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单词 fraud
释义

fraudn.

Brit. /frɔːd/, U.S. /frɔd/, /frɑd/
Forms: Middle English–1500s fraude, frawd(e, Middle English– fraud.
Etymology: < Old French fraude, < Latin fraude-m (fraus) deceit, injury.
1. The quality or disposition of being deceitful; faithlessness, insincerity. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > [noun] > quality of
swikeldoma1250
swikelhedea1250
falsehood1297
deceit1303
falsenessc1330
fraud?a1400
dolosity1401
guilefulnessa1425
feignedness1435
deceitfulness1509
deceivableness1526
knavishness1528
braidienessa1600
fallacy1641
trickiness1723
trickishness1788
deceptiveness1837
snakiness1842
sophistic1868
snakishness1901
?a1400 Morte Arth. 3919 Alle for falsede, and frawde.
c1430 J. Lydgate Minor Poems 162 Fle doubilnesse, fraud, and collusioun.
?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 47 I semyt sober and sueit and sempill without fraud.
1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing ii. iii. 71 The fraud of men was euer so. View more context for this quotation
1672 A. Marvell Let. 2 Nov. in Poems & Lett. (1971) II. 275 I do not belieue there is any fraud in him.
1718 Mem. Life J. Kettlewell ii. xxvi. 128 A Person of Simplicity without Fraud.
1827 T. B. Macaulay Machiavelli in Ess. (1854) 36 Vices..which are the natural defence of weakness, fraud and hypocrisy.
personified.1606 T. Dekker Seuen Deadly Sinnes London ii. sig. C3v Frawd (with two faces) is his Daughter.1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 56 The discredited paper securities of impoverished fraud, and beggared rapine. View more context for this quotation
2.
a. Criminal deception; the using of false representations to obtain an unjust advantage or to injure the rights or interests of another.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > [noun]
falsec1000
fraudc1330
barrat1340
faitery1377
defraudc1450
trumpery1481
covin1487
defraudationc1503
knavery1528
conveyance1531
imposture1537
defrauding1548
cozenage1583
impostry1585
catch-dolt1592
gullery1598
coggery1602
gullage1607
charlatism1611
impostury1615
quacksalvery1617
mountebankery1618
imposition1632
imposturisma1634
blaflum1637
charlatanry1638
defraudment1645
mountebankism1649
impostorya1652
impostorism1652
imposturage1654
impostery1656
mountebank1657
imposing1659
quackery1675
quackism1722
empiricism1774
cross1802
charlatanism1804
practitionery1818
cozenry1829
humbuggery1831
trick1833
thimble-shift1834
thimble-shifting1834
thimbleriggery1841
humbuggism1842
quackhood1843
quacksalverism1864
razzle-dazzle1928
spivery1948
shuck1958
shucking and jiving1969
society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > specific offences > [noun] > concealment of truth > criminal deception
fraudc1330
crimen falsi1602
stellature1608
stellionate1622
estafa1903
c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 128 In alle manere cause he sought þe right in skille, To gile no to fraude wild he neuer tille.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark x. 19 Do no fraude, worschipe thi fadir and modir.
1570 B. Googe tr. T. Kirchmeyer Popish Kingdome i. f. 7 But safely keepes that he hath long, with frawde and lying got.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 646 To work in close design, by fraud or guile, What force effected not. View more context for this quotation
1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. i. vi. 95 They look upon Fraud as a greater Crime than Theft.
1829 E. Bulwer-Lytton Devereux II. ii. iii. 51 Fraud has been practised.
b. in Law. in fraud of, to the fraud of: so as to defraud; also, to the detriment or hindrance of.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > specific offences > [phrase] > so as to defraud or disadvantage
in fraud of1590
to the fraud of1590
1278 Stat. Glouc. 6 Edw. I c. 11 Ou par collusiun ou par fraude pur fere le termer perdre sun terme.
1292 Britton i. ii. §11 Ne nule manere de fraude.]
1590 H. Swinburne Briefe Treat. Test. & Willes iv. f. 151 The condition is reiected, as being made in fraude of mariage.
a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 23 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) The same Statutes..are often..wrested to the fraude of the Subject.
1848 J. J. S. Wharton Law Lexicon 265/2 Fraud, all deceitful practices in defrauding or endeavouring to defraud another of his known right, by means of some artful device, contrary to the plain rule of common honesty.
1874 Stephen's New Comm. Laws Eng. (ed. 7) II. iii. ii. 268 And shall not have deposited or invested in fraud of his creditors.
3.
a. An act or instance of deception, an artifice by which the right or interest of another is injured, a dishonest trick or stratagem.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > [noun] > instance of
braida1000
fraudc1374
mock1523
brogue1537
flim-flamc1538
imposture1548
lie1560
cozening1576
smoke-hole1580
gullery1598
gull1600
cog1602
coggery1602
fraudulency1630
imposition1632
cheat1649
fourbery1650
prestige1656
sham1677
crimp1684
bite1711
humbug1750
swindle1778
hookum-snivey1781
shim-sham1797
gag1805
intake1808
racket1819
wooden nutmeg1822
sell1838
caper1851
skin game1879
Kaffir bargain1899
swizzle1913
swizz1915
put-on1919
ready-up1924
rort1926
jack-up1945
c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Cambr.) i. pr. iv. 9 The iustice Regal hadde whilom demed hem bothe to gon into exil for hir trecheryes and fraudes.
c1440 York Myst. xxxiii. 131 If ȝe feyne slike frawdis.
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Div Mo than a thousande ways he hath, by his craftly fraudes to deceyue man.
1691 J. Hartcliffe Treat. Virtues 317 The Pharisees..made great shews of Piety, to cover their Frauds and Rapines.
1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 126. ⁋4 Declaiming against the frauds of any employment.
1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. iii. 100 The fraud of imputing guilt to a known innocent being.
1866 C. M. Yonge Cameos lxxvi, in Monthly Packet May 401 Most of the Dauphin's followers gloried in their successful fraud and murder.
b. in Law. statute of frauds: the statute 29 Chas. II, c. 3, by which written memoranda were in many cases required to give validity to a contract.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > types of laws > [noun] > commercial or revenue
sizea1300
assizea1330
indiction1586
poll bill1641
frumentarian law1652
statute of the staple1657
statute of frauds1678
Gin Act1730
Pot Act1733
Stamp Act1765
Stamp-Bill1765
corn law1766
Bumboat Act1796
Maine law1852
permissive bill1864
lemon law1981
1678 Act 29 Chas. II c. 3 (title) An Act for Prevention of Frauds and Perjuries.
1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. i. 362 The frauds, naturally consequent upon this provision..produced [etc.].
1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 29 Which prevents the statute of Frauds from being a bar.
1858 Ld. St. Leonards Handy Bk. Prop. Law vii. 38 An instance of what is deemed a sufficient fraud to enable equity to relieve.
c. pious fraud: a deception practised for the furtherance of what is considered a good object; esp. for the advancement of religion.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > [noun] > instance of > for worthy cause
pious fraud1678
1632 Contin. Hist Forrein Martyrs 32/1 in Foxe's Acts & Monuments (ed. 7) III Their accustomed lies, which they term Fraudes pieuses, pious beguilings.]
1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 319 There is too much cause to suspect that there have been some Pious Frauds practised upon these Trismegistick Writings.
1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 419. ¶5 Pious Frauds were made use of to amuse Mankind.
1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity I. iii. vii. 462 The pious fraud of a nurse, who had substituted her own child for the youngest of the Emperor.
in extended use.1868 J. R. Lowell Under Willows xxi May is a pious fraud of the almanac, A ghastly parody of real Spring.
4.
a. A method or means of defrauding or deceiving; a fraudulent contrivance; in modern colloquial use, a spurious or deceptive thing.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > [noun] > fraudulent device
figment?a1475
cogc1555
fraud1658
joker1858
gold brick1865
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > forgery, falsification > [noun] > something false or forged
falsehood1340
counterfeiture1548
forgery1574
bastard1581
man of straw1599
counterfeit1613
imitationa1616
mock1646
pasteboard1648
sophistication1664
imposture1699
fraud1725
sham1728
adulteration1756
falsity1780
duff1781
shim-sham1797
shammy1822
Hodge-razor1843
pinchbeck1847
shice1859
cook-up1865
postiche1876
fakery1880
fake1883
bogosity1893
spuriosity1894
dud1897
cluck1904
rake-up1957
bodgie1988
1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall iv. 57 They had an happy fraud against excessive lamentation, by a common opinion that deep sorrows disturbed their ghosts.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 139 Surprise him first, and with hard Fetters bind; Then all his Frauds will vanish into Wind. View more context for this quotation
1725 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey I. iv. 597 New from the corse, the scaly frauds diffuse Unsavoury stench of oil.
1782 W. Cowper Progress of Error in Poems 17 Not all..Can..Discern the fraud beneath the specious lure.
1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times III. 5 Many persons persisted in believing that his supposed suicide was but another fraud.
1890 L. B. Walford Mischief of Monica i The whole place is a fraud..we can't live in a villa.
b. colloquial of a person: One who is not what he appears to be; an impostor, a humbug; spec. U.S. (see quot. 1895).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > a charlatan, fraudster > [noun]
shondc725
faitoura1340
fob1393
trumper?c1450
feature14..
chuffera1500
prowler1519
truphane1568
cozener1575
cogger1580
pretender1583
impostor1586
mountebank1589
sycophant?1589
foolmonger1593
affronter1598
assumer1600
knight (also lord, man, etc.) of gingerbread1602
pettifogger1602
budgeter1603
quacksalver1611
empiric1614
putter-off?1615
quack1638
stafador1638
saltimbanco1646
adventurer1648
fourbe1668
shammer1677
imposer1678
charlatana1680
sham1683
cheat1687
hocus1692
gull1699
shamster1716
coal-blower1720
humbugger1752
gagger1781
fudge1794
humbug1804
potwalloper1820
twister1834
jackleg1844
fraud1850
bunyip1852
empiricist1854
Bayswater Captain1880
bluffer1888
putter-down1906
quandong1939
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > dissimulation, pretence > [noun] > one who or that which dissembles
feigner1382
pseudo1402
simular1526
simuler1534
colourer1554
counterfeiter1561
truphane1568
counterfeit1574
put-forth1581
pretender1583
impostor1586
idol1590
would-be1607
phantasm1622
farce1696
imposture1699
Barmecide1713
simulator1835
fraud1850
sham1850
fake1855
swindle1858
shammer1861
make-believe1863
hoax1869
economizer1874
make-believer1884
ringer1896
phoney1902
faker1910
shill1976
the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > defrauder or swindler > [noun]
feature14..
frauderc1475
prowler1519
lurcher1528
defrauder1552
frauditor1553
taker-upc1555
verserc1555
fogger1564
Jack-in-the-box1570
gilenyer1590
foist1591
rutter1591
crossbiter1592
sharker1594
shark1600
bat-fowler1602
cheater1606
foister1610
operator1611
fraudsman1613
projector1615
smoke-sellera1618
decoy1618
firkera1626
scandaroon1631
snapa1640
cunning shaver1652
knight of industrya1658
chouse1658
cheat1664
sharper1681
jockey1683
rooker1683
fool-finder1685
rookster1697
sheep-shearer1699
bubbler1720
gyp1728
bite1742
swindler1770
pigeon1780
mace1781
gouger1790
needle1790
fly-by-night1796
sharp1797
skinner1797
diddler1803
mace cove1811
mace-gloak1819
macer1819
flat-catcher1821
moonlight wanderer1823
burner1838
Peter Funk1840
Funk1842
pigeoner1849
maceman1850
bester1856
fiddler1857
highway robber1874
bunco-steerer1875
swizzler1876
forty1879
flim-flammer1881
chouser1883
take-down1888
highbinder1890
fraud1895
Sam Slick1897
grafter1899
come-on1905
verneuker1905
gypster1917
chiseller1918
tweedler1925
rorter1926
gazumper1932
chizzer1935
sharpie1942
sharpster1942
slick1959
slickster1965
rip-off artist1968
shonky1970
rip-off merchant1971
1850 C. Dickens in Househ. Words 18 May 169/1 He [sc. the begging-letter writer] is one of the most shameless frauds and impositions of this time.
1885 F. B. Van Voorst Without Compass 12 I had called him an old fraud.
1895 Standard Dict. Fraud..specifically..a person, firm, or corporation declared by the Postmaster-general..to be engaged in obtaining money by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, [etc.]..and therefore debarred from obtaining payment of money-orders or the delivery of registered letters.
5. By Milton used in passive sense (as Latin fraus): State of being defrauded or deluded.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > duping, making a fool of > [noun] > state of being fooled
cozenage1583
fraud1667
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 643 So glister'd the dire Snake, and into fraud Led Eve. View more context for this quotation
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd i. 372 To all his Angels he propos'd To draw the proud King Ahab into fraud That he might fall in Ramoth. View more context for this quotation

Compounds

C1.
fraud squad n.
ΚΠ
1967 Economist 7 Jan. 49/2 There is also the Fraud Squad, of gallant lay policemen undertaking (astonishingly well under the circumstances) inquiries that need the most sophisticated legal and financial expertise.
1971 Times 27 Sept. 3/3 Post Office investigators and members of Scotland Yard's Fraud Squad are searching for a gang of expert forgers.
C2.
fraud-doing n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Dan. xi. 21 He..shal weelde the rewme in fraude doynge.
C3.
fraud-wanting adj. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1600 T. Nashe Summers Last Will sig. F4 Fraud-wanting honestie.
C4.
fraud order n. U.S. an official order prohibiting the delivery of letters to a firm or individual suspected of making illegal use of the postal service.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > [noun] > judgement or decision of court > decision in writing or court order > other court orders
restraining order1780
administration order1848
restraint order1883
fraud order1905
possession order1920
variation order1940
Anton Piller order1978
1905 E. E. Calkins & R. Holden Art Mod. Advertising 258 It is often impossible to prosecute the advertisers, and the most the post-office department can do is to issue what is known as a fraud order. Such an order peremptorily and without redress stops the mail of the advertiser.
1931 C. Kelly U.S. Postal Policy 150 Under a ‘fraud order’ all mail directed to such persons or company is stamped ‘Fraudulent’ on the outside and returned to the sender.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

fraudv.

Etymology: < Latin fraudāre, < fraud- : see fraud n.
Obsolete.
1. transitive. To defraud, cheat, or deceive (a person).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > treat fraudulently, cheat [verb (transitive)]
deceivec1330
defraud1362
falsec1374
abuse?a1439
fraud1563
visure1570
cozen1583
coney-catch1592
to fetch in1592
cheat1597
sell1607
mountebanka1616
dabc1616
nigglea1625
to put it on1625
shuffle1627
cuckold1644
to put a cheat on1649
tonya1652
fourbe1654
imposturea1659
impose1662
slur1664
knap1665
to pass upon (also on)1673
snub1694
ferret1699
nab1706
shool1745
humbug1750
gag1777
gudgeon1787
kid1811
bronze1817
honeyfuggle1829
Yankee1837
middle1863
fuck1866
fake1867
skunk1867
dead-beat1888
gold-brick1893
slicker1897
screw1900
to play it1901
to do in1906
game1907
gaff1934
scalp1939
sucker1939
sheg1943
swizz1961
butt-fuck1979
the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > defrauding or swindling > perpetrate (a swindle) [verb (transitive)] > defraud or swindle
defraud1362
deceivec1380
plucka1500
lurch1530
defeata1538
souse1545
lick1548
wipe1549
fraud1563
use1564
cozen1573
nick1576
verse1591
rooka1595
trim1600
skelder1602
firk1604
dry-shave1620
fiddle1630
nose1637
foista1640
doa1642
sharka1650
chouse1654
burn1655
bilk1672
under-enter1692
sharp1699
stick1699
finger1709
roguea1714
fling1749
swindle1773
jink1777
queer1778
to do over1781
jump1789
mace1790
chisel1808
slang1812
bucket1819
to clean out1819
give it1819
to put in the hole1819
ramp1819
sting1819
victimize1839
financier1840
gum1840
snakea1861
to take down1865
verneuk1871
bunco1875
rush1875
gyp1879
salt1882
daddle1883
work1884
to have (one) on toast1886
slip1890
to do (a person) in the eye1891
sugar1892
flay1893
to give (someone) the rinky-dink1895
con1896
pad1897
screw1900
short-change1903
to do in1906
window dress1913
ream1914
twist1914
clean1915
rim1918
tweedle1925
hype1926
clip1927
take1927
gazump1928
yentz1930
promote1931
to take (someone) to the cleaners1932
to carve up1933
chizz1948
stiff1950
scam1963
to rip off1969
to stitch up1970
skunk1971
to steal (someone) blind1974
diddle-
1563 T. Wilson Rule of Reason (new ed.) f. 16 Moche deceipte bred to fraude [1551–3 defraude] one an other.
1581 J. Marbeck Bk. Notes & Common Places 231 That Christen folkes should not be frauded of the holie Sacrament.
1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. ii To Deceiue, Defeate..Fraude, Defraude.
2. To withhold (something) fraudulently.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > retaining > retain or keep [verb (transitive)] > keep what is due to or desired by another > wrongfully or fraudulently
fraud1382
withtake14..
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > treat fraudulently, cheat [verb (transitive)] > withhold fraudulently
fraud1382
defraud1660
1382 Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) James v. 4 The hijre of ȝoure werkmen, that repiden ȝoure cuntrees, that is fraudid of ȝou.
1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) iv. xxi. sig. z.iii If he hath frauded & reteyned taxes.
3. To obtain (something) by fraud.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > defrauding or swindling > perpetrate (a swindle) [verb (transitive)] > take by swindling
wipec1000
fleece1537
fraud1570
shark1613
boba1616
foola1616
rook1647
sharp1707
escroc1738
swindle1779
skelder1822
1570 T. Tusser Hundreth Good Pointes Husbandry (new ed.) f. 23 Ill husbandry waies hath to fraud what he can.

Derivatives

ˈfrauding n. Obsolete
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > defrauding or swindling > [noun]
defraudc1450
defraudationc1503
fraudingc1530
defrauding1548
cheateryc1555
cheatingc1555
versing1591
begeckc1600
sharking1602
shaving1606
rooking1635
defraudment1645
emunging1664
prowlerya1670
bilking1687
sharping1692
mace1742
fineering1765
swindling1769
highway robbery1777
macing1811
flat-catching1821
ramping1830
swindlery1833
rigging1846
diddlinga1849
suck-in1856
daylight robbery1863
cooking1873
bunco-steering1875
chousing1881
fiddling1884
verneukery1896
padding1900
verneukering1900
bobol1907
swizzle1913
ramp1915
swizz1915
chizzing1948
tweedling1975
c1530 A. Barclay Egloges iii. sig. Pv Theyr dayly murder, and forsynge of women Fraudynge of virgins, pyllynge of symple men.
ˈfrauder n. Obsolete a defrauder.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > defrauder or swindler > [noun]
feature14..
frauderc1475
prowler1519
lurcher1528
defrauder1552
frauditor1553
taker-upc1555
verserc1555
fogger1564
Jack-in-the-box1570
gilenyer1590
foist1591
rutter1591
crossbiter1592
sharker1594
shark1600
bat-fowler1602
cheater1606
foister1610
operator1611
fraudsman1613
projector1615
smoke-sellera1618
decoy1618
firkera1626
scandaroon1631
snapa1640
cunning shaver1652
knight of industrya1658
chouse1658
cheat1664
sharper1681
jockey1683
rooker1683
fool-finder1685
rookster1697
sheep-shearer1699
bubbler1720
gyp1728
bite1742
swindler1770
pigeon1780
mace1781
gouger1790
needle1790
fly-by-night1796
sharp1797
skinner1797
diddler1803
mace cove1811
mace-gloak1819
macer1819
flat-catcher1821
moonlight wanderer1823
burner1838
Peter Funk1840
Funk1842
pigeoner1849
maceman1850
bester1856
fiddler1857
highway robber1874
bunco-steerer1875
swizzler1876
forty1879
flim-flammer1881
chouser1883
take-down1888
highbinder1890
fraud1895
Sam Slick1897
grafter1899
come-on1905
verneuker1905
gypster1917
chiseller1918
tweedler1925
rorter1926
gazumper1932
chizzer1935
sharpie1942
sharpster1942
slick1959
slickster1965
rip-off artist1968
shonky1970
rip-off merchant1971
c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 54 Fraudars, misdoars, sortylogers, spousbrekars.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
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n.c1330v.1382
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