单词 | foulness |
释义 | foulnessn. I. The quality or state of being foul (in various senses of foul adj.). 1. In senses related to foul adj. I. a. The quality or state of being revolting or disgusting to the senses, esp. through being rotten, putrid, or foul-smelling. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > hatred > dislike > disgust > [noun] > state or quality of being disgusting foulnessOE hideousness1340 fulsomeness?a1425 revoltingness1749 disgustingness1851 gauntness1874 grottiness1984 OE Devil's Account of Next World (Tiber.) in Neuphilol. Mitteilungen (1972) 73 366 Þær biþ fulnys butan awendednysse, and biternes butan swetnesse. OE tr. Felix St. Guthlac (Vesp.) (1909) v. 131 Ða he þa þær geseah þa fulnysse þæs smyces and þa byrnenda lega. 1585 J. Banister Wecker's Compend. Chyrurg. iii. 411 With hardnesse and discolourednesse of lippes, with fowlnesse of the bone. 1612 J. Davies Muses Sacrifice sig. F5 But Praise and Loue, in Mouth, and Heart of mire (through foulenes of that filth) their grace do lose. 1700 tr. H. M. Herwig Art of Curing Sympathetically 19 It is impossible that this Spirit shall be able to expell the Serum in a Dropsie, or the foulness of the belly in those troubled with the Iliack passion. 1799 Oracle & Daily Advertiser 13 July A most sovereign botanical remedy for all disorders of the lungs, coughs, consumptive and asthmatic complaints, foulness of breath, and fresh-contracted colds. 1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. xxxi. 271 The..foulness of air in the between-deck..can not be amended. 1910 Western Jrnl. Educ. July 349 The presence of typhoid germs in a stream is not necessarily accompanied by turbidness, offensive odors, or foulness of taste. 2012 L. Adrian Darker after Midnight ii. 11 He drew in a shallow breath and caught a whiff of something even more disturbing beneath the stale foulness of the room. b. The quality or state of being dirty, polluted, or full of impurities; dirtiness. Also of a road, path, etc.: muddiness. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > [noun] foulnessOE uncleannessOE filthheadc1300 foulhead1340 filtha1425 filthiness?c1425 horynessc1425 uncleanliness1502 immundicity?1541 filthhood1582 dirtiness1607 slovenliness1617 muckiness1676 turpitude1684 muck1766 dirt1774 grot1971 OE Ælfric Homily (Vitell. C.v) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1968) II. 578 Ða swyn hi gecuron for heora sweartum hiwe, & for þære fulnesse fenlices adelan. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xli. 21 With þe same leenes & foulnes [L. squalore]: þey dulleden. 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Fowlenes or fylthines, sorditudo. 1668 S. Pepys Diary 27 Dec. (1976) IX. 402 My wife and I fell out a little about the foulness of the linen of the table. 1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Fish It is the Foulness of the Ponds..that stenches the Water. 1809–10 S. T. Coleridge Friend (1865) 214 With such..eagerness as to neglect the foulness of the road. 1864 J. A. Winslow Let. 7 Apr. in Official Rec. Union & Confederate Navies in War of Rebellion (1896) (1st Ser.) III. 6 It became necessary from the state of machinery and foulness of the bottom of this vessel to make a sheltered port for examination. 1871 Lancet 7 Oct. 522/2 He admitted also that the foulness of the sheets was no fault of the nurses to whom he had given high testimonials. 1926 Pollution Affecting Navigation or Commerce 9 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (69th Congr., 1st Sess.: House of Representatives Doc. No. 417) The foulness of the waters does not interfere with commercial navigation. 2007 Times 8 Dec. 7/2 You get a green, amber or red rating, depending on the foulness of your air. c. Offensiveness or repulsiveness of appearance; ugliness; deformity. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > ugliness > [noun] uglinessc1340 foulnessa1398 dishonestyc1400 deformityc1450 laidure1483 ugsomeness1483 evilfavouredness1535 ill-favouredness1565 hard-favouredness1585 deformedness1588 disgrace1596 unsightliness1611 disfavour1706 hard-featuredness1839 eye-soreness1883 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. xii. xxxii. 638 He [sc. þe pecok] wondred on þe fairnesse of his feþeres and areriþ hem vp..and þanne he..seeþ þe foulnesse of his feet. a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 241 (MED) Considre thin owne foulnesse, howe that þou nakid entredist into the worlde, & with what kynne cloþ þou ert Icladde in þin endyng. a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iii. v. 67 Hees falne in loue with your foulnesse . View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis vii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 417 The Fury..with new methods try'd The foulness of th' infernal Form to hide. 1891 H. R. Haggard Eric Brighteyes xvi. 160 Then Swanhild knew that her beauty had entered into the foulness of the toad, and the foulness of the toad into her beauty. 2000 S. Scholz Body Narr. v. 122 Tellus and Dipsas here emerge as a kind of Madam World-allegory, the beauty of the young woman being inextricably linked to the foulness of the crone. d. With reference to the weather: the state or condition of being unpleasantly wet and windy; storminess. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [noun] > condition of reighnessOE distemperancec1374 distemperurea1387 sternnessa1387 intemperance?a1475 distemperature1531 intemperancy1540 roughness1545 crabbedness1546 intemperateness1555 inclemency1559 intemperature1570 untemperateness1577 foulness1581 distemperment1582 distemper1614 unkindliness1625 1581 T. Wilcox Glasse for Gamesters sig. eiiiv The foulenesse of the weather and the length of the night, cannot alter the nature of the thyng, as of vnlawfull to make it lawfull. 1647 T. Fuller Cause Wounded Conscience xii. 89 Some Popish people make a superstitious Almanacke of the Sunday, by the fairenesse or foulenesse thereof, guessing of the weather all the weeke after. 1745 J. Bold Sin & Danger neglecting Publick Service of Church (ed. 2) 43 The Badness of the Way, or the Foulness of the Weather, is urg'd by some of these Absenters from the Church, as an Excuse. 1868 Daily News 4 May 5/4 To say it rained heavily would convey no adequate idea of the foulness of the night. 2014 @10tenthsmsp 24 May in twitter.com (accessed 9 Feb. 2021) Practice cancelled due to the foulness of the weather! Lucky there's beer in the fridge. 2. In senses related to foul adj. II. a. The quality or state of being morally impure, shameful, or reprehensible; wickedness. Also in somewhat weaker use: offensiveness with regard to standards of propriety or good behaviour; obscenity, vulgarity. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > foulness or filth > [noun] fenc897 foulnessOE foulhead1340 filthiness?1504 lepry1526 fedity1542 leprosy?1555 fulsomeness1563 disdain1590 obscenitya1618 sewer1647 fetidness1704 putridity1823 fetidity1829 disgustingness1851 feculence1860 grunginess1978 society > morality > moral evil > [noun] > moral foulness foulnessOE foulhead1340 filthiness?1504 fedity1542 filthery?1546 rottenness1548 feculence1860 OE Ælfric Homily (Corpus Cambr. 188) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 276 He..him reste secð on þam receleasum, þe on oferflowednysse and fulnysse lybbað. lOE tr. Alcuin De Virtutibus et Vitiis (Vesp.) in R. D.-N. Warner Early Eng. Homilies (1917) 95 Gyf we nu wilnieð, þæt ure sawlen syn geclænsode fram synne fulnysse. a1382 Prefatory Epist. St. Jerome in Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) vii. l. 172 I will not þat þou be offendid in holy scriptureȝ..þoru foulnes of wordeȝ. ?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 80 (MED) Goddis lawe is þis, þat prelatis preche to synful men þe foulnesse of here gretee synnys. a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 78 (MED) And ȝif a man with a man, or womman with womman, do trespas ones in siche fowlenes, let the trespasoure haue penaunce of v yere. 1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 135 Grievous sinnes..for the foulnesse whereof I name them not. 1685 J. Norris Disc. Relig. Assembling in Private Conventicles 267 His pretence was fair enough, but that was no excuse to the foulness of his crime. 1719 E. Young Busiris v. 58 The Foulness of thy Guilt secures Thee From my Reproach. 1817 Caledonian Mercury 1 Sept. The mother sent for him, and upbraided him with the foulness of his conduct. 1848 D. O. Madden Revelations of Ireland iv. 110 He was sure to shock by the foulness of his language. 1899 Daily Mail 1 July 3/4 His lordship, with a solemnity that was most impressive, commented on the foulness of the murder. 1948 Dover Express 15 Oct. 7/3 He realised now the foulness of the crime he had committed. 2012 Toronto Star (Nexis) 28 Sept. e7 Subtitles apparently cannot do justice to the sheer foulness of the language. b. The quality or fact of being dishonest, dishonourable, unjust, or (in early use) violent. Usually contrasted with fairness (cf. fairness n. 4, 6).Recorded earliest in other with fairness or foulness at Phrases. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > dishonesty > [noun] falseshipc1230 foulnessa1470 dishonesty1600 falsity1603 unparliamentariness1628 sinisterity1629 deviousness1727 society > morality > moral evil > lack of principle or integrity > [noun] > dishonesty fakenOE falseshipc1230 foulnessa1470 dishonesty1600 falsity1603 sinisterity1629 chicanery1655 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > rough or violent treatment rudessec1415 rudenessc1450 rudeshipc1450 foulnessa1470 roughness1542 pepper1820 pitch-and-tossa1839 stick1942 roughing1960 a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 537 Other with fayrenes othir with fowlnes I shall brynge hym to thys courte. 1654 H. Hammond Of Fund. in Notion xi. 99 Piety is opposed to..all falsness or foulness of intensions. 1850 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 5 Mar. The force of this argument, the fairness or foulness of the inference drawn, depends altogether on..whether the people have ceased to receive outdoor relief, because they have ceased to need it, or because, needing it as much as ever, they are left to perish for want of it. 1999 Spectator (Hamilton, Ont.) (Nexis) 16 Sept. (Final ed.) c2 What is less clear is if the Onex deal passes the whiff test; the informal measure of fairness or foulness in political matters. c. The fact or practice of behaving in an evil, cruel, or shameful way. Now typically in somewhat weakened use: unpleasantness or rudeness of behaviour. ΚΠ 1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iv. i. 154 Claudio..loued her so, that speaking of her foulenesse, Washt it with teares. View more context for this quotation 1820 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 26 Aug. 397 The Attorney-General dwells upon such persons leaving the Queen, as he has the foulness to call it; but he never dwells upon such persons joining her. 1895 F. C. Conybeare in Philo of Alexandria About Contemplative Life 325 They deserved to be pilloried, both for their ignorance and their foulness towards him of word and deed. 1984 Country Life 5 July 55/4 Mrs Pat behaved with a fairly constant foulness to her daughter. 2012 K. Carlisle Peril in Paperback xiii. 213 Stephen Fowler, for all his foulness, didn't deserve any of this. 3. Nautical. Rockiness of the sea bed, posing a hazard to ships, fishing nets, etc. Cf. foul adj. 24. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > region of sea or ocean > [noun] > sea bed > rockiness foulness1671 1671 J. Ogilby tr. A. Montanus Remarkable Addr. 33 The Sea near this Island abounds in Fish, but must be taken with Hooks, and not with Lines or Nets, because of the foulness of the Ground. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. i. 115 To secure them [sc. the cables] from being rubbed by the foulness of the ground. 1892 Methods & Results Surv. West Coast Lower Calif. iii. 157 The distance between lines depends upon the frequency of soundings, and this upon the commercial importance of the area surveyed, the foulness of the bottom, and tortuousness of the channels. 1938 Northern Advocate (Whangarei, N.Z.) 30 June 15/3 The grounds for some 10 miles on either side of Whangaroa harbour are not suitable for Danish-seining owing to the foulness of the bottom. II. Something which is considered foul. 4. a. Dirt, filth; foul matter; (in later use often) spec. excrement, ordure. Also (esp. in early use) figurative with reference to moral or spiritual corruption. Now chiefly archaic and literary. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > [noun] gorec725 horeeOE filthOE foulnessOE dirta1300 gallc1400 ordurec1400 foulinga1425 harlotry1439 muck1440 noisance1473 horeness1495 vileness1495 naughtiness1533 vility1540 bawdiness1552 vildness1597 snottery1598 soilage1598 sordidity1600 soil?1605 sluttery1607 nastiness1611 bawdry1648 sords1653 crott1657 feculence1662 nast1789 clart1808 schmutz1838 crap1925 grunge1965 gunge1969 grot1971 spooge1987 the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [noun] > other diseases or conditions impetigo1398 deadingc1400 St Anthonyc1405 foulness1559 acrochordon1565 foulness1583 heat1597 bleach1601 Anthony's fire1609 desquamation1726 sivvens1762 erythema1778 rupia1813 morula1817 dermalgia1842 mycosis1846 cheloid1854 keloid1854 morule1857 kelis1864 dermatosis1866 epithelioma1872 vagabond's disease1876 vagabond's skin1876 dermatitis1877 erysipeloid1888 Ritter's disease1888 acanthosis nigricans1890 angiokeratoma1891 sunburn1891 porokeratosis1893 acrodermatitis1894 epidermolysis1894 keratolysis1895 dermographism1896 neurodermatitis1896 peau d'orange1896 X-ray dermatitis1897 dermatomyositis1899 papulo-erythema1899 pyodermia1899 tar acne1899 dermographia1900 radiodermatitis1903 poikiloderma1907 neurodermatosis1909 leishmanoid1922 razor burn1924 pyoderma1930 photodermatosis1931 photodermatitis1933 necrobiosis lipoidica1934 pyoderma gangrenosum1936 fassy1943 acrodermatitis enteropathica1945 chicken skin1946 nylon stocking dermatitis1947 Sézary('s) syndrome1953 pigskin1966 washerwoman's skin1981 strimmer rash1984 OE tr. Medicina de Quadrupedibus (Vitell.) xiv. 270 Wid wedehundes slite, hundes heafod gebærned to acxan & þæron gedon, eall þæt attor & þa fulnysse hyt ut awyrpeð. lOE Canterbury Psalter: Canticles iii. 8 Suscitans de pulvere egenum et de stercore erigens pauperem : æweæhte ob mille ðone wedlæn & of fulnesse upnimende ðeærfan. 1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) xvi. lii. sig. Liijv/2 It..clensyth the eyen of fowlenes [a1398 BL Add. hore] & fylthe. 1583 C. Hollyband Campo di Fior 25 Washe well the fowlenesse which is about the jointes of the fingers. 1648 Bp. J. Wilkins Math. Magick ii. xii. 246 The spots or foulnesse of other cloaths are washed out. 1689 R. Milward Selden's Table-talk 2 They had a Foulness about them, viz. Original Sin, that could not be washed away but by Baptism. 1745 J. Swift Clad all in Brown in Misc. X. 228 Thou now one Heap of Foulness art. 1889 R. B. Anderson tr. V. Rydberg Teutonic Mythol. 214 The floors were made of serpents encased in foulness. 1929 M. Summers Vampire in Europe 224 A cloaca in which foulness of this kind collects and reeks amain. 1986 C. Stasheff Her Majesty's Wizard (1987) viii. 105 The soul lay at the bottom, looking upward, contorted in horror, at a huge heap of foulness plunging down toward it. b. An impurity; a blemish; a crust or deposit of dirt or filth; (also) a piece of debris, an obstruction. Also figurative (esp. in early use), with reference to something morally or spiritually repugnant or corrupt. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > an imperfection > stain or spot or blemish foulnessOE tachea1400 tackc1425 speckc1785 soilure1840 the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > pollution or defilement > [noun] > specific impurities > incrustation foulnessOE scurfc1440 OE (Northumbrian) Liturgical Texts (Durham Ritual) in A. H. Thompson & U. Lindelöf Rituale Ecclesiae Dunelmensis (1927) 105 Ut..uitiorum squalores expurget : þætte..scylda' fulnisso giclænsiga. OE St. Michael (Corpus Cambr.) in H. L. C. Tristram Vier Altenglische Predigten aus der Heterodoxen Trad. (Ph.D. diss., Freiburg) (1970) 158 Þis is se halga heahengel..se his hlafordes bernas gefelleð mid þy clænestan hwæte and ða egelan and ða fulnesse ut aworpeð. c1450 (c1400) Bk. Vices & Virtues (Huntington) (1942) 105 (MED) We mowe be fyned as gold and y-made clene of alle foulenesses. 1624 J. Donne Deuotions xiii. 324 When we hide our spotts, wee become Idolatrers of our owne staines, of our own foulenesses. 1678 tr. M. Charas Royal Pharmacopœa iii. iii. lxvi. 196 You may also put it into a Retort, and having plac'd it in a Sand-bath, draw forth the Mercury pure, forcing it with a gradual fire, and stop the foulnesses in the Retort. 1744 T. Stack in Philos. Trans. 1739–40 (Royal Soc.) 41 424 If a glass Globe filled with Water be rapidly turned on its Axis, one sees little Foulnesses. 1790 G. Walker Serm. Var. Subj. II. xxx. 331 What debasing shame must sink the wretched soul, when foulnesses without number shall be revealed. 1861 F. W. Headland Med. Handbk. i. 56 The only means of keeping the air of houses and streets pure from such foulnesses consists in a perfect system of drainage. 1942 Press & Jrnl. (Aberdeen) 18 Aug. 2/8 Last time I saw that land it was smothered in bracken and other foulnesses. 2001 Western Mail (Cardiff) (Nexis) 1 Oct. (Sport section) 20 The streets of Cardiff, for instance, are still colonised by suppurating piles of discarded take-away food..and other foulnesses. ΚΠ 1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner Treasure of Euonymus 355 It taketh away meruelously the foulnes of the skin, and skars. 1657 Physical Dict. Vitiligo, a foulness of the skin with spots of divers colours. Morphew. 1776 Ann. Reg. 1775 120/2 This simple and safe preparation, makes a very neat cure for the itch, scab, scurf, and all other foulness of the skin. 1802 W. Heberden, Jr. tr. W. Heberden Comm. Hist. & Cure Dis. xxiii. 122 Efficacious in cleansing the skin from many foulnesses. Phrases† other with fairness or foulness, by fairness or foulness and variants: by fair means or foul. Cf. fair means n. at fair adj. and n.1 Compounds 1b. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 537 Other with fayrenes othir with fowlnes I shall brynge hym to thys courte. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cccxxi. 202 a The duke nor constable wolde nat departe thens tyll they had the castell at their wyll, outher with fayrnesse or foulnesse. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 150 Be fairnes athir be foulnes. 1855 Boston Daily Atlas 4 May It intends, God or the devil helping, by fairness or foulness, by some means at least, to get office. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.OE |
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