formalismn.

Brit.

/ˈfɔːməlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈfɔːml̩ɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈfɔrməˌlɪzəm/

Etymology: < formal adj. + -ism suffix. Not in Johnson, Todd, or Richardson.

1. Strict or excessive adherence to prescribed forms; an instance or variety of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [noun] > conformity to prescribed or customary rule > strict adherence

formalism1840

1840 in B. H. Smart Walker's Crit. Pronouncing Dict.

1850 C. Kingsley Alton Locke I. xiii. 201 Useless formalism! which lets through the reckless..and only excludes the honest and the conscientious.

1850 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire II. xxii. 498 Completely enchained by their dogmatic formalisms.

1852 A. Jameson Legends Madonna p. xxv The rigid formalism of the degenerate Greek school.

1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. III. xviii. 273 The constitutional formalism of three reigns.

a. The disposition to exalt what is formal or outward at the expense of what is spiritual; the practice of using forms of worship and of religious profession without real devotion or conviction.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > observance, ritual > rule, rubric > [noun] > conformity to > slavish

formalizinga1656

externalness1667

rituality1679

externality1833

ritualism1838

rubricism1840

ecclesiolatry1847

ceremonialism1854

externalism1856

formalism1856

exterioritya1875

liturgism1926

spikery1965

1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics II. xi. i. 261 Formalism does not lie in these outward things themselves—it consists in the spirit in which they are used.

1878 J. Morley Carlyle in Crit. Misc. 1st Ser. 201 The cant and formalism of any other degenerate form of active faith.

1883 J. A. Froude Short Stud. IV. ii. iv. 208 The family devotions were long, but there was no formalism.

b. Theology. (See quot. 1957.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > moral philosophy > [noun] > other theories or principles

Christian Science1875

heterogony of ends1887

ethical relativism1889

amoralism1895

nomism1905

formalism1931

virtue ethics1942

1931 K. E. Kirk Vision of God i. 8 Formalism, as we have defined it hitherto,—the demand for a definite rule of life—has rigorism as one of its branches.

1937 O. Wyon tr. H. E. Brunner Divine Imperative vii. 65 The fact that the knowledge of God has become obscure also leads to the fatal dilemma—either the formalism of the legalistic ethic..or eudaemonistic materialism.

1957 F. L. Cross Oxf. Dict. Christian Church 513 Formalism... Of theories of ethics which look for the ground of moral action in the form of the moral law alone..without reference to any specific purposes or values which it is desired through the action to achieve or realize.

3. Mathematics.

a. The conception of pure mathematics as the manipulation according to certain formal rules of symbols that are intrinsically meaningless.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > [noun] > theories or branches of

menadry1570

pure mathematics1605

mechanics1612

residuation1846

chaos theory1880

number theory1901

formalism1913

intuitionism1913

replacement theory1914

biomathematics1923

proof theory1929

finitism1935

mereology1938

combinatorics1941

cryptarithmetic1943

game theory1945

numerical analysis1946

queueing theory1951

constructivism1959

complexity1963

catastrophe theory1971

chaology1985

1913 tr. L. E. J. Brouwer in Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. XX. 82 On what grounds the conviction of the unassailable exactness of mathematical laws is based has for centuries been an object of philosophical research, and two points of view may here be distinguished, intuitionism (largely French) and formalism (largely German).

1933 M. Black Nature of Math. 148 ‘Formalism’ has always been the working attitude of a group of practising mathematicians rather than a fully explicit philosophy.

1940 E. T. Bell Devel. Math. xxiii. 527 Formalism denies logicalism and seeks to controvert the conclusions of intuitionism.

1970 H. Weyl Appreciation in C. Reid Hilbert 270 Hilbert's formalism restores the principle of the excluded middle which was the main target of Brouwer's criticism.

b. (See quot. 1940.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > algebra > [noun] > expression > method of calculation or analysis

extrapolation1872

functional analysis1876

inversion1880

Fourier analysis1929

formalism1940

linear programming1949

quadratic programming1951

simplex method1951

convex programming1963

deconvolution1967

1940 E. T. Bell Devel. Math. xiii. 262 ‘Formalism’ in analysis means manipulation of formulas involving infinite processes without sufficient attention to convergence and mathematical existence.

1947 R. Courant & H. E. Robbins What is Math.? (ed. 4) p. vii There exists the danger of frustration and disillusionment unless students and teachers try to look beyond mathematical formalism and manipulation and to grasp the real essence of mathematics.

1964 H. Eves Introd. Hist. Math. (rev. ed.) xii. 360 Euler's work represents the outstanding example of eighteenth-century formalism.

4. Theatre. A movement originating c1890 in Russia which, at first a reaction against excessive naturalism in stage production, after the Revolution led to excessive emphasis on symbolism and stylization.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > the staging of a theatrical production > [noun] > types of

constructivism1924

formalism1927

biomechanism1928

space staging1937

1927 J. Dolman Art of Play Production xviii. 396 Most of the attempts at formalism today are really compromises—accidental compromises with stylization..or intentional compromises with realism or symbolism.

1931 S. Selden & H. D. Sellman Stage Scenery i. i. 28 Among the more popular styles..are: Realism,..Stylization,..Formalism, the mode of using forms which mark a place for action but do not attempt to represent or suggest any given locality.

1966 A. Nicoll Devel. Theatre (ed. 5) i. 3 We are here [i.e. in the Nō plays] confronted by a theatre in which formalism is dominant.

1967 A. S. Gillette Introd. Scenic Design xii. 165 Theatres with conventional proscenium arches have been adapted to formalism by the substitution of drapery backgrounds for scenery.

5. (a) The theory held by a Russian literary group in existence between 1916 and 1930 that technique and form are both the means to and the goal of artistic creation. (b) Subsequently, a term often used pejoratively in Communist criticism to denote an artist's concentration on form at the expense of social reality and content.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary world > [noun] > literary movements or theories

romanticism1821

romantism1828

naturalism1845

realism1856

sensationism1862

symbolism1866

classicisma1878

eroticism1881

impressionism1883

sensitivism1891

verism1892

neoclassicism1893

veritism1894

social realism1898

neo-realism1908

futurism1909

Félibrism1911

postmodernism1914

vorticism1914

Dada1918

Dadaism1918

Scythism1921

Scythianism1923

Russian Formalism1925

surrealism1927

Neue Sachlichkeit1929

populism1930

Sachlichkeit1930

dirty realism1931

ultraism1932

thingism1935

formalism1943

organicism1945

lettrism1946

New Wave1960

socialist realism1967

catastrophism1969

pointillism1972

po-mo1986

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > weakness or feebleness > [noun] > formalism

formalism1943

1943 V. Ughet tr. P. N. Miliukov Outl. Russ. Culture ii. 118 It [sc. Socialist Realism] was directed against ‘formalism’ with its tendency to degenerate into mere aesthetic preoccupation with literary forms.

1955 V. Erlich Russ. Formalism i. i. 4 Formalism was..the first critical movement in Russia which attacked in systematic fashion the problems of rhythm and meter, of style and composition.

1957 R. N. C. Hunt Guide to Communist Jargon xxi. 73 The Political Dictionary defines formalism as ‘putting to the forefront the outer side of a question, the detachment of form from content’.

1957 R. N. C. Hunt Guide to Communist Jargon xxi. 75 The charge of formalism will commonly mean that a novelist has devoted too much attention to plot, characterization and description, and that his work lacks the requisite inspirational quality.

1962 Listener 19 July 115/1 The best circles in the West are now almost exclusively preoccupied with technical means for their own sake, with what their colleagues on the wrong side of the Iron Curtain would describe as ‘formalism’.

6. [compare German formalismus in same sense (Hilbert et al. 1928, in Math. Ann. XCVIII. 1–30).] A particular mathematical theory or mode of description of a physical situation or effect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > [noun] > theories or branches of > applied to physical situation

formalism1934

1934 Ann. Math. 35 29 (heading) On an algebraic generalization of the quantum mechanical formalism.

1955 J. A. Wheeler in W. Pauli Niels Bohr & Devel. Physics 177 These circumstances make it appropriate to discuss the spontaneous fission rates of even very heavy nuclei in terms of the liquid drop formalism.

1968 C. G. Kuper Introd. Theory Superconductivity xii. 193 In the field-theoretical approach to the theory of solids, quasiparticles enter the formalism in precisely the same way as ‘physical’ particles enter the formalism of elementary particle physics.

1970 Nature 12 Sept. 1087/2 A fresh attempt to impose a simple formalism on the kinetics and equilibrium of the oxygenation reaction.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	formalism
释义	formalismn. Brit. /ˈfɔːməlɪz(ə)m/, /ˈfɔːml̩ɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈfɔrməˌlɪzəm/ Etymology: < formal adj. + -ism suffix. Not in Johnson, Todd, or Richardson. 1. Strict or excessive adherence to prescribed forms; an instance or variety of this. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [noun] > conformity to prescribed or customary rule > strict adherence formalism1840 1840 in B. H. Smart Walker's Crit. Pronouncing Dict. 1850 C. Kingsley Alton Locke I. xiii. 201 Useless formalism! which lets through the reckless..and only excludes the honest and the conscientious. 1850 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire II. xxii. 498 Completely enchained by their dogmatic formalisms. 1852 A. Jameson Legends Madonna p. xxv The rigid formalism of the degenerate Greek school. 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. III. xviii. 273 The constitutional formalism of three reigns. 2. a. The disposition to exalt what is formal or outward at the expense of what is spiritual; the practice of using forms of worship and of religious profession without real devotion or conviction. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > observance, ritual > rule, rubric > [noun] > conformity to > slavish formalizinga1656 externalness1667 rituality1679 externality1833 ritualism1838 rubricism1840 ecclesiolatry1847 ceremonialism1854 externalism1856 formalism1856 exterioritya1875 liturgism1926 spikery1965 1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics II. xi. i. 261 Formalism does not lie in these outward things themselves—it consists in the spirit in which they are used. 1878 J. Morley Carlyle in Crit. Misc. 1st Ser. 201 The cant and formalism of any other degenerate form of active faith. 1883 J. A. Froude Short Stud. IV. ii. iv. 208 The family devotions were long, but there was no formalism. b. Theology. (See quot. 1957.) ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > moral philosophy > [noun] > other theories or principles Christian Science1875 heterogony of ends1887 ethical relativism1889 amoralism1895 nomism1905 formalism1931 virtue ethics1942 1931 K. E. Kirk Vision of God i. 8 Formalism, as we have defined it hitherto,—the demand for a definite rule of life—has rigorism as one of its branches. 1937 O. Wyon tr. H. E. Brunner Divine Imperative vii. 65 The fact that the knowledge of God has become obscure also leads to the fatal dilemma—either the formalism of the legalistic ethic..or eudaemonistic materialism. 1957 F. L. Cross Oxf. Dict. Christian Church 513 Formalism... Of theories of ethics which look for the ground of moral action in the form of the moral law alone..without reference to any specific purposes or values which it is desired through the action to achieve or realize. 3. Mathematics. a. The conception of pure mathematics as the manipulation according to certain formal rules of symbols that are intrinsically meaningless. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > [noun] > theories or branches of menadry1570 pure mathematics1605 mechanics1612 residuation1846 chaos theory1880 number theory1901 formalism1913 intuitionism1913 replacement theory1914 biomathematics1923 proof theory1929 finitism1935 mereology1938 combinatorics1941 cryptarithmetic1943 game theory1945 numerical analysis1946 queueing theory1951 constructivism1959 complexity1963 catastrophe theory1971 chaology1985 1913 tr. L. E. J. Brouwer in Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. XX. 82 On what grounds the conviction of the unassailable exactness of mathematical laws is based has for centuries been an object of philosophical research, and two points of view may here be distinguished, intuitionism (largely French) and formalism (largely German). 1933 M. Black Nature of Math. 148 ‘Formalism’ has always been the working attitude of a group of practising mathematicians rather than a fully explicit philosophy. 1940 E. T. Bell Devel. Math. xxiii. 527 Formalism denies logicalism and seeks to controvert the conclusions of intuitionism. 1970 H. Weyl Appreciation in C. Reid Hilbert 270 Hilbert's formalism restores the principle of the excluded middle which was the main target of Brouwer's criticism. b. (See quot. 1940.) ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > algebra > [noun] > expression > method of calculation or analysis extrapolation1872 functional analysis1876 inversion1880 Fourier analysis1929 formalism1940 linear programming1949 quadratic programming1951 simplex method1951 convex programming1963 deconvolution1967 1940 E. T. Bell Devel. Math. xiii. 262 ‘Formalism’ in analysis means manipulation of formulas involving infinite processes without sufficient attention to convergence and mathematical existence. 1947 R. Courant & H. E. Robbins What is Math.? (ed. 4) p. vii There exists the danger of frustration and disillusionment unless students and teachers try to look beyond mathematical formalism and manipulation and to grasp the real essence of mathematics. 1964 H. Eves Introd. Hist. Math. (rev. ed.) xii. 360 Euler's work represents the outstanding example of eighteenth-century formalism. 4. Theatre. A movement originating c1890 in Russia which, at first a reaction against excessive naturalism in stage production, after the Revolution led to excessive emphasis on symbolism and stylization. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > the staging of a theatrical production > [noun] > types of constructivism1924 formalism1927 biomechanism1928 space staging1937 1927 J. Dolman Art of Play Production xviii. 396 Most of the attempts at formalism today are really compromises—accidental compromises with stylization..or intentional compromises with realism or symbolism. 1931 S. Selden & H. D. Sellman Stage Scenery i. i. 28 Among the more popular styles..are: Realism,..Stylization,..Formalism, the mode of using forms which mark a place for action but do not attempt to represent or suggest any given locality. 1966 A. Nicoll Devel. Theatre (ed. 5) i. 3 We are here [i.e. in the Nō plays] confronted by a theatre in which formalism is dominant. 1967 A. S. Gillette Introd. Scenic Design xii. 165 Theatres with conventional proscenium arches have been adapted to formalism by the substitution of drapery backgrounds for scenery. 5. (a) The theory held by a Russian literary group in existence between 1916 and 1930 that technique and form are both the means to and the goal of artistic creation. (b) Subsequently, a term often used pejoratively in Communist criticism to denote an artist's concentration on form at the expense of social reality and content. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary world > [noun] > literary movements or theories romanticism1821 romantism1828 naturalism1845 realism1856 sensationism1862 symbolism1866 classicisma1878 eroticism1881 impressionism1883 sensitivism1891 verism1892 neoclassicism1893 veritism1894 social realism1898 neo-realism1908 futurism1909 Félibrism1911 postmodernism1914 vorticism1914 Dada1918 Dadaism1918 Scythism1921 Scythianism1923 Russian Formalism1925 surrealism1927 Neue Sachlichkeit1929 populism1930 Sachlichkeit1930 dirty realism1931 ultraism1932 thingism1935 formalism1943 organicism1945 lettrism1946 New Wave1960 socialist realism1967 catastrophism1969 pointillism1972 po-mo1986 society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > weakness or feebleness > [noun] > formalism formalism1943 1943 V. Ughet tr. P. N. Miliukov Outl. Russ. Culture ii. 118 It [sc. Socialist Realism] was directed against ‘formalism’ with its tendency to degenerate into mere aesthetic preoccupation with literary forms. 1955 V. Erlich Russ. Formalism i. i. 4 Formalism was..the first critical movement in Russia which attacked in systematic fashion the problems of rhythm and meter, of style and composition. 1957 R. N. C. Hunt Guide to Communist Jargon xxi. 73 The Political Dictionary defines formalism as ‘putting to the forefront the outer side of a question, the detachment of form from content’. 1957 R. N. C. Hunt Guide to Communist Jargon xxi. 75 The charge of formalism will commonly mean that a novelist has devoted too much attention to plot, characterization and description, and that his work lacks the requisite inspirational quality. 1962 Listener 19 July 115/1 The best circles in the West are now almost exclusively preoccupied with technical means for their own sake, with what their colleagues on the wrong side of the Iron Curtain would describe as ‘formalism’. 6. [compare German formalismus in same sense (Hilbert et al. 1928, in Math. Ann. XCVIII. 1–30).] A particular mathematical theory or mode of description of a physical situation or effect. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > [noun] > theories or branches of > applied to physical situation formalism1934 1934 Ann. Math. 35 29 (heading) On an algebraic generalization of the quantum mechanical formalism. 1955 J. A. Wheeler in W. Pauli Niels Bohr & Devel. Physics 177 These circumstances make it appropriate to discuss the spontaneous fission rates of even very heavy nuclei in terms of the liquid drop formalism. 1968 C. G. Kuper Introd. Theory Superconductivity xii. 193 In the field-theoretical approach to the theory of solids, quasiparticles enter the formalism in precisely the same way as ‘physical’ particles enter the formalism of elementary particle physics. 1970 Nature 12 Sept. 1087/2 A fresh attempt to impose a simple formalism on the kinetics and equilibrium of the oxygenation reaction. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1840
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