fulcrumn.

Brit.

/ˈfʊlkrəm/,

/ˈfʌlkrəm/, U.S.

/ˈfʊlkrəm/,

/ˈfəlkrəm/

Inflections: Plural fulcra.

Forms: 1600s fulchrum, 1600s– fulcrum.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin fulcrum.

Etymology: < classical Latin fulcrum head or back support of a couch, in post-classical Latin also support or prop in general, help, assistance (4th cent.), accessory organ or appendage of a plant (1753 in the passage translated in quot. 1754 at sense 2a, or earlier), small bony scale on the fins of some fishes (1765 in the passage translated in quot. 1771 at sense 2b, or earlier), chitinous structure in insects (late 18th cent. or earlier) < fulcīre to support, prop, of uncertain origin (perhaps related to balk n.¹) + -crum, suffix forming nouns. Compare Middle French or French †fulcre (a1630; rare), Italian fulcro (a1505 in sense ‘central point in an issue under discussion’, 1749 in sense ‘prop, support’).In this word, and the others beginning with fulcr-, pronunciation of the u as /ʌ/ was usual until the mid 20th century.

a. Originally: a prop, a support (obsolete). In later use: spec. the point against which a lever is placed to get a purchase or on which it turns or is supported.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > support > [noun] > that which supports > point of support

fulciment1640

fulcrum1659

hypomochlion1665

bearing point1734

point d'appui1787

knife-edge1818

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > lever > [noun] > point against which lever is placed

fulcrum1659

1659 E. Gayton Art Longevity 84 We may commend it [sc. the chestnut] fulcrum to the back.

1674 W. Petty Disc. before Royal Soc. 41 Square Rods..whose Ends let be supported with convenient Blocks or Fulcra.

1690 R. Boyle Medicina hydrostatica ix. 60 The Ballance hangs on a stable Fulcrum.

1729 S. Switzer Introd. Gen. Syst. Hydrostaticks & Hydraulicks 283 A Cylinder..sustain'd at each End with a Hypomochlion, Fulcrum, or Prop, call it which you will.

1790 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 80 165 We made shift, by the help of a long beam, and a moveable trestle by way of fulcrum for it to rest upon, to get the instrument up to the top.

1803 J. Wood Princ. Mech. (ed. 3) iv. 50 The Lever is an inflexible rod, moveable upon a point which is called the fulcrum or center of motion.

1855 L. Holden Human Osteol. 111 Its use is to afford a moveable fulcrum for the motions of the arm.

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses 653 He..raised the latch of the area door..and by leverage of the first kind applied at its fulcrum gained retarded access to the kitchen.

1970 J. Blish Spock must Die! x. 84 Rocker arms squealed as if their fulcrums were beds of rust.

2008 N. Draper & C. Hodgson Adventure Sport Physiol. iv. 119/2 First order levers have the fulcrum in the middle.

b. figurative. A crucial or central point or person on which something depends; a person who or thing which crucially affects the activity, development, or course of something. Formerly also: †something that supports or sustains something (obsolete). Cf. linchpin n. Additions 2, pivot n. 3a.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > that which is important > essential or central > upon which something depends

harrec1000

pina1538

key1559

pinch1581

axle-treec1600

axlea1634

fulcrum1668

keystone1722

pivot1748

turning-point1836

landmark1859

axis1860

linchpin1954

1668 J. Howe Blessednesse of Righteous viii. 125 'Tis the..prerogative of a Deity, to have a world of Creatures hanging upon it, staying themselves upon it: to be the fulcrum, the centre of a lapsing Creation.

1678 R. Cudworth tr. Philo in True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 472 The most excellent Fulcrum [Gk. ἔρεισμα] of the Soul, the perswasion of the Everliving God.

a1680 T. Goodwin Wks. (1683) II. iv. 335 Our Hearts will need a most special strong fulchrum, support and susteiner (as the word imports).

a1744 A. Pope Dunciad (1749) iv. 60 Firm impudence, and Stupefaction mild, which the Antient Writers on the Mysteries call τη̄ς ψυχη̄ς ἕρμα, the great prop or fulcrum of the human mind.

1804 Ann. Rev. & Hist. Lit. 1803 2 334 The conduct of the French in Holland..was the most important interest of the nation involved in the discussion, and should have been selected as the fulcrum of indignation.

1852 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire (ed. 2) I. iv. 199 The consulship was the fulcrum from which the whole Roman world was to be moved.

1923 Wisconsin Mag. Hist. 6 391 The qualities which, at various times in our later history, have served as the fulcrum of revolutionary change.

1958 Rotarian Feb. 31/2 The courtroom is the fulcrum on which rest the scales of justice.

1997 Weekend Austral. 29 Mar. 5/1 Espresso, macchiato, flat white, caffe latte, even the now slightly passé cappuccino; these are the fulcra of shared secrets.

2012 New Yorker 25 June 42/1 The director..emphasized that the scene was the fulcrum of the film.

2. Chiefly in plural.

a. Botany. An accessory organ or appendage of a plant, such as a bract, stipule, or tendril. In later use chiefly relating to lichens. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > [noun] > appendage

fulcrum1754

fulcre1793

adminiculum1848

process1862

1754 tr. C. Alston Diss. Bot. 78 The Fulcra [L. Fulcra], or props of plants are nine, Bractea, Cirrus, Spina, [etc.].

1785 T. Martyn in tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xxxi. 485 The parts I now allude to, are what he [sc. Linnæus] calls Fulcra, props or supports of the plant.

1807 J. E. Smith Introd. Physiol. & Systematical Bot. xvii. 218 Of the several kinds of Fulcra, or Appendages to a plant.

1874 M. C. Cooke Fungi 62 In an exotic genus..the fulcra, or appendages..are black.

1938 Bull. Misc. Information (Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew) 218 Leaves afforded the most natural diagnostic characters, and the fulcra..were also useful for discriminating species.

1967 Bryologist 70 289 Pycnidia immersed in warts of the thallus, fulcra endobasidial; conidia short, bacilliform.

b. Zoology and Palaeontology. On the fins of ganoid fishes: a small bony scale, typically having a spinelike appearance and occurring in rows along the anterior edge.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > subclass Actinopterygii > [noun] > superorder Ganoidei > member of > parts of

fulcrum1771

fulcre1793

enamel1847

1771 J. R. Forster tr. P. Osbeck Voy. China II. 113 The whole body is Covered with a slimy skin, and little foliaceous fulcra [Ger. und kleinen blättrigen Stücken (fulcris)].

1855 W. S. Dallas in Orr's Circle Sci.: Org. Nature III. 67 The group may be divided into two sections, characterized by the presence or absence of fulcra on the fins.

1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 360 Vertical fins with a single series of fulcra in front.

1905 D. S. Jordan Guide Study of Fishes II. ii. 34 The dorsal fin is many-rayed and is without distinct fulcra.

1956 Jrnl. Paleontol. 30 350/1 The dorsal fin begins with a feathered ray and is protected by two strong fulcra.

2007 Jrnl. Vertebr. Paleontol. 27 815/1 Fringing fulcra are absent in the dorsal and anal fins.

a. Entomology. In hymenopterans and dipterans: a chitinous structure which supports the pharynx or (in recent use) the male genitals.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > member of > parts of > chitinous portion of pharynx or fulcrum

fulcrum1825

1825 T. Say Gloss. Say's Entomol. 16 Fulcrum, the corneous body on which the base of the tubus, or sheath of the tongue, in the Hymenoptera, rests.

1881 G. Dimmock Anat. Mouth-parts Diptera 32 The rudiments of the mandibles appear, according to Gerstfeldt, as the dorsal corner, on each side, of the fulcrum.

1925 A. D. Imms Gen. Textbk. Entomol. 597 Situated within this region is a complex framework of chitin known as the fulcrum, which forms a kind of case enclosing the pharynx.

1951 L. S. West Housefly iii. 51 Its [sc. the rostrum's] internal support consists chiefly of a large stirrup-shaped sclerite, the fulcrum.

2010 K. N. Baker & J. Rohacek in B. V. Brown et al. Man. Central Amer. Diptera II. 1074/1 Male genitalia characterized by phallapodeme with robust ventral modified phallic guide (fulcrum) connected with hypandrium.

b. Palaeontology. In trilobites: the point at which any given segment making up the pleura begins to curve downwards.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > trilobites > [noun] > member of > point where pleurae are bent and divided

fulcrum1847

1847 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 3 252 In Trinucleus the rudimentary fulcrum is quite at the extremity of the segment, and apparently useless.

1880 H. A. Nicholson & R. Etheridge Monogr. Silurian Fossils I. 162 The general convexity, prominent fulcra, and recurved margin, are well known in this example.

1909 Cambr. Nat. Hist. IV. 234 At some distance from the axis the pleurae are bent downwards and backwards. The point where this bend occurs is called the ‘fulcrum’.

1950 Jrnl. Paleontol. 24 551/1 The pleurae are divided by the fulcrum into the inner flat half and the outer, steep portion.

2007 G. P. Hansen Trilobites Black Cat Mt. (2009) v. 171 The segments [of the thorax] turn abruptly, vertically downward at a shoulder, called the fulcrum.

c. Zoology. In rotifers: the stem or median part of the incus, to which the rami are attached.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Rotifera > [noun] > member of > mouth apparatus > parts of

ramus1849

fulcrum1855

incus1877

1855 Proc. Royal Soc. 7 292 The incus consists of two rami, which are articulated by a common base to the extremity of a thin rod (the fulcrum).

1886 C. T. Hudson Rotifera I. 118 The trophi consist mainly of two ribbed rami, attached to a long narrow plate (the fulcrum).

1914 Proc. U.S. National Mus. 1913–14 46 395 The fulcrum is a rather short, broad, and thin plate, rounded posteriorly.

1967 P. A. Meglitsch Invertebr. Zool. viii. 261/1 The fulcrum and rami together form the incus.

2005 Hydrobiologia 546 197/1 Seven elements are present in rotifer trophi: one fulcrum and two paired rami, unci and manubria.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	fulcrum
释义	fulcrumn. Brit. /ˈfʊlkrəm/, /ˈfʌlkrəm/, U.S. /ˈfʊlkrəm/, /ˈfəlkrəm/ Inflections: Plural fulcra. Forms: 1600s fulchrum, 1600s– fulcrum. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin fulcrum. Etymology: < classical Latin fulcrum head or back support of a couch, in post-classical Latin also support or prop in general, help, assistance (4th cent.), accessory organ or appendage of a plant (1753 in the passage translated in quot. 1754 at sense 2a, or earlier), small bony scale on the fins of some fishes (1765 in the passage translated in quot. 1771 at sense 2b, or earlier), chitinous structure in insects (late 18th cent. or earlier) < fulcīre to support, prop, of uncertain origin (perhaps related to balk n.¹) + -crum, suffix forming nouns. Compare Middle French or French †fulcre (a1630; rare), Italian fulcro (a1505 in sense ‘central point in an issue under discussion’, 1749 in sense ‘prop, support’).In this word, and the others beginning with fulcr-, pronunciation of the u as /ʌ/ was usual until the mid 20th century. 1. a. Originally: a prop, a support (obsolete). In later use: spec. the point against which a lever is placed to get a purchase or on which it turns or is supported. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > support > [noun] > that which supports > point of support fulciment1640 fulcrum1659 hypomochlion1665 bearing point1734 point d'appui1787 knife-edge1818 society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > lever > [noun] > point against which lever is placed fulcrum1659 1659 E. Gayton Art Longevity 84 We may commend it [sc. the chestnut] fulcrum to the back. 1674 W. Petty Disc. before Royal Soc. 41 Square Rods..whose Ends let be supported with convenient Blocks or Fulcra. 1690 R. Boyle Medicina hydrostatica ix. 60 The Ballance hangs on a stable Fulcrum. 1729 S. Switzer Introd. Gen. Syst. Hydrostaticks & Hydraulicks 283 A Cylinder..sustain'd at each End with a Hypomochlion, Fulcrum, or Prop, call it which you will. 1790 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 80 165 We made shift, by the help of a long beam, and a moveable trestle by way of fulcrum for it to rest upon, to get the instrument up to the top. 1803 J. Wood Princ. Mech. (ed. 3) iv. 50 The Lever is an inflexible rod, moveable upon a point which is called the fulcrum or center of motion. 1855 L. Holden Human Osteol. 111 Its use is to afford a moveable fulcrum for the motions of the arm. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses 653 He..raised the latch of the area door..and by leverage of the first kind applied at its fulcrum gained retarded access to the kitchen. 1970 J. Blish Spock must Die! x. 84 Rocker arms squealed as if their fulcrums were beds of rust. 2008 N. Draper & C. Hodgson Adventure Sport Physiol. iv. 119/2 First order levers have the fulcrum in the middle. b. figurative. A crucial or central point or person on which something depends; a person who or thing which crucially affects the activity, development, or course of something. Formerly also: †something that supports or sustains something (obsolete). Cf. linchpin n. Additions 2, pivot n. 3a. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > that which is important > essential or central > upon which something depends harrec1000 pina1538 key1559 pinch1581 axle-treec1600 axlea1634 fulcrum1668 keystone1722 pivot1748 turning-point1836 landmark1859 axis1860 linchpin1954 1668 J. Howe Blessednesse of Righteous viii. 125 'Tis the..prerogative of a Deity, to have a world of Creatures hanging upon it, staying themselves upon it: to be the fulcrum, the centre of a lapsing Creation. 1678 R. Cudworth tr. Philo in True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 472 The most excellent Fulcrum [Gk. ἔρεισμα] of the Soul, the perswasion of the Everliving God. a1680 T. Goodwin Wks. (1683) II. iv. 335 Our Hearts will need a most special strong fulchrum, support and susteiner (as the word imports). a1744 A. Pope Dunciad (1749) iv. 60 Firm impudence, and Stupefaction mild, which the Antient Writers on the Mysteries call τη̄ς ψυχη̄ς ἕρμα, the great prop or fulcrum of the human mind. 1804 Ann. Rev. & Hist. Lit. 1803 2 334 The conduct of the French in Holland..was the most important interest of the nation involved in the discussion, and should have been selected as the fulcrum of indignation. 1852 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire (ed. 2) I. iv. 199 The consulship was the fulcrum from which the whole Roman world was to be moved. 1923 Wisconsin Mag. Hist. 6 391 The qualities which, at various times in our later history, have served as the fulcrum of revolutionary change. 1958 Rotarian Feb. 31/2 The courtroom is the fulcrum on which rest the scales of justice. 1997 Weekend Austral. 29 Mar. 5/1 Espresso, macchiato, flat white, caffe latte, even the now slightly passé cappuccino; these are the fulcra of shared secrets. 2012 New Yorker 25 June 42/1 The director..emphasized that the scene was the fulcrum of the film. 2. Chiefly in plural. a. Botany. An accessory organ or appendage of a plant, such as a bract, stipule, or tendril. In later use chiefly relating to lichens. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > [noun] > appendage fulcrum1754 fulcre1793 adminiculum1848 process1862 1754 tr. C. Alston Diss. Bot. 78 The Fulcra [L. Fulcra], or props of plants are nine, Bractea, Cirrus, Spina, [etc.]. 1785 T. Martyn in tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xxxi. 485 The parts I now allude to, are what he [sc. Linnæus] calls Fulcra, props or supports of the plant. 1807 J. E. Smith Introd. Physiol. & Systematical Bot. xvii. 218 Of the several kinds of Fulcra, or Appendages to a plant. 1874 M. C. Cooke Fungi 62 In an exotic genus..the fulcra, or appendages..are black. 1938 Bull. Misc. Information (Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew) 218 Leaves afforded the most natural diagnostic characters, and the fulcra..were also useful for discriminating species. 1967 Bryologist 70 289 Pycnidia immersed in warts of the thallus, fulcra endobasidial; conidia short, bacilliform. b. Zoology and Palaeontology. On the fins of ganoid fishes: a small bony scale, typically having a spinelike appearance and occurring in rows along the anterior edge. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > subclass Actinopterygii > [noun] > superorder Ganoidei > member of > parts of fulcrum1771 fulcre1793 enamel1847 1771 J. R. Forster tr. P. Osbeck Voy. China II. 113 The whole body is Covered with a slimy skin, and little foliaceous fulcra [Ger. und kleinen blättrigen Stücken (fulcris)]. 1855 W. S. Dallas in Orr's Circle Sci.: Org. Nature III. 67 The group may be divided into two sections, characterized by the presence or absence of fulcra on the fins. 1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 360 Vertical fins with a single series of fulcra in front. 1905 D. S. Jordan Guide Study of Fishes II. ii. 34 The dorsal fin is many-rayed and is without distinct fulcra. 1956 Jrnl. Paleontol. 30 350/1 The dorsal fin begins with a feathered ray and is protected by two strong fulcra. 2007 Jrnl. Vertebr. Paleontol. 27 815/1 Fringing fulcra are absent in the dorsal and anal fins. 3. a. Entomology. In hymenopterans and dipterans: a chitinous structure which supports the pharynx or (in recent use) the male genitals. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > member of > parts of > chitinous portion of pharynx or fulcrum fulcrum1825 1825 T. Say Gloss. Say's Entomol. 16 Fulcrum, the corneous body on which the base of the tubus, or sheath of the tongue, in the Hymenoptera, rests. 1881 G. Dimmock Anat. Mouth-parts Diptera 32 The rudiments of the mandibles appear, according to Gerstfeldt, as the dorsal corner, on each side, of the fulcrum. 1925 A. D. Imms Gen. Textbk. Entomol. 597 Situated within this region is a complex framework of chitin known as the fulcrum, which forms a kind of case enclosing the pharynx. 1951 L. S. West Housefly iii. 51 Its [sc. the rostrum's] internal support consists chiefly of a large stirrup-shaped sclerite, the fulcrum. 2010 K. N. Baker & J. Rohacek in B. V. Brown et al. Man. Central Amer. Diptera II. 1074/1 Male genitalia characterized by phallapodeme with robust ventral modified phallic guide (fulcrum) connected with hypandrium. b. Palaeontology. In trilobites: the point at which any given segment making up the pleura begins to curve downwards. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > trilobites > [noun] > member of > point where pleurae are bent and divided fulcrum1847 1847 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 3 252 In Trinucleus the rudimentary fulcrum is quite at the extremity of the segment, and apparently useless. 1880 H. A. Nicholson & R. Etheridge Monogr. Silurian Fossils I. 162 The general convexity, prominent fulcra, and recurved margin, are well known in this example. 1909 Cambr. Nat. Hist. IV. 234 At some distance from the axis the pleurae are bent downwards and backwards. The point where this bend occurs is called the ‘fulcrum’. 1950 Jrnl. Paleontol. 24 551/1 The pleurae are divided by the fulcrum into the inner flat half and the outer, steep portion. 2007 G. P. Hansen Trilobites Black Cat Mt. (2009) v. 171 The segments [of the thorax] turn abruptly, vertically downward at a shoulder, called the fulcrum. c. Zoology. In rotifers: the stem or median part of the incus, to which the rami are attached. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Rotifera > [noun] > member of > mouth apparatus > parts of ramus1849 fulcrum1855 incus1877 1855 Proc. Royal Soc. 7 292 The incus consists of two rami, which are articulated by a common base to the extremity of a thin rod (the fulcrum). 1886 C. T. Hudson Rotifera I. 118 The trophi consist mainly of two ribbed rami, attached to a long narrow plate (the fulcrum). 1914 Proc. U.S. National Mus. 1913–14 46 395 The fulcrum is a rather short, broad, and thin plate, rounded posteriorly. 1967 P. A. Meglitsch Invertebr. Zool. viii. 261/1 The fulcrum and rami together form the incus. 2005 Hydrobiologia 546 197/1 Seven elements are present in rotifer trophi: one fulcrum and two paired rami, unci and manubria. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). fulcrumv. Brit. /ˈfʊlkrəm/, /ˈfʌlkrəm/, U.S. /ˈfʊlkrəm/, /ˈfəlkrəm/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: fulcrum n. Etymology: < fulcrum n. Compare earlier fulcrumed adj. 1. transitive. To provide with a fulcrum or pivot; to cause to turn as if on a pivot. ΚΠ 1870 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1868 II. 195/1 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (40th Congr., 3rd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 52) X Fulcruming the lever..actuates the sickle bar at or near its center, by means of a movable lever. 1961 I. Stone Agony & Ecstasy i. x. 50 With the help of the quarrymen the block was fulcrumed upward through the open tail of the cart. 1978 W. B. McCloskey Highliners (1980) xx. 254 They..fulcrumed the pot over the rail and at Joe's shout shoved it into the water. 2011 D. M. Freemantle Hole in Our Lives Forever xxxv. 271 The thought process of fulcruming the gun over, using the right elbow, and twisting at the same time to line up. 2. intransitive. To turn as if on a fulcrum or pivot. Usually with on. Also figurative. ΚΠ 1904 Railway Master Mech. Sept. 368/2 This includes..a sector, Fig. 8, which fulcrums on the rocker arm. 1940 Machinery (N.Y.) Jan. 152/2 As the lobe of cam F passes under the roller M, the lever H fulcrums on the center of the roller L. 1973 Sewanee Rev. 81 339 The tree fulcrumed on the chain, and the stubby branches swung in the current, striking the hull. 2000 Social Scientist 28 70 Literary/culture-studies fulcrumed upon social-scientific referents such as ‘class’, ‘gender’, or ‘coloniality’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1659v.1870
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fulcrumn.

fulcrumv.