fortificationn.
/ˌfɔːtᵻfᵻˈkeɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌfɔrdəfəˈkeɪʃən/ I. The action of fortifying; in senses of the verb.† 1. Strengthening, corroboration, ratification.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > strengthening or confirmation of immaterial things > [noun]
strenghinga1400
strengthc1400
affirmance1442
roboration1473
confirmation1520
corroboration1529
fortification1530
strengthening1535
hardening1544
establishment1561
re-enforcement1577
comforting1605
reinforcement1605
consolidation1611
establishing1846
undergirding1868
entrenchment1877
entrenching1950
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > [noun] > confirmation, corroboration
confirming1297
strengthc1400
affirmance1442
vidimus1513
corroborating1530
fortification1530
warranty1561
astipulation1618
support1629
corroboration1765
circumstantiation1841
1530–1 Act 22 Hen. VIII c. 14 [They] haue..procured many men..to the..practise of archerie..to the greate encrease and fortificacions of the same outwarde realmes.
1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) II. 1955/2 For ye more fortification of that which hath been sayd.
c1600 Diurnal of Remarkable Occurrents (1833) 122 To come to Edinburgh to subscriue the fortificatioun of the kingis coronatioun.
1609 J. Skene tr. Forme of Proces in Regiam Majestatem 116 The defender quha propones the exception, for fortification therof, may propone ane duply, against the libell and reply.
1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. ii. xx. §1. 519 Much common good thereby likely to arise, with mutuall fortification of both those kingdomes.
1623 E. Conway Let. 17 June in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. III. 155 His actes had not need of theire fortification.
2.
a. The strengthening of wine with alcohol.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > wine-making > [noun] > strengthening or refreshing
fortification1885
solera system1961
1885 Pall Mall Gaz. 7 Sept. 5/2 Spirits exported to Spain for the fortification of native wines.
1893 Manch. Guard. 19 May 5/4 The duty was raised..to discourage the fortification of Spanish wines with coarse spirits.
b. The addition of nutrients, usually vitamins, to food.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > adding vitamins or nutrients > [noun]
fortification1939
vitaminization1942
1939 Milbank Memorial Fund Q. 17 241 (heading) The public health aspects of the fortification of foods with vitamins and minerals.
1941 Lancet 20 Dec. 773/1 Fortification must be considered solely in relation to the proven need..for a given nutrient.
1967 New Scientist 9 Nov. 328/3 Fortification of cereals and cereal flours with proteins offers the best immediate prospect for alleviating the world's shortage of protein foods.
3. Military.figurative.1649 Bp. J. Taylor Great Exemplar ii. ix. 124 Observe what object is aptest to inflame thee, and by speciall arts of fortification, stop up the avenues to that part.
a. The action of fortifying or providing with defensive works.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun] > construction of defensive works
strengthingc1384
warnestoringc1386
munition?c1500
fortification1562
defences1569
ensconcing1590
munifience1596
refortification1598
garrisoning1681
fortifying1719
forting1756
obstacling1882
1562 P. Whitehorne Certain Waies Orderyng Souldiers f. 1 (heading) , in tr. N. Machiavelli Arte of Warre Certain waies for the orderyng of Souldiers in battelray, & settyng of battailes..also..plattes for fortificacion of Townes.
1882 R. L. Stevenson New Arabian Nights I. 196 He had no means of fortification, and lay open to attack.
b. The art or science of fortifying or constructing works of defence.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun] > construction of defensive works > science of
fortification1642
military architecture1645
military engineering1801
1642 J. Howell Instr. Forreine Travell xix. 233 The art of Navigation and Fortification.
1688 J. S. Fortification 23 Fortification, or Military Architecture, is a Science [etc.].
1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 103. ⁋2 We range from city to city, though we profess neither architecture nor fortification.
1828 J. M. Spearman Brit. Gunner 201 Fortification..is divided into two parts, which are called Permanent or Field Fortification.
1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator i. 21/2 The science..is termed Fortification.
II. concrete.
4.
a. Military. A defensive work; a wall, earthwork, tower, etc. Chiefly collective plural.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun]
workeOE
forcementa1382
strengtha1382
strengthinga1382
warding1382
closurea1400
bulwarkc1418
propugnaclea1460
fortification1489
munition?c1500
tuition1513
fortifying1523
furniture1577
munificence1596
bloccuz1600
burg-ward1753
propugnaculum1864
1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes ii. xxiv. 137 Upon euery yate muste be made dyuerse deffences and fortyfycacions.
1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 1 §1 To make Bulwerkes, Brayes..and al other fortificacions.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) iii. ii. 5 This fortification Gentlemen, shall we see't? View more context for this quotation
1683 Britanniæ Speculum 18 Strong fortifications do secure thy Ports.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 78 I..made me a Door to come out, on the Out-side of my Pale or Fortification.
1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature II. 362 In the neighbourhood of Lexington..are the remains of two ancient fortifications.
1841 W. Spalding Italy & Ital. Islands I. 223 We find all the Seven Hills embraced within a fortification which the legendary history ascribes to Servius Tullius.
1863 C. Lyell Geol. Evid. Antiq. Man 40 Extensive fortifications to protect them from their enemies.
b. transferred and figurative. A means of defence.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence
hornc825
shieldc1200
warranta1272
bergha1325
armour1340
hedge1340
defencec1350
bucklerc1380
protectiona1382
safety1399
targea1400
suretyc1405
wall1412
pavise?a1439
fencec1440
safeguard?c1500
pale?a1525
waretack1542
muniment1546
shrouda1561
bulwark1577
countermure1581
ward1582
prevention1584
armourya1586
fortificationa1586
securitya1586
penthouse1589
palladium1600
guard1609
subtectacle1609
tutament1609
umbrella1609
bastion1615
screena1616
amulet1621
alexikakon1635
breastwork1643
security1643
protectionary1653
sepiment1660
back1680
shadower1691
aegis1760
inoculation1761
buoya1770
propugnaculum1773
panoply1789
armament1793
fascine1793
protective1827
beaver1838
face shield1842
vaccine1861
zariba1885
wolf-platform1906
firebreak1959
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. x. sig. F7v The Stagge thought it better to trust the nimblenes of his feete, then to the slender fortification of his lodging.
1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler ii. 41 The gloves of an Otter are the best fortification for your hands against wet weather. View more context for this quotation
1657 T. Burton Diary (1828) I. 363 That..is the best fortification for all honest men.
1742 W. Ellis London & Country Brewer (ed. 4) I. 80 Horse-dung should be laid to the Windows as a Fortification against them [winds].
1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 26. ⁋7 He was happy in this fortification [an arrangement of bolts and bars].
5. † a. gen. A means of strengthening. Obsolete.† c. Gunnery. The additional thickness of metal serving to strengthen certain portions of a cannon.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > restoratives, tonics, or stimulants > [noun] > tonic
strengthening1571
strengthener1579
corroborative1601
fortification1655
roborant1661
corroborator1674
corroboratica1704
corroborant1738
bracer1740
tonic1799
invigorant1822
1655 Advt. in Culpepper's Pract. Physic It [aurum potabile] is an Universal Fortification for all Complexions and ages.
1680 J. Dryden Kind Keeper iv. i. 42 Go, provide..the Westphalia Ham, and other Fortifications of Nature.
b. spec. The strengthening timbers, etc. of a whaling vessel: see fortify v. 1b.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [noun] > timbers of hull > frame > additional timbers strengthening
riderc1620
futtock-rider1769
fortification1820
top-rider1867
1820 W. Scoresby Acct. Arctic Regions II. 191 The next important part of the fortification is the pointers.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > parts and fittings of firearms > [noun] > reinforcing
fortification1626
reinforce1757
jacket1854
re-enforce1861
gun hoop1891
1626 J. Smith Accidence Young Sea-men 32 To..know her leuell poynt blanke..her fortification, the differences of powder.
1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. v. 65 Canon-Powder is best..for in taking up much room it hath the greater length or fortification of metal about it in the Piece.
Compounds
fortification-agate n. (see quot.).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > rock crystal > [noun] > chalcedony > agate > varieties of
sea-agatea1593
phassachate1634
sardachate1706
jaspagate1748
peacock stone1753
moss agate1798
fortification-agate1882
1882 in Cassell
1892 E. S. Dana J. D. Dana's Syst. Mineral. (ed. 6) 189 Ruin-agate or Fortification-agate is a variety with light to dark brown shades, showing, when polished, curious markings well described by the name.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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