Frankn.¹adj.¹

Brit.

/fraŋk/, U.S.

/fræŋk/

Forms: Old English Franca, Fronca, Middle English Franke, Middle English–1600s Fran(c)k(e, (1700s Franc), 1600s– Frank.

Etymology: < Latin Francus, French Franc; a name of Germanic origin, representing Old High German Franko = Old English Franca < prehistoric *Frankon-. It is usually believed that the Franks were named from their national weapon, Old English franca ( < *frankon- ) javelin; compare Saxon (Sahson- ), thought to be < *sahso- (Old English seax ) knife. The notion that the ethnic name is derived from the adjective meaning ‘free’ (see frank adj.²) was already current in the 10th century; but the real relation between the words seems to be the reverse of this.

A. n.¹

1. A person belonging to the Germanic nation, or coalition of nations, that conquered Gaul in the 6th century, and from whom the country received the name of France.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Germanic people > ancient Germanic peoples > [noun] > Franks > person

FrankOE

Franconian1593

OE Beowulf 1210 In Francna fæþm.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1855 Cordoille þe wes Francene quene.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 21081 To þe franckis prechid he.

1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. x. 259 These Germans..maintained the honourable epithet of Franks or Freemen.

1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) III. 457 A family of slaves under the Romans risen to Nobility under the Francs.

1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. (ed. 2) iii. 40 The Franks, who founded the French Monarchy.

2. A name given by the nations bordering on the Levant to an individual of Western nationality. Cf. Feringhee n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > [noun] > western

Latinc1400

Frank1687

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant ii. i. xi. 51 They presently blazed it abroad that I was a Franck.

1744 R. North & M. North Life Sir D. North & Rev. J. North 86 All European Nations, that live among them..are called Franks.

a1785 A. Parsons Trav. (1808) iii. 62 Foreign merchants called franks.

1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 10 July 4/1 The Greeks..calling their Roman brethren ‘unbaptized dogs’ and Franks.

†3. With ellipsis of ‘language’. A lingua franca or mixed language. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > a language > [noun] > creole or mixed language

patroillart1340

mixed language1592

jargon1643

lingua franca1666

Frank1681

polyglot1715

olla podrida1850

pidgin1869

Creole1871

Mischsprache1930

creolized language1932

Melanesian Pidgin1942

1681 H. Neville Plato Redivivus 13 In Germany or Holland..most of the Hosts speak a certain Franck, compounded of Dutch, Latin, and Italian.

†B. adj.¹

†1. = French adj. 1a. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1552 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1871) II. 164 Gif ony of the saidis guidis happynnis to be bocht be fremen of this burgh be the Frank pund greit.

1557 in J. S. Dobie Munim. Irvine (1891) II. 9 The impositioun..rasit in Rowane and Diep upoun the custum of ilk Frank waring bocht thair be the merchandis..of this realme.

2. Belonging to, characteristic of, or customary among the Western nations of Europe. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > [adjective] > western

Frankish1594

Frank1632

Western European1639

Latin1788

Euro1980

1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. vi. 245 Beating him most cruelly, and all the rest of the Francke Pilgrimes.

1688 London Gaz. No. 2336/5 Two Led Horses, richly furnished, one after the Franke, and the other after the Turkish Fashion.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† frankn.²

Forms: Middle English frawnke, 1500s–1600s franke, 1600s franck, Middle English– frank.

Etymology: < Old French franc in same sense.

Obsolete.

An enclosure, esp. a place to feed hogs in; a sty. Also, the process of fattening animals.In modern dictionaries.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [noun] > fattening

frank?a1400

frankingc1440

fatting1577

sagination1607

steaming1943

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [noun] > fattening

frank?a1400

fatting1577

sagination1607

fattening1614

forcing1790

steaming1943

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of pigs > [noun] > fattening > enclosure for fattening

frank?a1400

boar-frank1880

?a1400 Morte Arth. 3248 Alle froytez foddenid was þat floreschede in erthe, ffaire frithed in frawnke appone tha free bowes.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 177/1 Frank, kepynge of fowlys to make fatte, saginarium.

1562 W. Bullein Bk. Use Sicke Men f. lxvii, in Bulwarke of Defence The fatte Oxe, or vglie brauned Bore..can not come out, from their frankes or staules.

1632 R. Sanderson 12 Serm. 377 Like Boares in a franke, pining themselves into Lard.

1736 N. Bailey Dict. Domesticum 115 The Frank should be in form something like a dog kennel, a little longer than the boar.

1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Frank, a place to feed boars in.

figurative.1563 T. Becon Compar. Lord's Supper & Mass in Wks. III. 110 I may speake nothyng of that most fatte francke of Whoremongers, Adulterers..and suche other idle beastes.

Compounds

frank-fed adj. fed in a frank; fatted.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of pigs > [adjective] > fattened in enclosure

franked1466

frank-fed?1545

stall-feda1555

the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [adjective] > fed > fattened

franked1466

masteda1500

frank-fed?1545

battled1600

battened1791

long-fed1901

?1545 J. Bale 2nd Pt. Image Both Churches ii. sig. Mv^v The..frank fedde porkelynges of that gredye gulfe.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 480 These guests of his fared so highly, that a man would haue said they had bin franke-fed.

Derivatives

† ˈfranky adj. Obsolete looking as if frank-fed; ‘stalled’.Apparently an isolated use.

ΚΠ

1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 51 We viewd, grasing heards of bigge franckye fat oxen.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

† frankn.³

Etymology: Perhaps short for frankincense n.

Obsolete. rare.

= frankincense n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > incense

rechelseOE

storc1000

incensec1290

censea1382

guma1382

olibanuma1398

thus1398

frankincensea1400

frank14..

thurec1425

mascle thure?1440

olibanc1440

smoke1530

perfume1542

masculine frankincense1555

tacamahac1577

cayolac1588

masculine gum1604

candle1628

pastille1630

Spanish coal1631

incense-frank1633

thymiama1697

censery1823

punk1844

joss-stick1845

god-stick1874

14.. Epiph. in Tundale's Vis. 110 Franke.

a1500 (?a1422) J. Lydgate Life Our Lady (Adv.) 109 Golde, france, and myrre thei gaf hym all thre.

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxxxix ^v/2 Spycery..Ffrankke.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

† frankn.⁴

Forms: Also 1500s–1600s fran(c)k(e.

Etymology: < frank v.¹

Obsolete.

A name given to the plant Spurry, from its fattening properties; also frank spurry.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Caryophyllaceae (chickweeds and allies) > [noun] > spurrey or spurries

spurrey1577

frank1578

spur wort1640

knotted spurrey1771

pearlwort spurrey1797

awl-shaped spurrey1828

spergula1836

sand spurrey1866

sand spurry1866

spurreys1882

sandwort spurrey1887

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. xxxviii. 56 This herbe [Spurry] is called in Englishe Francke, bicause of the property it hath to fat cattell.

1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum 562 Both the Dutch and we in England call it Spurry or Franck Spurry, for the causes aforesaid, but I do a little more explaine the names, in calling it Francking Spurrewort.

1659 G. Torriano Florio's Vocabolario Italiano & Inglese Spergola, the hearb Frank, Surrie, or Spurrie: it is good to fatten cattle.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

frankn.⁵

Brit.

/fraŋk/, U.S.

/fræŋk/

Etymology: < frank v.²

1. The superscribed signature of a person, e.g. a member of Parliament, entitled to send letters post free.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [noun] > franking to secure exemption > signature

frank1713

1713 ‘Philopatrius’ Refl. Sach——l's Thanksgiving-day 4 The Franks are now become a Monopoly to one Side.

1776 R. Twiss Tour Ireland 37 The third custom is that of forging franks.

1813 W. Scott Let. 1 June (1932) III. 283 I must..send this scrawl into town to get a frank..it is not worthy of postage.

1852 J. Raine Mem. Surtees 92 (note) The want of a frank for a letter..frequently afforded him an errand.

in combination.1859 G. A. Sala Gaslight & Daylight v. 62 There were regular frank-hunters—men who could nose a member who had not yet given all his franks away.

2. A letter or envelope bearing such a superscription.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [noun] > franking to secure exemption > signature > letter or envelope bearing

frank1755

1755 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) XII. 182 Mr. Perronet sends them down to me in franks.

1781 W. Cowper Wks. (1837) XV. 63 I did it to save a frank.

1806 W. Scott Let. 16 Dec. (1932) I. 337 I cannot employ time or a frank better than by enquiring whether you have got rid of the unlucky Typhus.

1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xvi. 148 To send the manuscript in a frank to the local paper.

1878 J. A. Symonds Shelley 26 Shelley..would stop to fix his father's franks upon convenient trees and shoot at them.

3. figurative. Mark of approval; ‘stamp’. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > [noun] > mark of

OK1841

frank1876

1876 World V. No. 108. 11 Impecuniosity has had the frank of Fashion.

Draft additions 1993

b. An impression stamped on to a cover or envelope in lieu of a postage stamp, to indicate that postage has been pre-paid; also, a postmark.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [noun] > franking mark in lieu of stamp

frank1923

franking stamp1929

1923 Stamp Lover 15 226/1 The design of the actual frank-stamp impressed by both patterns of machine is substantially the same.

1923 Stamp Lover 16 120/2 This machine impressed franks of the following values:—½d., 1d., 1½d., 3d., 6d., and 1/-.

1957 R. McP. Cabeen Stand. Handbk. Stamp Collecting 608 Frank,..a term for imprints on express company envelopes indicating a payment for service.

1962 D. Patrick Internat. Guide Stamps & Stamp Collecting i. 4 Franks are marks of various kinds to indicate free delivery of mail. Franks have been manuscript marks, handstruck or printed impressions, initials, or meter postage stamp impressions.

1971 D. Potter Brit. Elizabethan Stamps xi. 123 An unusual sideline may be made from the official envelopes used..by the Guernsey Philatelic Bureau with its distinctive map franks.

1982 J. Mackay Guinness Bk. Stamps ii. 64/1 The machine was coin-operated, the insertion of 5- or 10-øre coins producing green or red franks, covering the inland printed matter and letter rates respectively.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

frankn.⁶

Brit.

/fraŋk/, U.S.

/fræŋk/

Etymology: apparently a rendering of the sound made by the bird; see quots.

dialect.

A heron.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > order Ciconiiformes (storks, etc.) > [noun] > family Ardeidae (herons and bitterns) > genus Ardea (heron)

shiterowc1200

heron1340

heronshaw1381

herle?1507

frank1823

frog-pecker1825

moll-heron1848

1823 E. Moor Suffolk Words 135 Frank, the large slow-flying, fish-eating, heron..Our name is probably derived from its monotone—which is supposed to be like fr a a a nk.

1829 P. Hawker Diary (1893) II. 4 All the flesh and feathers I could see..were ‘old Francis’ (a heron) and ‘the parson’ (a cormorant).

1870 Athenæum 10 Sept. 332 When danger is apparent, the Heron rises with his peculiar cry of ‘frank!’]

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

frankn.⁷

Brit.

/fraŋk/, U.S.

/fræŋk/

Etymology: Shortened < frankfurter n.

U.S.

= frankfurter n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > sausage > [noun] > types of sausage

franchemyle1381

herbelade?c1390

haggisc1400

black puddinga1450

blood puddingc1450

bloodinga1500

liveringa1500

haggis pudding1545

white pudding1578

swine's pudding1579

hog's pudding1583

Bolognian sausage1596

bloodling1598

andouille1605

andouillet1611

cervelat1613

mortadella1613

polony1654

blacking1674

hacking1674

whiting1674

Oxford sausagec1700

saucisson1772

German sausage1773

saveloy1784

blood sausage1799

white hawse1819

liver sausage1820

black pot1825

chipolata1830

Bologna sausage1833

butifarra1836

mettwurst1836

Cambridge sausage1840

boudin1845

chorizo1846

German1847

liverwurst1852

salami1852

station-Jack1853

leberwurst1855

wurst1855

blutwurst1856

bag of mystery1864

Vienna sausage1865

summer sausage1874

wienerwurst1875

mealy pudding1880

whitepot1880

wiener1880

erbswurst1885

pepperoni1888

mystery bag1889

red-hot1890

weenie1891

hot dog1892

frankfurter1894

sav?1894

Coney Island1895

coney1902

garlic sausage1905

boloney1907

kishke1907

drisheen1910

bratwurst1911

banger1919

cocktail sausage1927

boerewors1930

soy sausage1933

thuringer1933

frank1936

fish sausage1937

knackwurst1939

foot-long1941

starver1941

soya sausage1943

soysage1943

soya link1944

brat1949

Vienna1952

kielbasa1953

Coney dog1954

tube steak1963

Weisswurst1963

Cumberland sausage1966

merguez1966

tripe sausage1966

schinkenwurst1967

boerie1981

'nduja1996

1936 E. E. Cummings Let. 9 May (1969) 145 Sand there shall be with our franks.

1957 J. Kerouac On the Road i. i. 9 We had a farewell meal of franks and beans.

1959 Consumer Reports Sept. 455/3 Slitting the franks may adversely affect the device's ability to cook them properly.

1968 Washington Post 5 July A17 (advt.) Safeway Skinless All Meat Franks. 2 lb. pkg. 99c.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1972; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

Frankadj.¹

see after Frank n.¹

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online December 2019).

frankadj.²

Brit.

/fraŋk/, U.S.

/fræŋk/

Forms: Middle English franc, Middle English–1500s franke, 1500s–1600s franck(e, (1500s francque), Middle English– frank.

Etymology: < Old French franc (= Provençal franc . Spanish franco , Portuguese franco , Italian franco ) < medieval Latin francus free; originally identical with the ethnic name Francus (see Frank n.¹), which acquired the sense of ‘free’ because in Frankish Gaul full freedom was possessed only by those belonging to, or adopted into, the dominant people. Compare the use of the originally ethnic name slave n.¹ and adj.¹, and of Old English wealh, originally ‘Welshman’, to denote a person of servile condition.

1. = free adj. in various applications of the word; often frank and free.

†a. Free in condition; not in serfdom or slavery. Obsolete.The meaning of the first quot. is doubtful: perhaps = 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > [adjective] > free or not slave

freeeOE

frankc1300

unenthralled1649

unenslaved1691

unthralled1865

c1300 Maximian 159 (Digby MS.) in Anglia III. 280 Of herte ich was wel liȝt..And franc mon of honde.

1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xvi The playntyfe sayth that he is franke and of free estate and no vylayne.

1530 tr. Caesar Commentaryes 13 He was frank & free borne in a free cytye.

†b. Free to come and go; released from captivity. Also frank and quit; cf. French franc et quitte (Commines), Anglo-Latin liber et quietus. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > liberation > [adjective] > liberated > released from confinement

frank1475

unpenta1592

disimprisoned1611

unjail1613

uncaged1648

unpadlocked1681

unmanacled1805

unloosed1839

disprisoned1842

unconfined1842

unsnaffled1846

bond-stript1855

loosed1887

untaken1893

1475 Bk. Noblesse 66 He shulde..deliver out of prison a gret nombre of yong men of werre of Cartage.. and he shulde goo frank and quite.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xliii. 143 He and all his company shall deperte franke and free at there pleasure.

1633 J. Done tr. ‘Aristeas’ Aunc. Hist. Septuagint 25 All the Iewes that..haue beene taken..shall be sent francke and free.

†c. Free from restraint or impediment; unrestricted, unchecked. Const. of. Of a wind: Steady (cf. French vent franc). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > [adjective] > not hindering or encumbering > not hindered or encumbered

freeeOE

unletted?a1425

unimpeachedc1430

frank1481

nearc1520

untangled1539

unclogged1548

uncumbered1551

unprevented1572

cumberless1581

unentangleda1586

undebarred1595

unstayed1600

disencumbered1611

unhindered1615

unretarded1615

unstopped1621

unobstructed1648

unengaged1653

extricated1657

unbeclogged1674

unhampered1702

unembarrassed1708

unencumbered1722

unstemmed1732

disembarrassed1741

unstifled1742

unimpeded1760

smooth1792

untrammelled1795

unintercepted1814

unmired1834

frictionless1848

unsmothereda1849

unbalked1888

unlocked1890

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [adjective] > constant in direction and force

sheerc1290

steady1612

frank1628

true1699

pirring1827

1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 39 He..was all, free and franke of alle his enemyes.

1531–2 Act 23 Hen. VIII c. 18 Many shippes..haue..had their franke passages without let impedimente or interruption.

a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 36 Every one of them..are desyrouse of frank lyberty.

1559 in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1725) I. App. viii. 22 When franke election first beganne.

1570 B. Googe tr. T. Kirchmeyer Popish Kingdome i. f. 4^v If any happen to mislike, that they may francke and free Appeale unto the Court of Rome.

1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin i. 38 He offered him..franke power to dispose of him and his armie.

1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1672) 35 A frank light can mis-become no Ædifice whatsoever.

1628 World Encompassed by Sir F. Drake 45 Being glad..to fall asterne againe, with francke winde [etc.].

†d. Free from obligation in respect of payments or other conditions; free of charge; unconditional. frank traffic = free trade n. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > freedom of action or from restraint > [adjective] > free from conditions > free of charge

frank1525

1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. ccxxii. [ccxviii.] 685 Desyre..that ye may be franke and fre fro all subsydies.

1534 T. More Treat. Passion in Wks. 1286/2 Landes..franke and free simpliciter and wythout anye condicion.

1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 391 b Let Pardons be as francke and free as they would seeme to be for me.

1591 E. Spenser Prosopopoia in Complaints 531 Thou hast it wonne, for it is of franke gift.

1599 in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) II. i. 210 A faire free and franke of al custome.

1659 J. Pearson Expos. Creed (1839) 517 The remission of our sins is the frank forgiving of our debts.

1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 405 All nations..went thither by reason of franck Traffick.

1727 A. Pope et al. Περι Βαθους: Art of Sinking 87 in J. Swift et al. Misc.: Last Vol. The Court of Aldermen..shall all have their Places frank.

†e. Free from anxiety, unburdened. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pleasure > freedom from trouble, care, or sorrow > [adjective]

sorrowlessOE

carelessa1000

restful1340

clearc1374

unsada1450

undiseased?c1450

unoffendedc1450

undistroubled1466

frank1477

unvexed1485

quiet1535

secure1545

griefless1552

trouble-void1559

woeless1568

undistressed1582

tearless1603

cocksure1613

undejected1613

undisquieted1627

uncareful1635

serene1640

indisconsolatea1645

trouble-free1648

catastematic1656

thoughtless1659

incruciated1661

easy1692

undepressed1697

unsufferinga1732

ungloomed1737

solute1742

unanxious1742

undarkened1742

unsighinga1743

comfortable1770

unharassed1796

unworried1818

gloomless1820

ungroaning1821

unpestered1824

ungrieving1837

troubleless1838

unsaddened?c1840

untrespassed1854

unannoyed1865

unfretted1870

fretless1878

worriless1889

stress-free1898

unstressed1927

1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 140 The goode shipman began to rowe with a franck corage.

1558 Bp. T. Watson Holsome Doctr. Seuen Sacramentes xxvi. f. clxiiii With a franke harte and a good wyll.

a. Liberal, bounteous, generous, lavish, esp. in dealing with money. Const. †of. †frank house = ‘open house’.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > giving > liberal giving > [adjective]

custyeOE

room-handeda1200

largea1225

free?c1225

plenteousc1350

bounteousc1374

liberalc1384

free-hearteda1398

ungnedea1400

royalc1405

opena1425

plentifula1475

profuse?a1475

ungrighta1475

lavishc1475

almifluent1477

prodigous1477

frank1484

bountiful1508

largifluent?a1525

munificent1565

magnificent1577

largeous1583

munifical1583

magnifical1586

free-handed1592

frolic1593

open-handed1593

magnific?1594

prodigal1595

goodwillya1598

communicativea1602

real1602

prodig1605

unniggard1605

generous1615

open-hearteda1617

large-handeda1628

unniggardly1628

fluent1633

profusive1638

numerous1655

largifical1656

insordid1660

unsparing1667

dispensive1677

expensive1678

wasteful1701

flush1703

unboundeda1704

genteel1741

munific1745

magnifique1751

ungrudginga1774

unstinting1845

brickish1860

flaithulach1876

princely1889

outgiving1896

sharing1922

two-handed1929

1484 W. Caxton tr. Ordre of Chyualry (1926) viii. 116 Chyualrye and Fraunchyse accorden to gyder..the knyght must be free and franke.

1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias iv. 13 Through whose..franke distribution of that he had, many of our men were recouerd.

1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1299/1 My lord Norths..was no whit behind anie of the best for a franke house.

1588 ‘M. Marprelate’ Oh read ouer D. Iohn Bridges: Epist. 42 I would wish you not to be so francke with your bribes.

1606 Bp. J. Hall Medit. & Vowes III. §32 The world, like a frank Chapman, sayes, All these will I give thee.

a1639 Wotton in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) I. 217 They have always been frank of their blessings to countenance any great action.

1673 J. Dryden Marriage a-la-Mode Ep. Ded. sig. Biv You are endued with that excellent quality of a frank Nature, to forget the good which you have done.

1676 G. Etherege Man of Mode v. i. 80 Lose it all like a frank Gamester on the Square.

1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling ii. xiii. 320 He..set about improvements..on a frank scale.

1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 43 In such frank style the people lived.

†b. in bad sense (of a woman).

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > [adjective] > unchaste or sexually compliant (of women)

strumpeta1382

jadish1573

comingc1576

short heeled1591

loose in the hilts1598

loose-legged1598

loose-tailed1598

light-tailed1600

overscutched1600

stuprous1603

light-skirted1607

brothelly1608

light-heeled1611

wagtailed1648

loose-hilteda1652

feather-heeleda1674

loose-gowneda1717

frank1744

shake-tail1782

(a woman) of a certain description1803

hetaeric1868

round-heeled1926

floozy?1930

trampy1944

slack1951

slaggy1973

1744 A. Pope Epist. to Several Persons ii. 28 Chaste to her Husband, frank to all beside.

c. Of a horse: frank to the road = free adj. 15c.

ΚΠ

1816 W. Scott Antiquary III. xi. 240 He's very frank to the road.

a. Not practising concealment; ingenuous, open, sincere. Of feelings: Undisguised.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > unaffectedness or naturalness > [adjective] > straightforward or frank

right fortha1382

plaina1393

free-hearteda1398

round1487

opena1535

sincere1539

frank1555

pert1567

single-hearted1574

single-minded1577

direct1586

open-hearted1593

open-breasted1594

transparent1600

unclose1606

unminced1648

even down1654

unreserved1654

rugged1678

plain sailing1707

whole-footed1744

sturdy1775

heart-in-mouth1827

jannock1828

straightforward1829

direct-dealing1830

undiplomatic1834

straight-ahead1836

straight-up-and-down1859

man to man1902

1555 W. Waterman tr. Josephus in tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions sig. U.vij The bonde~man..lacketh the francque noblenes of minde.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. iii. 39 Bearing with franke appearance Their purposes towards Cypresse.

1656 W. Montagu tr. J. Du Bosc Accomplish'd Woman 11 Quick and lively humours are readier and franker; but then the Melancholy are the discreeter.

1740 S. Richardson Pamela II. 126 We dined together in a most..frank manner.

1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. i. 8 Frank in his temper, ingenuous in his sentiments.

1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul ii. vii. 247 The manners of the Afghauns are frank and open.

1847 H. Miller First Impressions Eng. v. 70 The English are by much a franker people than the Scotch.

1873 W. Black Princess of Thule vi. 93 A look of frank gratitude in her eyes.

b. With reference to speech: Candid, outspoken, unreserved.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > plainness > [adjective] > straightforward or direct

naked?c1225

platc1385

plaina1393

light?a1400

rounda1450

direct1530

frank1548

evena1573

handsmooth1612

point-blank1648

crude1650

plain-spoken1658

plain-spoke1706

unambiguous1751

plump1789

straightforward1806

plain-said1867

pine-blank1883

straight1894

point-to-point1905

non-ambiguous1924

Wife of Bath1926

simpliste1973

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Matt. xi. f. 10 Whome he folowed also in franke reprouing of kinges.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) i. ii. 244 With franke and with vncurbed plainnesse, Tell vs the Dolphins minde.

1660 Duke of Ormonde Let. 17 Jan. in Academy (1893) 7 Oct. 296/2 An ingenuous and frank recantation.

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 202 In their conversation frank and open.

1828 T. Carlyle Goethe's Helena in Foreign Rev. 1 450 How frank and downright in speech.

1849 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. xvi. 143 The honest frank boy just returned from school.

1870 C. E. L. Riddell Austin Friars ii You may as well be frank with me.

c. Avowed, undisguised; downright.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > manifestation > manifestness > openness or unconcealedness > [adjective]

openlyeOE

underna900

openeOE

utterly12..

unhida1300

perta1325

apert1330

nakeda1382

public1394

patenta1398

foreign?c1400

overtc1400

unrecovered1433

publicalc1450

open-visageda1513

bare1526

uncloaked1539

subject1556

uncovered1577

unmasked1590

facely1593

undisguised1598

female1602

unveiled1606

unshrouded1610

barefaceda1616

disclouded1615

unhiddena1616

broad-faced1643

with full miena1657

undissembled1671

frank1752

bald-faced1761

unconfidential1772

ostensible1782

unglossed1802

undisguising1813

unvisored1827

unconcealed1839

disprivacied1848

disguiseless1850

bald1854

unobscured1879

visible1885

open door1898

above ground1976

1752 W. Warburton Wks. (1811) IX. vi. 135 The Founders of empires and false religions..were frank Enthusiasts.

1849 J. Ruskin Seven Lamps Archit. iv. 95 Farther than this, man's invention could not reach without frank imitation.

1877 Daily News 27 Dec. 6/2 What may be effected by frank force remains to be seen.

18.. Med. News L. 306 Although there frank peritonitis coexisted.

†4. Of plants, trees, etc.: Of superior quality for the purpose to which they are applied; producing good and abundant fruit, or the like. Often applied to cultivated as opposed to wild plants. Of drugs, etc.: Of high quality, valuable. Cf. frankincense n. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > valued plants and weeds > [adjective] > good for its purpose

frank1486

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [adjective] > of high quality

frank1647

sublime1662

1486 Bk. St. Albans C ij b Take powder of Canell and the Juce of franke cost.

1572 L. Mascall tr. D. Brossard L'Art et Maniere de Semer in Bk. Plant & Graffe Trees 5 Take your Cions of a Peach tree..and graffe them vpon a frank Mulberie tree.

1574 T. Hill Bk. Art of Planting (rev. ed.) 85 in Profitable Arte of Gardening (rev. ed.) All sortes of franke trees..may be graft with graffes.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. lxxvii. 250 There be two sortes of Sage, the one is small and franke, and the other is great.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball vi. lxvii. 743 The seconde kind of Withy called the Franke Ozier hath no great stemme.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 369 The greatest price of the garden frank-Myrhh, or that which is set by mans hand is 22 deniers.

1647 C. Cotterell & W. Aylesbury tr. E. C. Davila Hist. Civill Warres France ii. 79 Applyed all manner of frank remedies.

†5. Luxuriant in growth, lusty, vigorous. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by good growth > [adjective] > flourishing or luxuriant in growth

greeneOE

frimOE

ranka1325

wlonk1398

flourishingc1400

rankish1495

frank?1548

gole1573

abled1576

wanton1579

proud1597

unseared1599

unwithered1599

ramping1607

lusha1616

fulsome1633

luxurious1644

rampant1648

luxuriant1661

lascivious1698

pert1727

unnipped1775

verdurous1820

happy1875

?1548 J. Bale Image Bothe Churches (new ed.) i. sig. Qij^v Whan they were ones franke and fatte, they stode vp together proudelye against the Lorde.

?1548 J. Bale Image Bothe Churches (new ed.) i. sig. Riiij^v I behelde in a vysion the horses, franke, fatte, and fearce.

1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. i. 24 The graciousnes of the earth was also abated, and the francke fertilitie therof..withdrawen.

1591 E. Spenser Muiopotmos in Complaints sig. V Ouer the fields in his franke lustinesse, And all the champion he soared light.

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §540 The Sap is not so frank as to rise all to the Boughs.

Compounds

General attributive. Chiefly parasynthetic.

C1.

† frank-born adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. (1609) xlv. xxiv. 1217 All of us in Rhodes franke-borne and of free condition.

frank-faced adj.

ΚΠ

1873 A. Dobson Sundial in Vignettes in Rhyme xii Blue-eyed, frank-faced, with clear and open brow.

† frank-handed adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1603 N. Breton Merrie Dialogue 10 A wench, as francke handed, as free hearted, and as liberall for loue.

1644 J. Bulwer Chirologia 62 Of a bountifull disposition and franke-handed.

frank-hearted adj.

ΚΠ

a1600 R. Hooker Learned Serm. Pride (1612) 11 That franckhearted wastfulnesse spoken of in the Gospell.

1813 W. Scott Bridal of Triermain i. xi. 31 The frank-hearted monarch.

frank-heartedness n.

ΚΠ

1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lxviii. 10) Signifieth an unconstreyned willingnesse, or a meere frankhartednesse.

C2.

† franklike adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1587 G. Turberville Tragicall Tales f. 46 She made a large behest, Of gold that she would franklike giue.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

† frankv.¹

Etymology: < frank n.²

Obsolete.

1. transitive. To shut up and feed (up) in a frank.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [verb (transitive)] > fatten

masteOE

fatc1386

frankc1440

to set up1540

fatten1552

feed1552

cram1577

engrease1583

to raise in flesh1608

adipate1623

saginate1623

batten1638

to stall to1764

tallow1765

to fat off1789

to make up1794

higglea1825

finish1841

force1847

to feed off1852

steam1947

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of pigs > [verb (transitive)] > fatten in enclosure

frankc1440

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 177/1 Frankyd, saginatus.

1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Gvj^v They..francke them vntyll they be very fat.

1556 J. Withals Short Dict. (new ed.) sig. Liiij/1 Altilia, all thyngs franked to be made fatte.

1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. (1609) vi. xvii. 228 The Commons doe feed and franke up, even for the shambles and butchers knife the fautors and maintainers of their weale and libertie.

a. To feed high; to cram. Also with up.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feed or nourish [verb (transitive)] > feed up or overfeed

cramc1325

pamperc1390

pampa1400

papa1400

engorge1497

pompa1529

feed1552

frank?1567

grudge1642

to feed into1843

1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis i. 7 Theyre panch with venison they franck.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 539 They..franke them vp like fat ware, with good corn-meale.

1633 T. Adams Comm. 2 Peter (ii. 22) 1088 When they are saginated and franked, their turne comes to bleed.

figurative.?1567 M. Parker Whole Psalter lxiii. 175 Lo thus my soule: full frankt shall bee.1606 J. Carpenter Schelomonocham i. f. 5 Israel..franked and pampered with prosperitie.1633 J. Ford Broken Heart iii. i. sig. F1^v One that franks his lust In Swine-security of bestiall incest.

b. intransitive for reflexive. To feed greedily.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > processes or manners of eating > eat via specific process [verb (intransitive)] > eat voraciously

gorge13..

franch1519

to be worried, or worry oneself, ona1529

raven1530

frank1596

tire1599

to fall aboard——1603

ravenize1677

mop1811

1596 W. Warner Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) iv. xxi. 102 That frankes [1586 prankes] and feedeth daintily, This pines and foreth ill.

Derivatives

† franked adj. Obsolete fattened in a frank or pen.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of pigs > [adjective] > fattened in enclosure

franked1466

frank-fed?1545

stall-feda1555

the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [adjective] > fed > fattened

franked1466

masteda1500

frank-fed?1545

battled1600

battened1791

long-fed1901

1466 Paston Lett. No. 549 II. 268 xxvii. frankyd gees, vis. viiid.

1574 E. Hellowes tr. A. de Guevara Familiar Epist. 152 They set before hir..franked Fesant.

1675 T. Hobbes tr. Homer Odysses xvii. 171 Fat goats enough they sacrifice, And franked Swine.

† ˈfranking n. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [noun] > fattening

frank?a1400

frankingc1440

fatting1577

sagination1607

steaming1943

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of pigs > [noun] > fattening

frankingc1440

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 177/1 Frankynge, saginacio.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Engrais de volaille, the franking or fattening of fowle.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

frankv.²

Brit.

/fraŋk/, U.S.

/fræŋk/

Etymology: < frank adj.² 1d.

a. transitive. To superscribe (a letter, etc.) with a signature, so as to ensure its being sent without charge; to send or cause to be sent free of charge (obsolete exc. Historical). Revived in later use: to mark (a letter, etc.) with a sign (in lieu of an affixed postage stamp) by means of a franking machine.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [verb (transitive)] > frank to secure exemption

frank1708

free1752

society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [verb (transitive)] > frank in lieu of stamp

frank1927

1708 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. 14 June They'l be frank't at y^e Posthouse.

1745 Advt. in Swift's Wks. VIII. 297 It is desired their letters may be either franked, or the post paid.

1764 J. Clayton in W. Darlington Memorials J. Bartram, & H. Marshall (1849) 411 Dr. Franklin would be kind enough to frank a small parcel of seeds from you to him.

1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 334 The post-masters-general have had the liberality to frank the correspondence of the Society.

1818 J. Jekyll Let. 7 Dec. in Corr. (1894) 74 Brougham has just left me; and..I made him frank this cover.

a1834 Wirt Let. to Carr in J. P. Kennedy Life (1860) II. xiv. 228 This is the last letter I shall ever frank to you as Attorney-General.

1855 Illustr. London News 21 July 70/1 The stamp must be folded outside; and this will frank the paper throughout the United Kingdom for fifteen days.

1887 Spectator 29 Oct. 1441 He..has franked masses of letters..with the President's stamp.

1927 [see franked adj. at Derivatives].

1971 D. Potter Brit. Elizabethan Stamps xiii. 141 Letters and packets are franked with a handstamp or machine impression.

b. absol. (In quot. 1774 = to obtain franks.)

ΚΠ

1774 Westm. Mag. 2 600 The trading Cit, whose object was to frank.

1785 J. Trusler Mod. Times III. 231 Many a day have I slipped off my coat, and franked away as for life.

c. figurative. To facilitate the coming and going of (a person); to furnish with a social passport, secure entrée into society for.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > have social communication with [verb (transitive)] > assist with social relations

frank1801

1801 Spirit of Public Jrnls. 4 25 A few yards of muslin, &c., and a gig on a Sunday, will frank you for the whole week.

1840 Fraser's Mag. 21 702 The premier..franks him through England by introducing him to the royal presence.

1864 J. H. Burton Scot Abroad I. ii. 98 Even some of the best established and most respectable titles have difficulty in franking themselves through all parts of the country.

1887 R. L. Stevenson Memories & Portraits i. 2 English..will now frank the traveller through the most of North America.

2. To pay the passage of (a person); to convey gratuitously.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > [verb (transitive)] > convey gratuitously

frank1809

1809 W. Scott in S. Smiles Publisher & Friends (1891) I. vii. 151 I believe I shall get franked, so will have my generosity for nothing.

1851 W. M. Thackeray Lett. 140 I suppose I could be franked through the kingdom from one grandee to another.

1864 J. H. Burton Scot Abroad II. ii. 190 He got an opportunity of being franked to Poland.

3. To secure exemption for; to exempt. Const. against, from. Cf. frank adj.² 1.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > be exempt from (a liability or obligation) [verb (transitive)] > exempt (one) from liability

spare1398

exempt1401

privilegea1475

depardon1501

dispense1627

frank1876

1876 C. M. Yonge Womankind xxix. 260 Most people being in all probability franked against all the common epidemics they have once had.

1881 Saintsbury in Academy 15 Jan. 41 The abstract merits..are almost franked from criticism.

Derivatives

franked adj. (spec. franked income; see quot. 1965).

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [adjective] > franking to secure exemption > franked

franked1758

society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > [noun] > income of a company

cash flow1954

franked income1955

billing1958

1758 J. Blake Plan Marine Syst. 9 The Pay-office shall transmit..a franked order for payment.

1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation ii. viii. 311 Franked letters were in most instances addressed to those who could best afford to pay the expense of postage.

1927 Times 25 Feb. 10/6 The posting of franked letters at a date subsequent to that marked on the envelope is a violation of the terms of the licence.

1928 M. Rittenberg Mail-order made Easy xiv. 179 Franked or metered mail is accepted under certain conditions.

1955 Times 2 July 9/7 Profits tax absorbed £6,000 less, mainly because the proportion of franked income was greater this year.

1965 J. L. Hanson Dict. Econ. 188/1 Franked income, a term used of a company which derives income from the profits of another company which have been subjected already to profits tax. Such income is said to be ‘franked’ and so is not liable to profits tax a second time.

ˈfranking n. and adj.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [noun] > franking to secure exemption

franking1727

society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [adjective] > franking to secure exemption

franking1727

1727 G. Berkeley Let. 27 Feb. in Wks. (1871) IV. 141 You must take care that no one packet..exceed the limits of franking.

1748 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 17 July (1966) II. 406 I begin to suspect my servants put the franking money in their pockets.

1869 W. M. Rossetti Mem. Shelley p. xxxiii In his franking signature outside some of his son's letters.

1880 B. Disraeli Endymion I. xii. 99 They had never paid postage. They were born and had always lived in the franking world.

Draft additions 1993

To stamp a postmark on (an envelope, parcel, etc.), esp. recording the date and place of posting; to cancel (a stamp) in this way.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [verb (transitive)] > stamp with postmark

frank1940

1940 A. F. Harlow Paper Chase xiv. 252 It was franked in an envelope of the National Recovery Administration—‘Penalty for private use, $300.’

1951 Sunday Pict. 21 Jan. 4/3 The Post Office franked and delivered an unusual letter to Mrs J. M. Gooding... Written from hospital by her young daughter she had posted it with a toy stamp issued by a store.

1960 F. Raphael Limits of Love ii. ii. 168 The envelopes arrived on Saturday mornings. They were franked ‘Student's Exercise’.

1971 D. Potter Brit. Elizabethan Stamps ix. 112 Double-size, it was used in the machines that franked the Scout set automatically in 1957.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

frankv.³

Building.

(See quot. 1823.)

ΚΠ

1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 585 Franking, in sash~making, is the operation of cutting a small excavation on the side of a bar for the reception of the transverse bar, so that no more of the wood be cut away than may suffice to show a mitre when the two bars are joined together.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2018).

n.¹adj.¹OE

n.²?a1400

n.³14..

n.⁴1578

n.⁵1713

n.⁶1823

n.⁷1936

adj.¹

adj.²c1300

v.¹c1440

v.²1708

v.³1823

单词	frank
释义	Frankn.¹adj.¹ Brit. /fraŋk/, U.S. /fræŋk/ Forms: Old English Franca, Fronca, Middle English Franke, Middle English–1600s Fran(c)k(e, (1700s Franc), 1600s– Frank. Etymology: < Latin Francus, French Franc; a name of Germanic origin, representing Old High German Franko = Old English Franca < prehistoric Frankon-. It is usually believed that the Franks were named from their national weapon, Old English franca* ( < frankon- ) javelin; compare Saxon* (Sahson- ), thought to be < sahso- (Old English seax* ) knife. The notion that the ethnic name is derived from the adjective meaning ‘free’ (see frank adj.²) was already current in the 10th century; but the real relation between the words seems to be the reverse of this. A. n.¹ 1. A person belonging to the Germanic nation, or coalition of nations, that conquered Gaul in the 6th century, and from whom the country received the name of France. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Germanic people > ancient Germanic peoples > [noun] > Franks > person FrankOE Franconian1593 OE Beowulf 1210 In Francna fæþm. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1855 Cordoille þe wes Francene quene. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 21081 To þe franckis prechid he. 1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. x. 259 These Germans..maintained the honourable epithet of Franks or Freemen. 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) III. 457 A family of slaves under the Romans risen to Nobility under the Francs. 1861 Ld. Brougham Brit. Constit. (ed. 2) iii. 40 The Franks, who founded the French Monarchy. 2. A name given by the nations bordering on the Levant to an individual of Western nationality. Cf. Feringhee n. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > [noun] > western Latinc1400 Frank1687 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant ii. i. xi. 51 They presently blazed it abroad that I was a Franck. 1744 R. North & M. North Life Sir D. North & Rev. J. North 86 All European Nations, that live among them..are called Franks. a1785 A. Parsons Trav. (1808) iii. 62 Foreign merchants called franks. 1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 10 July 4/1 The Greeks..calling their Roman brethren ‘unbaptized dogs’ and Franks. †3. With ellipsis of ‘language’. A lingua franca or mixed language. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > a language > [noun] > creole or mixed language patroillart1340 mixed language1592 jargon1643 lingua franca1666 Frank1681 polyglot1715 olla podrida1850 pidgin1869 Creole1871 Mischsprache1930 creolized language1932 Melanesian Pidgin1942 1681 H. Neville Plato Redivivus 13 In Germany or Holland..most of the Hosts speak a certain Franck, compounded of Dutch, Latin, and Italian. †B. adj.¹ †1. = French adj. 1a. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1552 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1871) II. 164 Gif ony of the saidis guidis happynnis to be bocht be fremen of this burgh be the Frank pund greit. 1557 in J. S. Dobie Munim. Irvine (1891) II. 9 The impositioun..rasit in Rowane and Diep upoun the custum of ilk Frank waring bocht thair be the merchandis..of this realme. 2. Belonging to, characteristic of, or customary among the Western nations of Europe. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > [adjective] > western Frankish1594 Frank1632 Western European1639 Latin1788 Euro1980 1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. vi. 245 Beating him most cruelly, and all the rest of the Francke Pilgrimes. 1688 London Gaz. No. 2336/5 Two Led Horses, richly furnished, one after the Franke, and the other after the Turkish Fashion. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † frankn.² Forms: Middle English frawnke, 1500s–1600s franke, 1600s franck, Middle English– frank. Etymology: < Old French franc in same sense. Obsolete. An enclosure, esp. a place to feed hogs in; a sty. Also, the process of fattening animals.In modern dictionaries. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [noun] > fattening frank?a1400 frankingc1440 fatting1577 sagination1607 steaming1943 the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [noun] > fattening frank?a1400 fatting1577 sagination1607 fattening1614 forcing1790 steaming1943 the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of pigs > [noun] > fattening > enclosure for fattening frank?a1400 boar-frank1880 ?a1400 Morte Arth. 3248 Alle froytez foddenid was þat floreschede in erthe, ffaire frithed in frawnke appone tha free bowes. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 177/1 Frank, kepynge of fowlys to make fatte, saginarium. 1562 W. Bullein Bk. Use Sicke Men f. lxvii, in Bulwarke of Defence The fatte Oxe, or vglie brauned Bore..can not come out, from their frankes or staules. 1632 R. Sanderson 12 Serm. 377 Like Boares in a franke, pining themselves into Lard. 1736 N. Bailey Dict. Domesticum 115 The Frank should be in form something like a dog kennel, a little longer than the boar. 1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Frank, a place to feed boars in. figurative.1563 T. Becon Compar. Lord's Supper & Mass in Wks. III. 110 I may speake nothyng of that most fatte francke of Whoremongers, Adulterers..and suche other idle beastes. Compounds frank-fed adj. fed in a frank; fatted. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of pigs > [adjective] > fattened in enclosure franked1466 frank-fed?1545 stall-feda1555 the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [adjective] > fed > fattened franked1466 masteda1500 frank-fed?1545 battled1600 battened1791 long-fed1901 ?1545 J. Bale 2nd Pt. Image Both Churches ii. sig. Mv^v The..frank fedde porkelynges of that gredye gulfe. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 480 These guests of his fared so highly, that a man would haue said they had bin franke-fed. Derivatives † ˈfranky adj. Obsolete looking as if frank-fed; ‘stalled’.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 51 We viewd, grasing heards of bigge franckye fat oxen. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2021). † frankn.³ Etymology: Perhaps short for frankincense n. Obsolete. rare. = frankincense n. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > incense rechelseOE storc1000 incensec1290 censea1382 guma1382 olibanuma1398 thus1398 frankincensea1400 frank14.. thurec1425 mascle thure?1440 olibanc1440 smoke1530 perfume1542 masculine frankincense1555 tacamahac1577 cayolac1588 masculine gum1604 candle1628 pastille1630 Spanish coal1631 incense-frank1633 thymiama1697 censery1823 punk1844 joss-stick1845 god-stick1874 14.. Epiph. in Tundale's Vis. 110 Franke. a1500 (?a1422) J. Lydgate Life Our Lady (Adv.) 109 Golde, france, and myrre thei gaf hym all thre. c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxxxix ^v/2 Spycery..Ffrankke. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2021). † frankn.⁴ Forms: Also 1500s–1600s fran(c)k(e. Etymology: < frank v.¹ Obsolete. A name given to the plant Spurry, from its fattening properties; also frank spurry. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Caryophyllaceae (chickweeds and allies) > [noun] > spurrey or spurries spurrey1577 frank1578 spur wort1640 knotted spurrey1771 pearlwort spurrey1797 awl-shaped spurrey1828 spergula1836 sand spurrey1866 sand spurry1866 spurreys1882 sandwort spurrey1887 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. xxxviii. 56 This herbe [Spurry] is called in Englishe Francke, bicause of the property it hath to fat cattell. 1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum 562 Both the Dutch and we in England call it Spurry or Franck Spurry, for the causes aforesaid, but I do a little more explaine the names, in calling it Francking Spurrewort. 1659 G. Torriano Florio's Vocabolario Italiano & Inglese Spergola, the hearb Frank, Surrie, or Spurrie: it is good to fatten cattle. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2021). frankn.⁵ Brit. /fraŋk/, U.S. /fræŋk/ Etymology: < frank v.² 1. The superscribed signature of a person, e.g. a member of Parliament, entitled to send letters post free. ΘΚΠ society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [noun] > franking to secure exemption > signature frank1713 1713 ‘Philopatrius’ Refl. Sach——l's Thanksgiving-day 4 The Franks are now become a Monopoly to one Side. 1776 R. Twiss Tour Ireland 37 The third custom is that of forging franks. 1813 W. Scott Let. 1 June (1932) III. 283 I must..send this scrawl into town to get a frank..it is not worthy of postage. 1852 J. Raine Mem. Surtees 92 (note) The want of a frank for a letter..frequently afforded him an errand. in combination.1859 G. A. Sala Gaslight & Daylight v. 62 There were regular frank-hunters—men who could nose a member who had not yet given all his franks away. 2. A letter or envelope bearing such a superscription. ΘΚΠ society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [noun] > franking to secure exemption > signature > letter or envelope bearing frank1755 1755 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) XII. 182 Mr. Perronet sends them down to me in franks. 1781 W. Cowper Wks. (1837) XV. 63 I did it to save a frank. 1806 W. Scott Let. 16 Dec. (1932) I. 337 I cannot employ time or a frank better than by enquiring whether you have got rid of the unlucky Typhus. 1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xvi. 148 To send the manuscript in a frank to the local paper. 1878 J. A. Symonds Shelley 26 Shelley..would stop to fix his father's franks upon convenient trees and shoot at them. 3. figurative. Mark of approval; ‘stamp’. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > [noun] > mark of OK1841 frank1876 1876 World V. No. 108. 11 Impecuniosity has had the frank of Fashion. Draft additions 1993 b. An impression stamped on to a cover or envelope in lieu of a postage stamp, to indicate that postage has been pre-paid; also, a postmark. ΘΚΠ society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [noun] > franking mark in lieu of stamp frank1923 franking stamp1929 1923 Stamp Lover 15 226/1 The design of the actual frank-stamp impressed by both patterns of machine is substantially the same. 1923 Stamp Lover 16 120/2 This machine impressed franks of the following values:—½d., 1d., 1½d., 3d., 6d., and 1/-. 1957 R. McP. Cabeen Stand. Handbk. Stamp Collecting 608 Frank,..a term for imprints on express company envelopes indicating a payment for service. 1962 D. Patrick Internat. Guide Stamps & Stamp Collecting i. 4 Franks are marks of various kinds to indicate free delivery of mail. Franks have been manuscript marks, handstruck or printed impressions, initials, or meter postage stamp impressions. 1971 D. Potter Brit. Elizabethan Stamps xi. 123 An unusual sideline may be made from the official envelopes used..by the Guernsey Philatelic Bureau with its distinctive map franks. 1982 J. Mackay Guinness Bk. Stamps ii. 64/1 The machine was coin-operated, the insertion of 5- or 10-øre coins producing green or red franks, covering the inland printed matter and letter rates respectively. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022). frankn.⁶ Brit. /fraŋk/, U.S. /fræŋk/ Etymology: apparently a rendering of the sound made by the bird; see quots. dialect. A heron. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > order Ciconiiformes (storks, etc.) > [noun] > family Ardeidae (herons and bitterns) > genus Ardea (heron) shiterowc1200 heron1340 heronshaw1381 herle?1507 frank1823 frog-pecker1825 moll-heron1848 1823 E. Moor Suffolk Words 135 Frank, the large slow-flying, fish-eating, heron..Our name is probably derived from its monotone—which is supposed to be like fr a a a nk. 1829 P. Hawker Diary (1893) II. 4 All the flesh and feathers I could see..were ‘old Francis’ (a heron) and ‘the parson’ (a cormorant). 1870 Athenæum 10 Sept. 332 When danger is apparent, the Heron rises with his peculiar cry of ‘frank!’] This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022). frankn.⁷ Brit. /fraŋk/, U.S. /fræŋk/ Etymology: Shortened < frankfurter n. U.S. = frankfurter n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > sausage > [noun] > types of sausage franchemyle1381 herbelade?c1390 haggisc1400 black puddinga1450 blood puddingc1450 bloodinga1500 liveringa1500 haggis pudding1545 white pudding1578 swine's pudding1579 hog's pudding1583 Bolognian sausage1596 bloodling1598 andouille1605 andouillet1611 cervelat1613 mortadella1613 polony1654 blacking1674 hacking1674 whiting1674 Oxford sausagec1700 saucisson1772 German sausage1773 saveloy1784 blood sausage1799 white hawse1819 liver sausage1820 black pot1825 chipolata1830 Bologna sausage1833 butifarra1836 mettwurst1836 Cambridge sausage1840 boudin1845 chorizo1846 German1847 liverwurst1852 salami1852 station-Jack1853 leberwurst1855 wurst1855 blutwurst1856 bag of mystery1864 Vienna sausage1865 summer sausage1874 wienerwurst1875 mealy pudding1880 whitepot1880 wiener1880 erbswurst1885 pepperoni1888 mystery bag1889 red-hot1890 weenie1891 hot dog1892 frankfurter1894 sav?1894 Coney Island1895 coney1902 garlic sausage1905 boloney1907 kishke1907 drisheen1910 bratwurst1911 banger1919 cocktail sausage1927 boerewors1930 soy sausage1933 thuringer1933 frank1936 fish sausage1937 knackwurst1939 foot-long1941 starver1941 soya sausage1943 soysage1943 soya link1944 brat1949 Vienna1952 kielbasa1953 Coney dog1954 tube steak1963 Weisswurst1963 Cumberland sausage1966 merguez1966 tripe sausage1966 schinkenwurst1967 boerie1981 'nduja1996 1936 E. E. Cummings Let. 9 May (1969) 145 Sand there shall be with our franks. 1957 J. Kerouac On the Road i. i. 9 We had a farewell meal of franks and beans. 1959 Consumer Reports Sept. 455/3 Slitting the franks may adversely affect the device's ability to cook them properly. 1968 Washington Post 5 July A17 (advt.) Safeway Skinless All Meat Franks. 2 lb. pkg. 99c. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1972; most recently modified version published online March 2022). Frankadj.¹ see after Frank n.¹ This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online December 2019). frankadj.² Brit. /fraŋk/, U.S. /fræŋk/ Forms: Middle English franc, Middle English–1500s franke, 1500s–1600s franck(e, (1500s francque), Middle English– frank. Etymology: < Old French franc (= Provençal franc . Spanish franco , Portuguese franco , Italian franco ) < medieval Latin francus free; originally identical with the ethnic name Francus (see Frank n.¹), which acquired the sense of ‘free’ because in Frankish Gaul full freedom was possessed only by those belonging to, or adopted into, the dominant people. Compare the use of the originally ethnic name slave n.¹ and adj.¹, and of Old English wealh, originally ‘Welshman’, to denote a person of servile condition. 1. = free adj. in various applications of the word; often frank and free. †a. Free in condition; not in serfdom or slavery. Obsolete.The meaning of the first quot. is doubtful: perhaps = 2. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > [adjective] > free or not slave freeeOE frankc1300 unenthralled1649 unenslaved1691 unthralled1865 c1300 Maximian 159 (Digby MS.) in Anglia III. 280 Of herte ich was wel liȝt..And franc mon of honde. 1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xvi The playntyfe sayth that he is franke and of free estate and no vylayne. 1530 tr. Caesar Commentaryes 13 He was frank & free borne in a free cytye. †b. Free to come and go; released from captivity. Also frank and quit; cf. French franc et quitte (Commines), Anglo-Latin liber et quietus. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > liberation > [adjective] > liberated > released from confinement frank1475 unpenta1592 disimprisoned1611 unjail1613 uncaged1648 unpadlocked1681 unmanacled1805 unloosed1839 disprisoned1842 unconfined1842 unsnaffled1846 bond-stript1855 loosed1887 untaken1893 1475 Bk. Noblesse 66 He shulde..deliver out of prison a gret nombre of yong men of werre of Cartage.. and he shulde goo frank and quite. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xliii. 143 He and all his company shall deperte franke and free at there pleasure. 1633 J. Done tr. ‘Aristeas’ Aunc. Hist. Septuagint 25 All the Iewes that..haue beene taken..shall be sent francke and free. †c. Free from restraint or impediment; unrestricted, unchecked. Const. of. Of a wind: Steady (cf. French vent franc). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > [adjective] > not hindering or encumbering > not hindered or encumbered freeeOE unletted?a1425 unimpeachedc1430 frank1481 nearc1520 untangled1539 unclogged1548 uncumbered1551 unprevented1572 cumberless1581 unentangleda1586 undebarred1595 unstayed1600 disencumbered1611 unhindered1615 unretarded1615 unstopped1621 unobstructed1648 unengaged1653 extricated1657 unbeclogged1674 unhampered1702 unembarrassed1708 unencumbered1722 unstemmed1732 disembarrassed1741 unstifled1742 unimpeded1760 smooth1792 untrammelled1795 unintercepted1814 unmired1834 frictionless1848 unsmothereda1849 unbalked1888 unlocked1890 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [adjective] > constant in direction and force sheerc1290 steady1612 frank1628 true1699 pirring1827 1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 39 He..was all, free and franke of alle his enemyes. 1531–2 Act 23 Hen. VIII c. 18 Many shippes..haue..had their franke passages without let impedimente or interruption. a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 36 Every one of them..are desyrouse of frank lyberty. 1559 in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1725) I. App. viii. 22 When franke election first beganne. 1570 B. Googe tr. T. Kirchmeyer Popish Kingdome i. f. 4^v If any happen to mislike, that they may francke and free Appeale unto the Court of Rome. 1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin i. 38 He offered him..franke power to dispose of him and his armie. 1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1672) 35 A frank light can mis-become no Ædifice whatsoever. 1628 World Encompassed by Sir F. Drake 45 Being glad..to fall asterne againe, with francke winde [etc.]. †d. Free from obligation in respect of payments or other conditions; free of charge; unconditional. frank traffic = free trade n. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > freedom of action or from restraint > [adjective] > free from conditions > free of charge frank1525 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. ccxxii. [ccxviii.] 685 Desyre..that ye may be franke and fre fro all subsydies. 1534 T. More Treat. Passion in Wks. 1286/2 Landes..franke and free simpliciter and wythout anye condicion. 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 391 b Let Pardons be as francke and free as they would seeme to be for me. 1591 E. Spenser Prosopopoia in Complaints 531 Thou hast it wonne, for it is of franke gift. 1599 in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) II. i. 210 A faire free and franke of al custome. 1659 J. Pearson Expos. Creed (1839) 517 The remission of our sins is the frank forgiving of our debts. 1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 405 All nations..went thither by reason of franck Traffick. 1727 A. Pope et al. Περι Βαθους: Art of Sinking 87 in J. Swift et al. Misc.: Last Vol. The Court of Aldermen..shall all have their Places frank. †e. Free from anxiety, unburdened. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pleasure > freedom from trouble, care, or sorrow > [adjective] sorrowlessOE carelessa1000 restful1340 clearc1374 unsada1450 undiseased?c1450 unoffendedc1450 undistroubled1466 frank1477 unvexed1485 quiet1535 secure1545 griefless1552 trouble-void1559 woeless1568 undistressed1582 tearless1603 cocksure1613 undejected1613 undisquieted1627 uncareful1635 serene1640 indisconsolatea1645 trouble-free1648 catastematic1656 thoughtless1659 incruciated1661 easy1692 undepressed1697 unsufferinga1732 ungloomed1737 solute1742 unanxious1742 undarkened1742 unsighinga1743 comfortable1770 unharassed1796 unworried1818 gloomless1820 ungroaning1821 unpestered1824 ungrieving1837 troubleless1838 unsaddened?c1840 untrespassed1854 unannoyed1865 unfretted1870 fretless1878 worriless1889 stress-free1898 unstressed1927 1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 140 The goode shipman began to rowe with a franck corage. 1558 Bp. T. Watson Holsome Doctr. Seuen Sacramentes xxvi. f. clxiiii With a franke harte and a good wyll. 2. a. Liberal, bounteous, generous, lavish, esp. in dealing with money. Const. †of. †frank house = ‘open house’. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > giving > liberal giving > [adjective] custyeOE room-handeda1200 largea1225 free?c1225 plenteousc1350 bounteousc1374 liberalc1384 free-hearteda1398 ungnedea1400 royalc1405 opena1425 plentifula1475 profuse?a1475 ungrighta1475 lavishc1475 almifluent1477 prodigous1477 frank1484 bountiful1508 largifluent?a1525 munificent1565 magnificent1577 largeous1583 munifical1583 magnifical1586 free-handed1592 frolic1593 open-handed1593 magnific?1594 prodigal1595 goodwillya1598 communicativea1602 real1602 prodig1605 unniggard1605 generous1615 open-hearteda1617 large-handeda1628 unniggardly1628 fluent1633 profusive1638 numerous1655 largifical1656 insordid1660 unsparing1667 dispensive1677 expensive1678 wasteful1701 flush1703 unboundeda1704 genteel1741 munific1745 magnifique1751 ungrudginga1774 unstinting1845 brickish1860 flaithulach1876 princely1889 outgiving1896 sharing1922 two-handed1929 1484 W. Caxton tr. Ordre of Chyualry (1926) viii. 116 Chyualrye and Fraunchyse accorden to gyder..the knyght must be free and franke. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias iv. 13 Through whose..franke distribution of that he had, many of our men were recouerd. 1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1299/1 My lord Norths..was no whit behind anie of the best for a franke house. 1588 ‘M. Marprelate’ Oh read ouer D. Iohn Bridges: Epist. 42 I would wish you not to be so francke with your bribes. 1606 Bp. J. Hall Medit. & Vowes III. §32 The world, like a frank Chapman, sayes, All these will I give thee. a1639 Wotton in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) I. 217 They have always been frank of their blessings to countenance any great action. 1673 J. Dryden Marriage a-la-Mode Ep. Ded. sig. Biv You are endued with that excellent quality of a frank Nature, to forget the good which you have done. 1676 G. Etherege Man of Mode v. i. 80 Lose it all like a frank Gamester on the Square. 1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling ii. xiii. 320 He..set about improvements..on a frank scale. 1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 43 In such frank style the people lived. †b. in bad sense (of a woman). ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > [adjective] > unchaste or sexually compliant (of women) strumpeta1382 jadish1573 comingc1576 short heeled1591 loose in the hilts1598 loose-legged1598 loose-tailed1598 light-tailed1600 overscutched1600 stuprous1603 light-skirted1607 brothelly1608 light-heeled1611 wagtailed1648 loose-hilteda1652 feather-heeleda1674 loose-gowneda1717 frank1744 shake-tail1782 (a woman) of a certain description1803 hetaeric1868 round-heeled1926 floozy?1930 trampy1944 slack1951 slaggy1973 1744 A. Pope Epist. to Several Persons ii. 28 Chaste to her Husband, frank to all beside. c. Of a horse: frank to the road = free adj. 15c. ΚΠ 1816 W. Scott Antiquary III. xi. 240 He's very frank to the road. 3. a. Not practising concealment; ingenuous, open, sincere. Of feelings: Undisguised. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > unaffectedness or naturalness > [adjective] > straightforward or frank right fortha1382 plaina1393 free-hearteda1398 round1487 opena1535 sincere1539 frank1555 pert1567 single-hearted1574 single-minded1577 direct1586 open-hearted1593 open-breasted1594 transparent1600 unclose1606 unminced1648 even down1654 unreserved1654 rugged1678 plain sailing1707 whole-footed1744 sturdy1775 heart-in-mouth1827 jannock1828 straightforward1829 direct-dealing1830 undiplomatic1834 straight-ahead1836 straight-up-and-down1859 man to man1902 1555 W. Waterman tr. Josephus in tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions sig. U.vij The bonde~man..lacketh the francque noblenes of minde. a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. iii. 39 Bearing with franke appearance Their purposes towards Cypresse. View more context for this quotation 1656 W. Montagu tr. J. Du Bosc Accomplish'd Woman 11 Quick and lively humours are readier and franker; but then the Melancholy are the discreeter. 1740 S. Richardson Pamela II. 126 We dined together in a most..frank manner. 1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. i. 8 Frank in his temper, ingenuous in his sentiments. 1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul ii. vii. 247 The manners of the Afghauns are frank and open. 1847 H. Miller First Impressions Eng. v. 70 The English are by much a franker people than the Scotch. 1873 W. Black Princess of Thule vi. 93 A look of frank gratitude in her eyes. b. With reference to speech: Candid, outspoken, unreserved. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > plainness > [adjective] > straightforward or direct naked?c1225 platc1385 plaina1393 light?a1400 rounda1450 direct1530 frank1548 evena1573 handsmooth1612 point-blank1648 crude1650 plain-spoken1658 plain-spoke1706 unambiguous1751 plump1789 straightforward1806 plain-said1867 pine-blank1883 straight1894 point-to-point1905 non-ambiguous1924 Wife of Bath1926 simpliste1973 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Matt. xi. f. 10 Whome he folowed also in franke reprouing of kinges. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) i. ii. 244 With franke and with vncurbed plainnesse, Tell vs the Dolphins minde. View more context for this quotation 1660 Duke of Ormonde Let. 17 Jan. in Academy (1893) 7 Oct. 296/2 An ingenuous and frank recantation. 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 202 In their conversation frank and open. View more context for this quotation 1828 T. Carlyle Goethe's Helena in Foreign Rev. 1 450 How frank and downright in speech. 1849 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. xvi. 143 The honest frank boy just returned from school. 1870 C. E. L. Riddell Austin Friars ii You may as well be frank with me. c. Avowed, undisguised; downright. ΘΚΠ society > communication > manifestation > manifestness > openness or unconcealedness > [adjective] openlyeOE underna900 openeOE utterly12.. unhida1300 perta1325 apert1330 nakeda1382 public1394 patenta1398 foreign?c1400 overtc1400 unrecovered1433 publicalc1450 open-visageda1513 bare1526 uncloaked1539 subject1556 uncovered1577 unmasked1590 facely1593 undisguised1598 female1602 unveiled1606 unshrouded1610 barefaceda1616 disclouded1615 unhiddena1616 broad-faced1643 with full miena1657 undissembled1671 frank1752 bald-faced1761 unconfidential1772 ostensible1782 unglossed1802 undisguising1813 unvisored1827 unconcealed1839 disprivacied1848 disguiseless1850 bald1854 unobscured1879 visible1885 open door1898 above ground1976 1752 W. Warburton Wks. (1811) IX. vi. 135 The Founders of empires and false religions..were frank Enthusiasts. 1849 J. Ruskin Seven Lamps Archit. iv. 95 Farther than this, man's invention could not reach without frank imitation. 1877 Daily News 27 Dec. 6/2 What may be effected by frank force remains to be seen. 18.. Med. News L. 306 Although there frank peritonitis coexisted. †4. Of plants, trees, etc.: Of superior quality for the purpose to which they are applied; producing good and abundant fruit, or the like. Often applied to cultivated as opposed to wild plants. Of drugs, etc.: Of high quality, valuable. Cf. frankincense n. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > valued plants and weeds > [adjective] > good for its purpose frank1486 the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [adjective] > of high quality frank1647 sublime1662 1486 Bk. St. Albans C ij b Take powder of Canell and the Juce of franke cost. 1572 L. Mascall tr. D. Brossard L'Art et Maniere de Semer in Bk. Plant & Graffe Trees 5 Take your Cions of a Peach tree..and graffe them vpon a frank Mulberie tree. 1574 T. Hill Bk. Art of Planting (rev. ed.) 85 in Profitable Arte of Gardening (rev. ed.) All sortes of franke trees..may be graft with graffes. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. lxxvii. 250 There be two sortes of Sage, the one is small and franke, and the other is great. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball vi. lxvii. 743 The seconde kind of Withy called the Franke Ozier hath no great stemme. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 369 The greatest price of the garden frank-Myrhh, or that which is set by mans hand is 22 deniers. 1647 C. Cotterell & W. Aylesbury tr. E. C. Davila Hist. Civill Warres France ii. 79 Applyed all manner of frank remedies. †5. Luxuriant in growth, lusty, vigorous. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by good growth > [adjective] > flourishing or luxuriant in growth greeneOE frimOE ranka1325 wlonk1398 flourishingc1400 rankish1495 frank?1548 gole1573 abled1576 wanton1579 proud1597 unseared1599 unwithered1599 ramping1607 lusha1616 fulsome1633 luxurious1644 rampant1648 luxuriant1661 lascivious1698 pert1727 unnipped1775 verdurous1820 happy1875 ?1548 J. Bale Image Bothe Churches (new ed.) i. sig. Qij^v Whan they were ones franke and fatte, they stode vp together proudelye against the Lorde. ?1548 J. Bale Image Bothe Churches (new ed.) i. sig. Riiij^v I behelde in a vysion the horses, franke, fatte, and fearce. 1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. i. 24 The graciousnes of the earth was also abated, and the francke fertilitie therof..withdrawen. 1591 E. Spenser Muiopotmos in Complaints sig. V Ouer the fields in his franke lustinesse, And all the champion he soared light. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §540 The Sap is not so frank as to rise all to the Boughs. Compounds General attributive. Chiefly parasynthetic. C1. † frank-born adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. (1609) xlv. xxiv. 1217 All of us in Rhodes franke-borne and of free condition. frank-faced adj. ΚΠ 1873 A. Dobson Sundial in Vignettes in Rhyme xii Blue-eyed, frank-faced, with clear and open brow. † frank-handed adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1603 N. Breton Merrie Dialogue 10 A wench, as francke handed, as free hearted, and as liberall for loue. 1644 J. Bulwer Chirologia 62 Of a bountifull disposition and franke-handed. frank-hearted adj. ΚΠ a1600 R. Hooker Learned Serm. Pride (1612) 11 That franckhearted wastfulnesse spoken of in the Gospell. 1813 W. Scott Bridal of Triermain i. xi. 31 The frank-hearted monarch. frank-heartedness n. ΚΠ 1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lxviii. 10) Signifieth an unconstreyned willingnesse, or a meere frankhartednesse. C2. † franklike adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1587 G. Turberville Tragicall Tales f. 46 She made a large behest, Of gold that she would franklike giue. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † frankv.¹ Etymology: < frank n.² Obsolete. 1. transitive. To shut up and feed (up) in a frank. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [verb (transitive)] > fatten masteOE fatc1386 frankc1440 to set up1540 fatten1552 feed1552 cram1577 engrease1583 to raise in flesh1608 adipate1623 saginate1623 batten1638 to stall to1764 tallow1765 to fat off1789 to make up1794 higglea1825 finish1841 force1847 to feed off1852 steam1947 the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of pigs > [verb (transitive)] > fatten in enclosure frankc1440 c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 177/1 Frankyd, saginatus. 1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Gvj^v They..francke them vntyll they be very fat. 1556 J. Withals Short Dict. (new ed.) sig. Liiij/1 Altilia, all thyngs franked to be made fatte. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. (1609) vi. xvii. 228 The Commons doe feed and franke up, even for the shambles and butchers knife the fautors and maintainers of their weale and libertie. 2. a. To feed high; to cram. Also with up. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feed or nourish [verb (transitive)] > feed up or overfeed cramc1325 pamperc1390 pampa1400 papa1400 engorge1497 pompa1529 feed1552 frank?1567 grudge1642 to feed into1843 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis i. 7 Theyre panch with venison they franck. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 539 They..franke them vp like fat ware, with good corn-meale. 1633 T. Adams Comm. 2 Peter (ii. 22) 1088 When they are saginated and franked, their turne comes to bleed. figurative.?1567 M. Parker Whole Psalter lxiii. 175 Lo thus my soule: full frankt shall bee.1606 J. Carpenter Schelomonocham i. f. 5 Israel..franked and pampered with prosperitie.1633 J. Ford Broken Heart iii. i. sig. F1^v One that franks his lust In Swine-security of bestiall incest. b. intransitive for reflexive. To feed greedily. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > processes or manners of eating > eat via specific process [verb (intransitive)] > eat voraciously gorge13.. franch1519 to be worried, or worry oneself, ona1529 raven1530 frank1596 tire1599 to fall aboard——1603 ravenize1677 mop1811 1596 W. Warner Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) iv. xxi. 102 That frankes [1586 prankes] and feedeth daintily, This pines and foreth ill. Derivatives † franked adj. Obsolete fattened in a frank or pen. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of pigs > [adjective] > fattened in enclosure franked1466 frank-fed?1545 stall-feda1555 the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [adjective] > fed > fattened franked1466 masteda1500 frank-fed?1545 battled1600 battened1791 long-fed1901 1466 Paston Lett. No. 549 II. 268 xxvii. frankyd gees, vis. viiid. 1574 E. Hellowes tr. A. de Guevara Familiar Epist. 152 They set before hir..franked Fesant. 1675 T. Hobbes tr. Homer Odysses xvii. 171 Fat goats enough they sacrifice, And franked Swine. † ˈfranking n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [noun] > fattening frank?a1400 frankingc1440 fatting1577 sagination1607 steaming1943 the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of pigs > [noun] > fattening frankingc1440 c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 177/1 Frankynge, saginacio. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Engrais de volaille, the franking or fattening of fowle. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2021). frankv.² Brit. /fraŋk/, U.S. /fræŋk/ Etymology: < frank adj.² 1d. 1. a. transitive. To superscribe (a letter, etc.) with a signature, so as to ensure its being sent without charge; to send or cause to be sent free of charge (obsolete exc. Historical). Revived in later use: to mark (a letter, etc.) with a sign (in lieu of an affixed postage stamp) by means of a franking machine. ΘΚΠ society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [verb (transitive)] > frank to secure exemption frank1708 free1752 society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [verb (transitive)] > frank in lieu of stamp frank1927 1708 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. 14 June They'l be frank't at y^e Posthouse. 1745 Advt. in Swift's Wks. VIII. 297 It is desired their letters may be either franked, or the post paid. 1764 J. Clayton in W. Darlington Memorials J. Bartram, & H. Marshall (1849) 411 Dr. Franklin would be kind enough to frank a small parcel of seeds from you to him. 1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 334 The post-masters-general have had the liberality to frank the correspondence of the Society. 1818 J. Jekyll Let. 7 Dec. in Corr. (1894) 74 Brougham has just left me; and..I made him frank this cover. a1834 Wirt Let. to Carr in J. P. Kennedy Life (1860) II. xiv. 228 This is the last letter I shall ever frank to you as Attorney-General. 1855 Illustr. London News 21 July 70/1 The stamp must be folded outside; and this will frank the paper throughout the United Kingdom for fifteen days. 1887 Spectator 29 Oct. 1441 He..has franked masses of letters..with the President's stamp. 1927 [see franked adj. at Derivatives]. 1971 D. Potter Brit. Elizabethan Stamps xiii. 141 Letters and packets are franked with a handstamp or machine impression. b. absol. (In quot. 1774 = to obtain franks.) ΚΠ 1774 Westm. Mag. 2 600 The trading Cit, whose object was to frank. 1785 J. Trusler Mod. Times III. 231 Many a day have I slipped off my coat, and franked away as for life. c. figurative. To facilitate the coming and going of (a person); to furnish with a social passport, secure entrée into society for. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > have social communication with [verb (transitive)] > assist with social relations frank1801 1801 Spirit of Public Jrnls. 4 25 A few yards of muslin, &c., and a gig on a Sunday, will frank you for the whole week. 1840 Fraser's Mag. 21 702 The premier..franks him through England by introducing him to the royal presence. 1864 J. H. Burton Scot Abroad I. ii. 98 Even some of the best established and most respectable titles have difficulty in franking themselves through all parts of the country. 1887 R. L. Stevenson Memories & Portraits i. 2 English..will now frank the traveller through the most of North America. 2. To pay the passage of (a person); to convey gratuitously. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > [verb (transitive)] > convey gratuitously frank1809 1809 W. Scott in S. Smiles Publisher & Friends (1891) I. vii. 151 I believe I shall get franked, so will have my generosity for nothing. 1851 W. M. Thackeray Lett. 140 I suppose I could be franked through the kingdom from one grandee to another. 1864 J. H. Burton Scot Abroad II. ii. 190 He got an opportunity of being franked to Poland. 3. To secure exemption for; to exempt. Const. against, from. Cf. frank adj.² 1. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > be exempt from (a liability or obligation) [verb (transitive)] > exempt (one) from liability spare1398 exempt1401 privilegea1475 depardon1501 dispense1627 frank1876 1876 C. M. Yonge Womankind xxix. 260 Most people being in all probability franked against all the common epidemics they have once had. 1881 Saintsbury in Academy 15 Jan. 41 The abstract merits..are almost franked from criticism. Derivatives franked adj. (spec. franked income; see quot. 1965). ΘΚΠ society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [adjective] > franking to secure exemption > franked franked1758 society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > [noun] > income of a company cash flow1954 franked income1955 billing1958 1758 J. Blake Plan Marine Syst. 9 The Pay-office shall transmit..a franked order for payment. 1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation ii. viii. 311 Franked letters were in most instances addressed to those who could best afford to pay the expense of postage. 1927 Times 25 Feb. 10/6 The posting of franked letters at a date subsequent to that marked on the envelope is a violation of the terms of the licence. 1928 M. Rittenberg Mail-order made Easy xiv. 179 Franked or metered mail is accepted under certain conditions. 1955 Times 2 July 9/7 Profits tax absorbed £6,000 less, mainly because the proportion of franked income was greater this year. 1965 J. L. Hanson Dict. Econ. 188/1 Franked income, a term used of a company which derives income from the profits of another company which have been subjected already to profits tax. Such income is said to be ‘franked’ and so is not liable to profits tax a second time. ˈfranking n. and adj. ΘΚΠ society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [noun] > franking to secure exemption franking1727 society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [adjective] > franking to secure exemption franking1727 1727 G. Berkeley Let. 27 Feb. in Wks. (1871) IV. 141 You must take care that no one packet..exceed the limits of franking. 1748 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 17 July (1966) II. 406 I begin to suspect my servants put the franking money in their pockets. 1869 W. M. Rossetti Mem. Shelley p. xxxiii In his franking signature outside some of his son's letters. 1880 B. Disraeli Endymion I. xii. 99 They had never paid postage. They were born and had always lived in the franking world. Draft additions 1993 To stamp a postmark on (an envelope, parcel, etc.), esp. recording the date and place of posting; to cancel (a stamp) in this way. ΘΚΠ society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [verb (transitive)] > stamp with postmark frank1940 1940 A. F. Harlow Paper Chase xiv. 252 It was franked in an envelope of the National Recovery Administration—‘Penalty for private use, $300.’ 1951 Sunday Pict. 21 Jan. 4/3 The Post Office franked and delivered an unusual letter to Mrs J. M. Gooding... Written from hospital by her young daughter she had posted it with a toy stamp issued by a store. 1960 F. Raphael Limits of Love ii. ii. 168 The envelopes arrived on Saturday mornings. They were franked ‘Student's Exercise’. 1971 D. Potter Brit. Elizabethan Stamps ix. 112 Double-size, it was used in the machines that franked the Scout set automatically in 1957. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022). frankv.³ Building. (See quot. 1823.) ΚΠ 1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 585 Franking, in sash~making, is the operation of cutting a small excavation on the side of a bar for the reception of the transverse bar, so that no more of the wood be cut away than may suffice to show a mitre when the two bars are joined together. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2018). < n.¹adj.¹OEn.²?a1400n.³14..n.⁴1578n.⁵1713n.⁶1823n.⁷1936adj.¹adj.²c1300v.¹c1440v.²1708v.³1823
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