gothic bifaih exaction, bifaihon to defraud, Old Saxon afēhian , Old High German fēhen to condemn, and also in i-fo n. and feud n.1, of uncertain origin. Subsequently partly (ii) aphetic < i-fo n. and adj.Further etymology. The probable Germanic base of this word may be related to that of fey adj., although the nature of any relationship is uncertain. It does not appear to have secure cognates in Indo-European, but perhaps compare Early Irish oech enemy and perhaps also Lithuanian paikas stupid. For further discussion of the Germanic adjective, see etymological note at i-fo n. Old English adjective and noun. In Old English both the inflected forms of the adjective and all forms of the weak masculine noun regularly show loss of the voiceless velar fricative and contraction, giving a stem fā- (compare uninflected fāh , adjective). The Old English by-form fāg (adjective) shows an alternative development with voicing of the velar fricative, apparently originally in inflected forms (compare discussion at high adj. and n.2). In Old English the adjective is usually unprefixed; prefixed adjectival forms are rare and relatively late (see i-fo adj.). Use of the adjective is typically attested in forms of the strong declension, frequently in verse. Use of such unprefixed strong forms (in singular and plural) as noun in sense ‘enemy’ also occurs occasionally in verse (compare quot. OE1 at sense B. 1a). In prose the prefixed weak masculine noun gefā i-fo n. is the usual form, especially in legal use where it specifically refers to adversaries in sanctioned feuds. (The more usual word for ‘enemy’ in Old English is fēond fiend n.) An isolated unprefixed weak form is apparently attested in Old English verse in quot. OE2 at sense B. 1a; however, the construction with dative Gode (rather than the expected genitive Godes ) suggests that this is probably another example of the adjective used absolutely (albeit in a rare weak form); the verse has been interpreted in several different ways (including as showing scribal error). For a summary and discussion of the various suggestions see K. Karasawa Old Eng. Metrical Calendar (2015) 124. Anglicized forms in Older Scots. Forms of the noun with stem vowel o (see β forms), including weak plurals in -n , are attested as Anglicisms in Older Scots verse (frequently in rhyming position; compare quot. ?a1513 at sense B. 1a); the plural form fone is also occasionally attested as a singular (as also in southern Middle English verse; compare quot. a1450 at sense B. 1a). A. adj.the mind > emotion > hatred > hostility > [adjective] OE (2008) 811 He [wæs] fag wið God. OE (1931) 1860 Hwæðere drihten wearð, frea Faraone fah and yrre for wifmyne. a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 231 Frend oðer fend, hold oðer fa. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) v. l. 7252 (MED) A fewe men it mihte kepe From al the world..Bot if the goddes weren fo. a1500 in C. Brown (1924) 115 (MED) Swete ihesu, how myȝt þou soo Cal hym [sc. Iudas] þy frend, so fel & foo? a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun (Nero) viii. l. 5608 Forton forssit hyr to be fa. a1568 R. Ascham (1570) ii. f. 33 So fast to frende, so foe to few, so good to euery weight. 1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne i. xlvii. 154 An enemie-country and foe-land. the world > the earth > land > ground > [adjective] > condition for movement the world > the earth > land > ground > [adjective] > rough c1400 (?c1390) (1940) l. 1430 Bitwene a flosche in þat fryth & a foo cragge. B. n. Now somewhat archaic (in most contexts enemy n.1 is the more usual word). 1. the mind > emotion > hatred > enemy > [noun] OE (2008) 2655 Ne þynceð me gerysne þæt we rondas beren eft to earde, nemne we æror mægen fane gefyllan. OE 211 Þænne embe eahta niht and feowerum þætte fan Gode besenctun on sægrund sigefæstne wer, on brime haran. a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 239 Witeð into ece fer, þe is ȝæarced mine fo. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) l. 812 Min children þat ich ȝef mi god beþ min meste fon. 1340 (1866) 255 He ualþ liȝtliche ine þe honden of his uon. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 1593 Hijs faas to bring al o lijf. a1450 (1969) l. 3396 Satanas he forsok as hys fone..And hyth to serue þe alone. 1489 (a1380) J. Barbour (Adv.) ii. 208 Robert ye bruce yat wes his fa. a1513 W. Dunbar (1998) I. 171 I knaw not..Quha is my freind, quha is my fo [rhyme wo, mo]. 1526 Matt. x. f. xiiij A mannes fooes shalbe, they of his owne housholde. 1609 T. Heywood xiii. sig. Ggv Oh! Thou the awe of Kings, Death to thy Foes, supporture to thy Friends. 1673 J. Milton On Death Fair Infant x, in (new ed.) 20 To slake his wrath whom sin hath made our foe. 1728 A. Pope iii. 147 Embrace, embrace my Sons! be foes no more! 1787 R. Burns (new ed.) 150 Your mortal Fae is now awa', Tam Samson's dead! 1823 Ld. Byron lxx. 146 He..could crack His jest alike in face of friend or foe. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Elaine in 204 He makes no friend who never made a foe. 1919 Feb. 169/2 Dunthalmo, lord of Teutha, having murdered his foe Rathmos, lord of Clutha, imprisoned his two sons. 2013 (Nexis) 10 Aug. 11 He dressed up as Batman's foe Scarecrow. society > armed hostility > warrior > [noun] > enemy c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1963) l. 109 Inne þane fehte his feon heo him binomen. c1300 St. Edward Elder (Laud) l. 205 in C. Horstmann (1887) 52 For is fon ornen so faste him up-on þat he ne miȝhte þannes wiende. c1330 (Auch.) (1882) l. 1054 (MED) Turneþ aȝein a non, & helpeþ to wreke ȝou on ȝoure fon. c1400 (?c1380) (1920) l. 1767 His foes in þe felde..Now ar þay sodenly assembled. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 54 Foly it was..Succour to sek of thar alde mortale fa. 1575 G. Gascoigne Fruites of Warre clxiii, in sig. Kiiv So might we..fend our foes, with blowes of English blade. 1591 E. Spenser tr. J. du Bellay Visions v, in sig. Y3 A barbarous troupe of clownish fone. 1612 W. Symonds Proc. Eng. Colonie Virginia viii. 62 in J. Smith Come in friendly manner to see vs, and not thus with your gunnes & swords, as to invade your foes. 1667 J. Milton i. 437 Before the Spear Of despicable foes . View more context for this quotation 1704 J. Addison 17 Give thy Brave Foes their Due. 1780 H. Croft xxvii. 58 Who dar'd your rudely painted limbs oppose To steel of Chalybs, and to Roman foes. 1838 C. Thirlwall (new ed.) III. 251 Abundant opportunities of annoying their hereditary foes in the land of their fathers. 1887 C. Bowen tr. Virgil Æneid ii, in tr. 112 Trojans eye me in wrath, and demand my life as a foe! 1918 A. G. Empey 273 You are fighting hand to hand in a strange and narrow trench. It is hard to distinguish friend from foe. 1964 J. Sasamori & G. Warner i. 141 The remaining foe, the eighth, is quickly taken care of with a slashing do-giri stroke. 2000 L. Forbes iii. i. 269 He raised a large sheathed short sword. ‘Gurkha kukri. Admirably designed for hewing a branch or a foe.’ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] > opponent 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics ii, in tr. Virgil 94 The Groom..watches with a trip his Foe to foil. View more context for this quotation 1795 2 I am not of consequence enough to have either political friends, or political foes. 1870 W. Morris I. 133 Made happy that the foe the prize hath won. 1949 23 Feb. 7/1 Lee nearly nailed his foe in the first round with a flurry of lefts. 1979 2 Apr. 4/2 John Diefenbaker [sc. a politician] is 83 years old, but still a formidable foe. 2000 5 Mar. 21/7 Old political foes Sir Jon Bjelke-Petersen and Peter Beattie have joined forces again. 2. figurative and in extended use. Often with of, to. the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > harm or injury > [noun] > cause of a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris (1873) 2nd Ser. 33 Crist him hadde warned togenes þre fon,..synne and sor and deað. c1225 (?c1200) (Royal) (1938) 38 Varpeð ut quoð warschipe, farlac ure fa. c1330 in C. Brown (1924) 32 (MED) Ȝete þe ferþ is our fa, Deþ þat derieþ ous swa. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) iv. l. 3408 (MED) For nou fortune is thus mi fo. ?a1430 Compleynte Virgin (Huntington) l. 61 in (1970) i. 2 Mirthe is to me become a verray fo. c1450 ( J. Walton tr. Boethius (Linc. Cathedral 103) 278 (MED) When fortune as a foo doth hym assaile. 1582 J. Yates f. 21v Feare is a foe, as fury is a friend. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) ii. ii. 228 That thought is Bounties Foe . View more context for this quotation 1671 J. Milton i. 159 To conquer Sin and Death the two grand foes . View more context for this quotation 1703 N. Rowe ii. i. 16 Some sullen Influence, a Foe to both. 1783 G. Crabbe ii. 37 Grief is a foe, expel him then thy soul. 1813 P. B. Shelley ix. 119 Death is no foe to virtue. 1847 R. N. Greaves i. iii. 12 Rain is a rotter, sir; a foe to steel. 1941 (Federal Writers' Project) i. 99 The yellows, worst foe of cabbage plants, was raging. 1989 28 Nov. a24/3 The true foe of degradability is landfilling. 2015 (Nexis) 13 June a19 Those who ran Mississippi were..aware of the power of publicity and knew it was their foe. the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [noun] > a harmful thing or person > thing the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > ill-will > person of ill-will > [noun] the mind > emotion > hatred > hostility > [noun] > act of hostility > hostile person the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > unkindness > ill will, malevolence > [noun] > person or thing displaying a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) ii. l. 3354 (MED) Thou..Hast ben a fo to Cristes lay. 1566 T. Drant in tr. Horace sig. aiiii.v The Satyrist loues Truthe, none more then he. An vtter foe to fraude in eache degree. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. i. 178 A Foe to'th'publike Weale. 1656 S. Holland ii. iii. 81 He was no foe to a tranquillious subsistence. 1742 A. Pope 452 A gloomy Clerk, Sworn foe to Myst'ry, yet divinely dark. 1812 G. Crabbe i. 15 Beneath him fix'd, our Man of Law, That lawless man the Foe of Order, saw. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Guinevere in 251 I hold that man the worst of public foes. 1917 J. C. Oman ii. i. 90 The peaceable are so far from being peacemakers that they are peace's most deadly and deceitful foes. 1991 15 Aug. a14/2 The prince has emerged in recent years as..an unabashed foe of modernism. 2009 (Nexis) 8 June 26 Sworn foes of state monopolies and public institutions, they nonetheless treat literary awards as some sort of nationalised industry. society > armed hostility > warriors collectively > [noun] > hostile, foreign, or predatory 1565 B. Googe tr. ‘M. Palingenius’ (new ed.) viii. sig. DD.vv The assault be now begonne, and siege the foe doth lay. 1566 J. Studley tr. Seneca iii. sig. E.v The foe with flamyng fyre doth spoyle and wast the wall. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. iv. 3 All my followers, to the eager foe Turne back, and flye. View more context for this quotation a1640 P. Massinger Guardian i. i. 241 in (1655) For a flying foe, Discreet and provident Conquerors build up A bridge of gold. 1712 R. Blackmore iii. 122 But undismay'd we face the Intrepid Foe. 1794 R. Burns (1968) II. 736 He's on the seas to meet the foe. 1816 Ld. Byron xxv. 15 Whispering, with white lips—‘The foe! They come! they come!’ 1861 M. Pattison in Apr. 415 Long after London had ceased to fear a foreign foe. 1917 27 Mar. 9/1 The manifest loss of moral in the foe, as the soil is purged of his polluting presence. 1974 C. Ryan iv. i. 227 These tough units met a foe most of them remember as the fiercest soldiers they had ever encountered. 2003 W. Murray & R. H. Scales 267 The U.S.'s top-quality fleet of combat aircraft..destroyed the foe's infrastructure. Phrasesthe world > the supernatural > deity > a devil > the Devil or Satan > [noun] > as enemy or fiend ?c1225 (?a1200) (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 51 Vre fa þe werreur of helle. a1333 in C. Brown (1924) 23 (MED) Vrom oure fykel fohes spere, Þou þylke tyme ous ȝeme. a1425 (?c1350) (Harl. 4196) l. 64* (MED) Þe fende þat es oure fa. a1450 (Vesp.) (1902) l. 40 (MED) We sall assent..Ogans þe fend, our fa, to fyght. ?1588 J. Udall sig. I5v Our foe is the fiercer and Gods presence is most forcible and fauourable. 1678 W. Balmford 13 Some strong temptations that our Foe the Devil Doth..Make use of for the overthrow of man. 1706 tr. Creator Alme Siderum in 346 Vouchsafe, O Sov'raign Judge, we pray, That at the last Accounting Day, Our Foe may not prevail. 1882 May 211 Our foe is not omnipotent. If we fight him with spiritual weapons, we must conquer. 1917 10 Dec. 763/1 It would be easier for us if our foe would fight us in the open, in material form. 2004 D. Sheets ix. 105 We follow our Captain, not our foe. Compounds C1. Compounds of the adjective. the mind > emotion > hatred > hostility > [adjective] 1598 S. Rowlands sig. Aivv Now foe-harted, trecherous of intent. ?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer (new ed.) xiv. 217 Till the Thunderer drew Our Forces out, in his foe-Troy decrees. C2. Compounds of the noun. 1590 T. Watson sig. C2v Where arms are vsd by foe-subduing powers. 1810 June 467/1 His arm had struck the foe-defeating stroke. 1857 H. H. Wilson tr. III. 26 Insuperable, foe-surpassing, give food to the institutor of this sacrifice. 1876 R. D. Joyce 257 This foe-destroyer [sc. a sword]. 1999 S. Sehgal V. 1410 You are foe-subduing lioness, be sanctified for gods. 2016 (Nexis) 23 Feb. 72 The French Romantic painter serves up scenes of sword-plunging, foe-slaying, flesh-conquering fantasy unrivalled in nineteenth-century art. b. Appositive and instrumental. 1640 S. Rutherford Let. 13 Feb. in (1664) 505 A changed God & a foe-God. 1870 D. G. Rossetti 53 Is not the foe-God weak as the foeman When love grows hate in the heart of a woman? 1812 Ld. Byron 301 The rifled mansion, and the foe-reap'd field. Derivatives 1556 J. Heywood lxiii. 57 These folike freendes. 1638 G. Sandys Paraphr. Lamentations Ieremiah ii. 13 in He..Foe-like hath bent his Bow. 1865 J. M. Ludlow I. vi. 148 The ‘noble queen’ went by their feet, and offered them foelike greeting. 1889 J. A. Birds tr. J. W. von Goethe II. ii. iii. 201 Corsairing steered King Menelas from bay to bay; Mainland and islands, all foelike descended on. 1995 T. Engelhardt vii. 222 The enemy acted in a recognizably foelike manner. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † foev.Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: foe adj.; foe n. Etymology: Partly (i) < foe adj., and partly (ii) < foe n. Compare friend v. Obsolete. the mind > emotion > hatred > hate inwardly or intensely [verb (transitive)] > set at enmity the mind > emotion > hatred > enemy > set at enmity [verb (transitive)] a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris (1873) 2nd Ser. 209 He [sc. the devil] is cleped mannes fo, for he fode þe forme man wið god. the mind > emotion > hatred > enemy > set at enmity [verb (transitive)] > make or treat as foe or enemy 1596 E. Spenser vi. xi. sig. Hh8v Sith in his powre she was to foe or frend. View more context for this quotation 1596 W. Warner (rev. ed.) x. lv. 247 So far was she from foing her, that sought her life and Rayne. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online September 2021). > as lemmasFoE 1971 Dec. 33/1 The dropping of the Boeing SST scheme, the non-flooding of the Grand Canyon and the halting of the Alaska oil pipeline may all legitimately be put down to successful FOE lobbying there. 1986 Sept. 9/1 FOE Adelaide called a rally to march on the Labor Party state conference. 1997 13 Aug. (Society section) 5/5 The failure so far to protect the threatened Offham Marshes site of special scientific interest in East Sussex makes FoE fear for the future. <  adj.n.OE v.a1200as lemmas |
