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单词 foulness
释义

foulnessn.

Brit. /ˈfaʊlnəs/, U.S. /ˈfaʊlnəs/
Forms: see foul adj. and -ness suffix; also early Old English folnesse (accusative, transmission error), Old English falnesse (genitive, transmission error), Old English fulissum (dative plural transmission error), Old English fullness- (inflected form, perhaps transmission error), 1500s foulines (transmission error).
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian fūlnisse , Middle Low German vūlnisse , Middle Dutch vuulnisse (Dutch vuilnis ), Old High German fūlnussī (German Fäulnis ) < the Germanic base of foul adj. + the Germanic base of -ness suffix.
I. The quality or state of being foul (in various senses of foul adj.).
1. In senses related to foul adj. I.
a. The quality or state of being revolting or disgusting to the senses, esp. through being rotten, putrid, or foul-smelling.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > hatred > dislike > disgust > [noun] > state or quality of being disgusting
foulnessOE
hideousness1340
fulsomeness?a1425
revoltingness1749
disgustingness1851
gauntness1874
grottiness1984
OE Devil's Account of Next World (Tiber.) in Neuphilol. Mitteilungen (1972) 73 366 Þær biþ fulnys butan awendednysse, and biternes butan swetnesse.
OE tr. Felix St. Guthlac (Vesp.) (1909) v. 131 Ða he þa þær geseah þa fulnysse þæs smyces and þa byrnenda lega.
1585 J. Banister Wecker's Compend. Chyrurg. iii. 411 With hardnesse and discolourednesse of lippes, with fowlnesse of the bone.
1612 J. Davies Muses Sacrifice sig. F5 But Praise and Loue, in Mouth, and Heart of mire (through foulenes of that filth) their grace do lose.
1700 tr. H. M. Herwig Art of Curing Sympathetically 19 It is impossible that this Spirit shall be able to expell the Serum in a Dropsie, or the foulness of the belly in those troubled with the Iliack passion.
1799 Oracle & Daily Advertiser 13 July A most sovereign botanical remedy for all disorders of the lungs, coughs, consumptive and asthmatic complaints, foulness of breath, and fresh-contracted colds.
1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. xxxi. 271 The..foulness of air in the between-deck..can not be amended.
1910 Western Jrnl. Educ. July 349 The presence of typhoid germs in a stream is not necessarily accompanied by turbidness, offensive odors, or foulness of taste.
2012 L. Adrian Darker after Midnight ii. 11 He drew in a shallow breath and caught a whiff of something even more disturbing beneath the stale foulness of the room.
b. The quality or state of being dirty, polluted, or full of impurities; dirtiness. Also of a road, path, etc.: muddiness.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > [noun]
foulnessOE
uncleannessOE
filthheadc1300
foulhead1340
filtha1425
filthiness?c1425
horynessc1425
uncleanliness1502
immundicity?1541
filthhood1582
dirtiness1607
slovenliness1617
muckiness1676
turpitude1684
muck1766
dirt1774
grot1971
OE Ælfric Homily (Vitell. C.v) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1968) II. 578 Ða swyn hi gecuron for heora sweartum hiwe, & for þære fulnesse fenlices adelan.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xli. 21 With þe same leenes & foulnes [L. squalore]: þey dulleden.
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Fowlenes or fylthines, sorditudo.
1668 S. Pepys Diary 27 Dec. (1976) IX. 402 My wife and I fell out a little about the foulness of the linen of the table.
1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Fish It is the Foulness of the Ponds..that stenches the Water.
1809–10 S. T. Coleridge Friend (1865) 214 With such..eagerness as to neglect the foulness of the road.
1864 J. A. Winslow Let. 7 Apr. in Official Rec. Union & Confederate Navies in War of Rebellion (1896) (1st Ser.) III. 6 It became necessary from the state of machinery and foulness of the bottom of this vessel to make a sheltered port for examination.
1871 Lancet 7 Oct. 522/2 He admitted also that the foulness of the sheets was no fault of the nurses to whom he had given high testimonials.
1926 Pollution Affecting Navigation or Commerce 9 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (69th Congr., 1st Sess.: House of Representatives Doc. No. 417) The foulness of the waters does not interfere with commercial navigation.
2007 Times 8 Dec. 7/2 You get a green, amber or red rating, depending on the foulness of your air.
c. Offensiveness or repulsiveness of appearance; ugliness; deformity. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > ugliness > [noun]
uglinessc1340
foulnessa1398
dishonestyc1400
deformityc1450
laidure1483
ugsomeness1483
evilfavouredness1535
ill-favouredness1565
hard-favouredness1585
deformedness1588
disgrace1596
unsightliness1611
disfavour1706
hard-featuredness1839
eye-soreness1883
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. xii. xxxii. 638 He [sc. þe pecok] wondred on þe fairnesse of his feþeres and areriþ hem vp..and þanne he..seeþ þe foulnesse of his feet.
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 241 (MED) Considre thin owne foulnesse, howe that þou nakid entredist into the worlde, & with what kynne cloþ þou ert Icladde in þin endyng.
a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iii. v. 67 Hees falne in loue with your foulnesse . View more context for this quotation
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis vii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 417 The Fury..with new methods try'd The foulness of th' infernal Form to hide.
1891 H. R. Haggard Eric Brighteyes xvi. 160 Then Swanhild knew that her beauty had entered into the foulness of the toad, and the foulness of the toad into her beauty.
2000 S. Scholz Body Narr. v. 122 Tellus and Dipsas here emerge as a kind of Madam World-allegory, the beauty of the young woman being inextricably linked to the foulness of the crone.
d. With reference to the weather: the state or condition of being unpleasantly wet and windy; storminess.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [noun] > condition of
reighnessOE
distemperancec1374
distemperurea1387
sternnessa1387
intemperance?a1475
distemperature1531
intemperancy1540
roughness1545
crabbedness1546
intemperateness1555
inclemency1559
intemperature1570
untemperateness1577
foulness1581
distemperment1582
distemper1614
unkindliness1625
1581 T. Wilcox Glasse for Gamesters sig. eiiiv The foulenesse of the weather and the length of the night, cannot alter the nature of the thyng, as of vnlawfull to make it lawfull.
1647 T. Fuller Cause Wounded Conscience xii. 89 Some Popish people make a superstitious Almanacke of the Sunday, by the fairenesse or foulenesse thereof, guessing of the weather all the weeke after.
1745 J. Bold Sin & Danger neglecting Publick Service of Church (ed. 2) 43 The Badness of the Way, or the Foulness of the Weather, is urg'd by some of these Absenters from the Church, as an Excuse.
1868 Daily News 4 May 5/4 To say it rained heavily would convey no adequate idea of the foulness of the night.
2014 @10tenthsmsp 24 May in twitter.com (accessed 9 Feb. 2021) Practice cancelled due to the foulness of the weather! Lucky there's beer in the fridge.
2. In senses related to foul adj. II.
a. The quality or state of being morally impure, shameful, or reprehensible; wickedness. Also in somewhat weaker use: offensiveness with regard to standards of propriety or good behaviour; obscenity, vulgarity.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > foulness or filth > [noun]
fenc897
foulnessOE
foulhead1340
filthiness?1504
lepry1526
fedity1542
leprosy?1555
fulsomeness1563
disdain1590
obscenitya1618
sewer1647
fetidness1704
putridity1823
fetidity1829
disgustingness1851
feculence1860
grunginess1978
society > morality > moral evil > [noun] > moral foulness
foulnessOE
foulhead1340
filthiness?1504
fedity1542
filthery?1546
rottenness1548
feculence1860
OE Ælfric Homily (Corpus Cambr. 188) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 276 He..him reste secð on þam receleasum, þe on oferflowednysse and fulnysse lybbað.
lOE tr. Alcuin De Virtutibus et Vitiis (Vesp.) in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 95 Gyf we nu wilnieð, þæt ure sawlen syn geclænsode fram synne fulnysse.
a1382 Prefatory Epist. St. Jerome in Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) vii. l. 172 I will not þat þou be offendid in holy scriptureȝ..þoru foulnes of wordeȝ.
?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 80 (MED) Goddis lawe is þis, þat prelatis preche to synful men þe foulnesse of here gretee synnys.
a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 78 (MED) And ȝif a man with a man, or womman with womman, do trespas ones in siche fowlenes, let the trespasoure haue penaunce of v yere.
1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 135 Grievous sinnes..for the foulnesse whereof I name them not.
1685 J. Norris Disc. Relig. Assembling in Private Conventicles 267 His pretence was fair enough, but that was no excuse to the foulness of his crime.
1719 E. Young Busiris v. 58 The Foulness of thy Guilt secures Thee From my Reproach.
1817 Caledonian Mercury 1 Sept. The mother sent for him, and upbraided him with the foulness of his conduct.
1848 D. O. Madden Revelations of Ireland iv. 110 He was sure to shock by the foulness of his language.
1899 Daily Mail 1 July 3/4 His lordship, with a solemnity that was most impressive, commented on the foulness of the murder.
1948 Dover Express 15 Oct. 7/3 He realised now the foulness of the crime he had committed.
2012 Toronto Star (Nexis) 28 Sept. e7 Subtitles apparently cannot do justice to the sheer foulness of the language.
b. The quality or fact of being dishonest, dishonourable, unjust, or (in early use) violent. Usually contrasted with fairness (cf. fairness n. 4, 6).Recorded earliest in other with fairness or foulness at Phrases.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > dishonesty > [noun]
falseshipc1230
foulnessa1470
dishonesty1600
falsity1603
unparliamentariness1628
sinisterity1629
deviousness1727
society > morality > moral evil > lack of principle or integrity > [noun] > dishonesty
fakenOE
falseshipc1230
foulnessa1470
dishonesty1600
falsity1603
sinisterity1629
chicanery1655
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > rough or violent treatment
rudessec1415
rudenessc1450
rudeshipc1450
foulnessa1470
roughness1542
pepper1820
pitch-and-tossa1839
stick1942
roughing1960
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 537 Other with fayrenes othir with fowlnes I shall brynge hym to thys courte.
1654 H. Hammond Of Fund. in Notion xi. 99 Piety is opposed to..all falsness or foulness of intensions.
1850 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 5 Mar. The force of this argument, the fairness or foulness of the inference drawn, depends altogether on..whether the people have ceased to receive outdoor relief, because they have ceased to need it, or because, needing it as much as ever, they are left to perish for want of it.
1999 Spectator (Hamilton, Ont.) (Nexis) 16 Sept. (Final ed.) c2 What is less clear is if the Onex deal passes the whiff test; the informal measure of fairness or foulness in political matters.
c. The fact or practice of behaving in an evil, cruel, or shameful way. Now typically in somewhat weakened use: unpleasantness or rudeness of behaviour.
ΚΠ
1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iv. i. 154 Claudio..loued her so, that speaking of her foulenesse, Washt it with teares. View more context for this quotation
1820 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 26 Aug. 397 The Attorney-General dwells upon such persons leaving the Queen, as he has the foulness to call it; but he never dwells upon such persons joining her.
1895 F. C. Conybeare in Philo of Alexandria About Contemplative Life 325 They deserved to be pilloried, both for their ignorance and their foulness towards him of word and deed.
1984 Country Life 5 July 55/4 Mrs Pat behaved with a fairly constant foulness to her daughter.
2012 K. Carlisle Peril in Paperback xiii. 213 Stephen Fowler, for all his foulness, didn't deserve any of this.
3. Nautical. Rockiness of the sea bed, posing a hazard to ships, fishing nets, etc. Cf. foul adj. 24. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > region of sea or ocean > [noun] > sea bed > rockiness
foulness1671
1671 J. Ogilby tr. A. Montanus Remarkable Addr. 33 The Sea near this Island abounds in Fish, but must be taken with Hooks, and not with Lines or Nets, because of the foulness of the Ground.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. i. 115 To secure them [sc. the cables] from being rubbed by the foulness of the ground.
1892 Methods & Results Surv. West Coast Lower Calif. iii. 157 The distance between lines depends upon the frequency of soundings, and this upon the commercial importance of the area surveyed, the foulness of the bottom, and tortuousness of the channels.
1938 Northern Advocate (Whangarei, N.Z.) 30 June 15/3 The grounds for some 10 miles on either side of Whangaroa harbour are not suitable for Danish-seining owing to the foulness of the bottom.
II. Something which is considered foul.
4.
a. Dirt, filth; foul matter; (in later use often) spec. excrement, ordure. Also (esp. in early use) figurative with reference to moral or spiritual corruption. Now chiefly archaic and literary.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > [noun]
gorec725
horeeOE
filthOE
foulnessOE
dirta1300
gallc1400
ordurec1400
foulinga1425
harlotry1439
muck1440
noisance1473
horeness1495
vileness1495
naughtiness1533
vility1540
bawdiness1552
vildness1597
snottery1598
soilage1598
sordidity1600
soil?1605
sluttery1607
nastiness1611
bawdry1648
sords1653
crott1657
feculence1662
nast1789
clart1808
schmutz1838
crap1925
grunge1965
gunge1969
grot1971
spooge1987
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [noun] > other diseases or conditions
impetigo1398
deadingc1400
St Anthonyc1405
foulness1559
acrochordon1565
foulness1583
heat1597
bleach1601
Anthony's fire1609
desquamation1726
sivvens1762
erythema1778
rupia1813
morula1817
dermalgia1842
mycosis1846
cheloid1854
keloid1854
morule1857
kelis1864
dermatosis1866
epithelioma1872
vagabond's disease1876
vagabond's skin1876
dermatitis1877
erysipeloid1888
Ritter's disease1888
acanthosis nigricans1890
angiokeratoma1891
sunburn1891
porokeratosis1893
acrodermatitis1894
epidermolysis1894
keratolysis1895
dermographism1896
neurodermatitis1896
peau d'orange1896
X-ray dermatitis1897
dermatomyositis1899
papulo-erythema1899
pyodermia1899
tar acne1899
dermographia1900
radiodermatitis1903
poikiloderma1907
neurodermatosis1909
leishmanoid1922
razor burn1924
pyoderma1930
photodermatosis1931
photodermatitis1933
necrobiosis lipoidica1934
pyoderma gangrenosum1936
fassy1943
acrodermatitis enteropathica1945
chicken skin1946
nylon stocking dermatitis1947
Sézary('s) syndrome1953
pigskin1966
washerwoman's skin1981
strimmer rash1984
OE tr. Medicina de Quadrupedibus (Vitell.) xiv. 270 Wid wedehundes slite, hundes heafod gebærned to acxan & þæron gedon, eall þæt attor & þa fulnysse hyt ut awyrpeð.
lOE Canterbury Psalter: Canticles iii. 8 Suscitans de pulvere egenum et de stercore erigens pauperem : æweæhte ob mille ðone wedlæn & of fulnesse upnimende ðeærfan.
1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) xvi. lii. sig. Liijv/2 It..clensyth the eyen of fowlenes [a1398 BL Add. hore] & fylthe.
1583 C. Hollyband Campo di Fior 25 Washe well the fowlenesse which is about the jointes of the fingers.
1648 Bp. J. Wilkins Math. Magick ii. xii. 246 The spots or foulnesse of other cloaths are washed out.
1689 R. Milward Selden's Table-talk 2 They had a Foulness about them, viz. Original Sin, that could not be washed away but by Baptism.
1745 J. Swift Clad all in Brown in Misc. X. 228 Thou now one Heap of Foulness art.
1889 R. B. Anderson tr. V. Rydberg Teutonic Mythol. 214 The floors were made of serpents encased in foulness.
1929 M. Summers Vampire in Europe 224 A cloaca in which foulness of this kind collects and reeks amain.
1986 C. Stasheff Her Majesty's Wizard (1987) viii. 105 The soul lay at the bottom, looking upward, contorted in horror, at a huge heap of foulness plunging down toward it.
b. An impurity; a blemish; a crust or deposit of dirt or filth; (also) a piece of debris, an obstruction. Also figurative (esp. in early use), with reference to something morally or spiritually repugnant or corrupt.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > an imperfection > stain or spot or blemish
foulnessOE
tachea1400
tackc1425
speckc1785
soilure1840
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > pollution or defilement > [noun] > specific impurities > incrustation
foulnessOE
scurfc1440
OE (Northumbrian) Liturgical Texts (Durham Ritual) in A. H. Thompson & U. Lindelöf Rituale Ecclesiae Dunelmensis (1927) 105 Ut..uitiorum squalores expurget : þætte..scylda' fulnisso giclænsiga.
OE St. Michael (Corpus Cambr.) in H. L. C. Tristram Vier Altenglische Predigten aus der Heterodoxen Trad. (Ph.D. diss., Freiburg) (1970) 158 Þis is se halga heahengel..se his hlafordes bernas gefelleð mid þy clænestan hwæte and ða egelan and ða fulnesse ut aworpeð.
c1450 (c1400) Bk. Vices & Virtues (Huntington) (1942) 105 (MED) We mowe be fyned as gold and y-made clene of alle foulenesses.
1624 J. Donne Deuotions xiii. 324 When we hide our spotts, wee become Idolatrers of our owne staines, of our own foulenesses.
1678 tr. M. Charas Royal Pharmacopœa iii. iii. lxvi. 196 You may also put it into a Retort, and having plac'd it in a Sand-bath, draw forth the Mercury pure, forcing it with a gradual fire, and stop the foulnesses in the Retort.
1744 T. Stack in Philos. Trans. 1739–40 (Royal Soc.) 41 424 If a glass Globe filled with Water be rapidly turned on its Axis, one sees little Foulnesses.
1790 G. Walker Serm. Var. Subj. II. xxx. 331 What debasing shame must sink the wretched soul, when foulnesses without number shall be revealed.
1861 F. W. Headland Med. Handbk. i. 56 The only means of keeping the air of houses and streets pure from such foulnesses consists in a perfect system of drainage.
1942 Press & Jrnl. (Aberdeen) 18 Aug. 2/8 Last time I saw that land it was smothered in bracken and other foulnesses.
2001 Western Mail (Cardiff) (Nexis) 1 Oct. (Sport section) 20 The streets of Cardiff, for instance, are still colonised by suppurating piles of discarded take-away food..and other foulnesses.
5. Disease or infection of the skin; an instance of this. Obsolete.Originally used spec. with reference to diseases causing extensive areas of discoloration of the skin.
ΚΠ
1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner Treasure of Euonymus 355 It taketh away meruelously the foulnes of the skin, and skars.
1657 Physical Dict. Vitiligo, a foulness of the skin with spots of divers colours. Morphew.
1776 Ann. Reg. 1775 120/2 This simple and safe preparation, makes a very neat cure for the itch, scab, scurf, and all other foulness of the skin.
1802 W. Heberden, Jr. tr. W. Heberden Comm. Hist. & Cure Dis. xxiii. 122 Efficacious in cleansing the skin from many foulnesses.

Phrases

other with fairness or foulness, by fairness or foulness and variants: by fair means or foul. Cf. fair means n. at fair adj. and n.1 Compounds 1b. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 537 Other with fayrenes othir with fowlnes I shall brynge hym to thys courte.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cccxxi. 202 a The duke nor constable wolde nat departe thens tyll they had the castell at their wyll, outher with fayrnesse or foulnesse.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 150 Be fairnes athir be foulnes.
1855 Boston Daily Atlas 4 May It intends, God or the devil helping, by fairness or foulness, by some means at least, to get office.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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